第53本英文書筆記01：是什麼讓一個人更聰明

如何高效學習：是什麼讓一個人更聰明

The Holistic Learning Strategy: 整體性學習策略

What is Holistic Learning?

什麼是整體性學習

Holistic learning is the opposite of rote memorization.

注重重複的死記硬背vs強調聯繫的整體性學習

Rote memorization（死記硬背）involves repeating information

enough times with the hopes that it will stick.

Trying to remember a physics formula by repeating it to yourself dozens of times is learning by rote.

死記硬背只適用於電腦程式般的大腦

Rote memorization might work if we had computer brains. All it would take is an accurate copy of information and you could memorize anything.

Unfortunately, we don』t have computer brains and that is why rote memorization is a less effective way to learn.This also a poor way to learn.

Holistic learning（整體性學習）is a theory for learning that more accurately describes how your brain works.

our brain stores information as associations between billions of neurons.

Holistic learning takes a different approach. Instead of trying to memorize information by making a perfect copy in your brain, it uses the web of neurons you have.

Holistic learning creates webs of information. One idea relates to another idea. That interrelating of ideas allows you to easily navigate through complete understandings.

告別孤立的學知識，加強知識間的聯繫

With holistic learning, ideas aren』t learned in isolation. If you follow holistic learning closely enough, you』ll soon realize that it is impossible to learn an idea in isolation.

Learning anything requires associations. The more associations you can create and the stronger those associations are, the better.

How You Store Information

我們是如何存儲信息的？

Holistic learning, similarly, is about providing an easily accessible theory that seems to fit how

information is stored, rather than a description of the biological processes buried in your mind.

Holistic learning is based on three main ideas:

1) Constructs

2) Models

3) Highways

Constructs（知識結構）

知道一個主題以及與這個主題相關的所有知識

A construct defines a set of tightly interlinked understandings.

For example, ifyou』ve tried your hand at learning to create programs with C++, you probably have aC++ construct.

This construct defines all your knowledge about C++ and is the sum total of all the interconnected ideas about C++.

知識結構就像一座擁有很多建築的城市。

Think of a construct as being like a city in your mind.

Within a city you have thousands of buildings you can travel between.

Some are big and important and are linked by roads to hundreds of other buildings in your city.

Others are less important and only have a few dirt paths leading to them.

When building constructs, your goal is to create as many possible interconnections as possible between ideas.

Smart people tend to do this process naturally. As each concept comes up, it is automatically linked with other ideas.

Quick Tip!

知識結構的形成需要日積月累

Your constructs weren't built in a day. There is no magical technique to immediately 「get」any subject.

Having a powerful construct comes from linking concepts together, one idea at a time.

Models（知識模型）

Models aresimplified constructs.

知識模型是簡化版的知識結構。

如果知識結構是本書，那麼知識模型就是它的目錄。

如果知識結構是一章內容，那麼知識模型就是它的一個總結。

如果知識結構是一段話，那麼知識模型就是它的中心思想。

To understand what a model is, think about this book. A model for this book would be the table of contents.

In a few pages, they summarize the thousands of words contained in the book.

If you wanted to describe the contents of this book quickly, youwould probably start there instead of reading the entire book word-for-word.

知識模型的種類多樣，但是其核心就是一點即：壓縮信息。

Models can take a variety of forms. The goal, however, is always the same:compressing information.

By taking several core concepts and linking them together into one form, you create a model.

Models are essential when you are just starting to build a construct or making large additions to current constructs.

Highways（知識高速公路）

知識跨界的最佳途徑。

打破局限於一個知識結構裡面，進行跨界和組合，進行創造性思維。

A highway is a reference that links two completely different ideas.

If you were reading a biology textbook and made comparisons from evolution to business courses you are taking, that would be a highway.

The benefit of a highways isn』t an immediately obvious one.

If you want to succeed in school, most instructors will emphasize having well defined constructs, not having a brain full of highways.

However, highways help with creativity. Thinking「outside the box」might as well describe people who think outside of constructs.

Highways allow them to do this by making connections between areas that they didn』t previously think were connected.

Creativity can be seen as being able to utilize these highways to build new constructs interritories that were previously empty.

Building highways offers you more flexibility as a learner.

Normally, if you don』t understand the way an instructor teaches a subject, you』re completely lost.

With highways, you can import your own understandings from different subjects.