第53本英文書筆記03：整體性學習之技術篇

Holistic LearningTechniques

So far you』ve learned the holistic learning strategy. This is my strategy for learning new concepts and how I believe learning actually works best. It is based on linking ideas together, using models, building constructs and understanding different types of information. The second half of this book is devoted to specific techniques that work within the holistic learning framework.

正如下象棋一樣，想要下棋你首先要知道它的遊戲規則。

本書第一部分向你介紹學習的道，第二部分向你介紹學習的是術。

A good way of viewing the information of this book would be like playing chess.In order to play chess you first need to know the rules and basic objective of the game.The first half of this book could be seen as a similar set of rules and objectives when learning.

Once you understand the rules of chess, you then move on wards to specific strategies and plays to win the game. This is like the second half of the book which is devoted to different strategies I』ve found helpful within the rules of holistic learning.

Understanding the framework of holistic learning is the most important step in improving how you learn. Simply having techniques without the framework would make it impossible to adapt to different challenges, just as knowing chess plays without knowing the rules of the game.

有學習方法卻不懂學習規律，就像知道怎樣下棋卻不懂遊戲規則一樣。

Acquiring Ideas獲取信息

The first step in learning information is to acquire it. This means actually passing the information from a textbook through your eyes, optic nerve and brain. If you never see the information in the first place, or acquire it too slowly, that will put a stop to any efforts in learning.

如果你未接觸信息，或者獲取知識太慢，這會終結你在學習上的任何努力。

Linking Ideas聯繫觀點

After you acquire information, the next step is to understand and explore those ideas. Understanding only the surface of information, often isn』t enough to make it stick.

僅有理解是不夠的。

Handling the Arbitrary處理隨機出現的信息

Arbitrary information can present a challenge when trying to learn holistically.Just how do you form links, metaphors or visceralizations with things such as:

- A list of dates.

- The scientific names of different parts of your anatomy.

- A series of steps.

- Rules and laws that have no clear basis, but still need to be followed.

- Scientific formulas that take hours to derive manually.

Normally these are situations that require memorization. Holistic learning strives to avoid rote memorization whenever possible. Instead, using metaphor, visceralization and diagraming to create models and eventually constructs is a better and faster way to use your brain.

Unfortunately there are some cases where these tools won』t work.

這些隨機的信息通常是需要記憶的，但是整體性學習卻要儘量避免這種死記硬背，通常使用比喻，內在化和圖表法，但這些對於某些案例並不湊效。

Information that is arbitrary, or too large and complex to understand fully requires different techniques. If you find that using the linking methods won』t help you understand the material, or it simply takes too long for the amount of information you need to learn, arbitrary methods can come in handy.

These arbitrary methods hover the line between rote memorization and holistic learning. The link, peg and information compression methods may be seen as just another set of memorization techniques.However, they have been designed so that memorization can be done quickly and work the way the brain is set up to learn. If rote memorization is a blunt club and holistic learning is a scalpel, these techniques would fall somewhere around the range of a steak knife.

這些處理隨機方法介於死記硬背和整體性學習之間。

連接法，掛鈎法和信息壓縮法可能只是被當做另一組記憶技術。

但是他們能夠迅速記憶且符合大腦的學習方式。

Extending Ideas知識拓展

Just passing the test isn』t enough. Having an A or A+ in your subjects isn』t important if you can』t use any of the information you』ve learned. The final stage in holistic learning is application. This is where you』ve not only understood and explored ideas, but you have tested, debugged and applied this knowledge.

獲得好成績是不夠的，你還必須把學到的東西應用於實踐。

Fully taking an idea from the acquiring to application stage isn』t always necessary to get a good grade. But the further you can take an idea along the learning process, the more useful and memorable it becomes.