Suspension bridge - Wikipedia

A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders. The first modern examples of this type of ... Suspensionbridge FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Typeofbridge SuspensionbridgeTheAkashiKaikyōBridgeinJapan,theworld'slongestmainspanAncestorSimplesuspensionbridgeRelatedUnderspannedsuspensionbridge;seealsocable-stayedbridgeDescendantSelf-anchoredsuspensionbridgeCarriesPedestrians,bicycles,livestock,automobiles,trucks,lightrailSpanrangeMediumtolongMaterialSteelrope,multiplesteelwirestrandcablesorforgedorcastchainlinksMovableNoDesigneffortmediumFalseworkrequiredNo Thedouble-deckedGeorgeWashingtonBridge,connectingNewYorkCitytoBergenCounty,NewJersey,istheworld'sbusiestsuspensionbridge,carrying102millionvehiclesannually.[1][2] Asuspensionbridgeisatypeofbridgeinwhichthedeckishungbelowsuspensioncablesonverticalsuspenders.Thefirstmodernexamplesofthistypeofbridgewerebuiltintheearly1800s.[3][4]Simplesuspensionbridges,whichlackverticalsuspenders,havealonghistoryinmanymountainouspartsoftheworld. Besidesthebridgetypemostcommonlycalledsuspensionbridges,coveredinthisarticle,thereareothertypesofsuspensionbridges.Thetypecoveredherehascablessuspendedbetweentowers,withverticalsuspendercablesthattransfertheliveanddeadloadsofthedeckbelow,uponwhichtrafficcrosses.Thisarrangementallowsthedecktobelevelortoarcupwardforadditionalclearance.Likeothersuspensionbridgetypes,thistypeoftenisconstructedwithouttheuseoffalsework. Thesuspensioncablesmustbeanchoredateachendofthebridge,sinceanyloadappliedtothebridgeistransformedintoatensioninthesemaincables.Themaincablescontinuebeyondthepillarstodeck-levelsupports,andfurthercontinuetoconnectionswithanchorsintheground.Theroadwayissupportedbyverticalsuspendercablesorrods,calledhangers.Insomecircumstances,thetowersmaysitonablufforcanyonedgewheretheroadmayproceeddirectlytothemainspan,otherwisethebridgewillusuallyhavetwosmallerspans,runningbetweeneitherpairofpillarsandthehighway,whichmaybesupportedbysuspendercablesortheirowntrusswork.Inthelattercase,therewillbeverylittlearcintheoutboardmaincables. Contents 1History 1.1Precursor 1.2Chainbridges 1.3Wire-cable 2Structure 2.1Bridgemaincomponents 2.2Structuralanalysis 2.3Comparisonwithcable-stayedbridge 2.4Advantages 2.5Disadvantages 3Variations 3.1Underspanned 3.2Suspensioncabletypes 3.2.1Suspender-cableterminations 3.3Deckstructuretypes 4Forces 4.1Useotherthanroadandrail 5Constructionsequence(wirestrandcabletype) 6Longestspans 7Otherexamples 8Notablecollapses 9Seealso 10References 11Externallinks History[edit] TheManhattanBridge,connectingManhattanandBrooklyninNewYorkCity,openedin1909andisconsideredtobetheforerunnerofmodernsuspensionbridges;itsdesignservedasthemodelformanyofthelong-spansuspensionbridgesaroundtheworld. Forbridgeswherethedeckfollowsthesuspenders,seesimplesuspensionbridge. Theearliestsuspensionbridgeswereropesslungacrossachasm,withadeckpossiblyatthesamelevelorhungbelowtheropessuchthattheropehadacatenaryshape. Precursor[edit] TheTibetansiddhaandbridge-builderThangtongGyalpooriginatedtheuseofironchainsinhisversionofsimplesuspensionbridges.In1433,GyalpobuilteightbridgesineasternBhutan.Thelastsurvivingchain-linkedbridgeofGyalpo'swastheThangtongGyalpoBridgeinDuksumenroutetoTrashiYangtse,whichwasfinallywashedawayin2004.[5]Gyalpo'sironchainbridgesdidnotincludeasuspended-deckbridge,whichisthestandardonallmodernsuspensionbridgestoday.Instead,boththerailingandthewalkinglayerofGyalpo'sbridgesusedwires.Thestresspointsthatcarriedthescreedwerereinforcedbytheironchains.BeforetheuseofironchainsitisthoughtthatGyalpousedropesfromtwistedwillowsoryakskins.[6]Hemayhavealsousedtightlyboundcloth. Chainbridges[edit] ThefirstironchainsuspensionbridgeintheWesternworldwastheJacob'sCreekBridge(1801)inWestmorelandCounty,Pennsylvania,designedbyinventorJamesFinley.[7]Finley'sbridgewasthefirsttoincorporateallofthenecessarycomponentsofamodernsuspensionbridge,includingasuspendeddeckwhichhungbytrusses.Finleypatentedhisdesignin1808,andpublisheditinthePhiladelphiajournal,ThePortFolio,in1810.[8] AnearlyplanforthechainbridgeovertheMenaiStraitnearBangor,Wales,completedin1826 EarlyBritishchainbridgesincludedtheDryburghAbbeyBridge(1817)and137mUnionBridge(1820),withspansrapidlyincreasingto176mwiththeMenaiBridge(1826),"thefirstimportantmodernsuspensionbridge".[9]ThefirstchainbridgeontheGermanspeakingterritorieswastheChainBridgeinNuremberg. TheCliftonSuspensionBridge(designedin1831,completedin1864witha214mcentralspan)isoneofthelongestoftheparabolicarcchaintype.ThecurrentMarlowsuspensionbridgewasdesignedbyWilliamTierneyClarkandwasbuiltbetween1829and1832,replacingawoodenbridgefurtherdownstreamwhichcollapsedin1828.Itistheonlysuspensionbridgeacrossthenon-tidalThames.TheSzéchenyiChainBridge,(designedin1840,openedin1849),spanningtheRiverDanubeinBudapest,wasalsodesignedbyWilliamClarkanditisalarger-scaleversionofMarlowBridge.[10] AninterestingvariationisThornewillandWarham'sFerryBridgeinBurton-on-Trent,Staffordshire(1889),wherethechainsarenotattachedtoabutmentsasisusual,butinsteadareattachedtothemaingirders,whicharethusincompression.Here,thechainsaremadefromflatwroughtironplates,eightinches(203 mm)widebyaninchandahalf(38 mm)thick,rivettedtogether.[11] Wire-cable[edit] Thefirstwire-cablesuspensionbridgewastheSpiderBridgeatFallsofSchuylkill(1816),amodestandtemporaryfootbridgebuiltfollowingthecollapseofJamesFinley'snearbyChainBridgeatFallsofSchuylkill(1808).Thefootbridge'sspanwas124m,althoughitsdeckwasonly0.45mwide. Developmentofwire-cablesuspensionbridgesdatestothetemporarysimplesuspensionbridgeatAnnonaybuiltbyMarcSeguinandhisbrothersin1822.Itspannedonly18m.[12]ThefirstpermanentwirecablesuspensionbridgewasGuillaumeHenriDufour'sSaintAntoineBridgeinGenevaof1823,withtwo40mspans.[12]Thefirstwithcablesassembledinmid-airinthemodernmethodwasJosephChaley'sGrandPontSuspenduinFribourg,in1834.[12] IntheUnitedStates,thefirstmajorwire-cablesuspensionbridgewastheWireBridgeatFairmountinPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.DesignedbyCharlesElletJr.andcompletedin1842,ithadaspanof109m.Ellet'sNiagaraFallssuspensionbridge(1847–48)wasabandonedbeforecompletion.ItwasusedasscaffoldingforJohnA.Roebling'sdoubledeckerrailroadandcarriagebridge(1855). TheOttoBeitBridge(1938–1939)wasthefirstmodernsuspensionbridgeoutsidetheUnitedStatesbuiltwithparallelwirecables.[13] DrawingoftheTibetan-builtChaksambridgesouthofLhasa,constructedin1430,withlongchainssuspendedbetweentowers,andverticalsuspenderropescarryingtheweightofaplankedfootwaybelow. "ViewoftheChainBridgeinventedbyJamesFinleyEsq."(1810)byWilliamStrickland.Finley'sChainBridgeatFallsofSchuylkill(1808)hadtwospans,100feet,and200feet. WireBridgeatFairmount(1842,replaced1874). Structure[edit] Bridgemaincomponents[edit] TheslenderlinesoftheSevernBridge Twotowers/pillars,twosuspensioncables,foursuspensioncableanchors,multiplesuspendercables,thebridgedeck.[14] Structuralanalysis[edit] Comparisonofacatenary(blackdottedcurve)andaparabola(redsolidcurve)withthesamespanandsag.Themainforcesinasuspensionbridgeofanytypearetensioninthecablesandcompressioninthepillars.Sincealmostalltheforceonthepillarsisverticallydownwards,andthebridgeisalsostabilizedbythemaincables,thepillarscanbemadequiteslender,asontheSevernBridge,ontheWales-Englandborder.Inasuspendeddeckbridge,cablessuspendedviatowersholduptheroaddeck.Theweightistransferredbythecablestothetowers,whichinturntransfertheweighttotheground.MoredetailsThecatenaryrepresentstheprofileofasimplesuspensionbridgeorthecableofasuspended-decksuspensionbridgeonwhichitsdeckandhangershavenegligiblemasscomparedtoitscable.Theparabolarepresentstheprofileofthecableofasuspended-decksuspensionbridgeonwhichitscableandhangershavenegligiblemasscomparedtoitsdeck.Theprofileofthecableofarealsuspensionbridgewiththesamespanandsagliesbetweenthetwocurves. Themaincablesofasuspensionbridgewillformacatenary;thecableswillinsteadformaparabolaiftheyareassumedtohavezeroweight.Onecanseetheshapefromtheconstantincreaseofthegradientofthecablewithlinear(deck)distance,thisincreaseingradientateachconnectionwiththedeckprovidinganetupwardsupportforce.Combinedwiththerelativelysimpleconstraintsplacedupontheactualdeck,thatmakesthesuspensionbridgemuchsimplertodesignandanalyzethanacable-stayedbridgeinwhichthedeckisincompression. Comparisonwithcable-stayedbridge[edit] Cable-stayedbridgesandsuspensionbridgesmayappeartobesimilar,butarequitedifferentinprincipleandintheirconstruction. Insuspensionbridges,largemaincables(normallytwo)hangbetweenthetowersandareanchoredateachendtotheground.Themaincables,whicharefreetomoveonbearingsinthetowers,beartheloadofthebridgedeck.Beforethedeckisinstalled,thecablesareundertensionfromtheirownweight.Alongthemaincablessmallercablesorrodsconnecttothebridgedeck,whichisliftedinsections.Asthisisdone,thetensioninthecablesincreases,asitdoeswiththeliveloadoftrafficcrossingthebridge.Thetensiononthemaincablesistransferredtothegroundattheanchoragesandbydownwardscompressiononthetowers. Differencebetweentypesofbridges Suspensionbridge Cable-stayedbridge,fandesign Incable-stayedbridges,thetowersaretheprimaryload-bearingstructuresthattransmitthebridgeloadstotheground.Acantileverapproachisoftenusedtosupportthebridgedecknearthetowers,butlengthsfurtherfromthemaresupportedbycablesrunningdirectlytothetowers.Bydesign,allstatichorizontalforcesofthecable-stayedbridgearebalancedsothatthesupportingtowersdonottendtotiltorslideandsomustonlyresisthorizontalforcesfromtheliveloads. Advantages[edit] Asuspensionbridgecanbemadeoutofsimplematerialssuchaswoodandcommonwirerope. Longermainspansareachievablethanwithanyothertypeofbridge. Lessmaterialmayberequiredthanotherbridgetypes,evenatspanstheycanachieve,leadingtoareducedconstructioncost. Exceptforinstallationoftheinitialtemporarycables,littleornoaccessfrombelowisrequiredduringconstructionandsoawaterwaycanremainopenwhilethebridgeisbuiltabove. Theymaybebetterabletowithstandearthquakemovementsthanheavierandmorerigidbridges. Bridgedeckscanhavedecksectionsreplacedinordertowidentrafficlanesforlargervehiclesoraddadditionalwidthforseparatedcycling/pedestrianpaths. Disadvantages[edit] Considerablestiffnessoraerodynamicprofilingmayberequiredtopreventthebridgedeckvibratingunderhighwinds. Therelativelylowdeckstiffnesscomparedtoother(non-suspension)typesofbridgesmakesitmoredifficulttocarryheavyrailtrafficinwhichhighconcentratedliveloadsoccur. Someaccessbelowmayberequiredduringconstructiontolifttheinitialcablesortoliftdeckunits.Thataccesscanoftenbeavoidedincable-stayedbridgeconstruction. Variations[edit] Underspanned[edit] MicklewoodBridgeasillustratedbyCharlesDrewry,1832 SquibbParkBridge,Brooklyn,built2013 EyebarchaincablesofCliftonSuspensionBridge TheYichangBridge,aplatedecksuspensionbridge,overtheYangtzeRiverinChina Inanunderspannedsuspensionbridge,themaincableshangentirelybelowthebridgedeck,butarestillanchoredintothegroundinasimilarwaytotheconventionaltype.Veryfewbridgesofthisnaturehavebeenbuilt,asthedeckisinherentlylessstablethanwhensuspendedbelowthecables.ExamplesincludethePontdesBerguesof1834designedbyGuillaumeHenriDufour;[12]JamesSmith'sMicklewoodBridge;[15]andaproposalbyRobertStevensonforabridgeovertheRiverAlmondnearEdinburgh.[15] Roebling'sDelawareAqueduct(begun1847)consistsofthreesectionssupportedbycables. Thetimberstructureessentiallyhidesthecables;andfromaquickview,itisnotimmediatelyapparentthatitisevenasuspensionbridge. Suspensioncabletypes[edit] AformersteampipelinesuspensionbridgeontheLakeNäsijärviinTampere,Finland,in1979 Themainsuspensioncablesinolderbridgeswereoftenmadefromachainorlinkedbars,butmodernbridgecablesaremadefrommultiplestrandsofwire.Thisnotonlyaddsstrengthbutimprovesreliability(oftencalledredundancyinengineeringterms)becausethefailureofafewflawedstrandsinthehundredsusedposeverylittlethreatoffailure,whereasasinglebadlinkoreyebarcancausefailureofanentirebridge.(ThefailureofasingleeyebarwasfoundtobethecauseofthecollapseoftheSilverBridgeovertheOhioRiver.)Anotherreasonisthatasspansincreased,engineerswereunabletoliftlargerchainsintoposition,whereaswirestrandcablescanbeformulatedonebyoneinmid-airfromatemporarywalkway. Suspender-cableterminations[edit] Pouredsocketsareusedtomakeahighstrength,permanentcabletermination.Theyarecreatedbyinsertingthesuspenderwirerope(atthebridgedecksupports)intothenarrowendofaconicalcavitywhichisorientedin-linewiththeintendeddirectionofstrain.Theindividualwiresaresplayedoutinsidetheconeor'capel',andtheconeisthenfilledwithmoltenlead-antimony-tin(Pb80Sb15Sn5)solder.[16] Deckstructuretypes[edit] Mostsuspensionbridgeshaveopentrussstructurestosupporttheroadbed,particularlyowingtotheunfavorableeffectsofusingplategirders,discoveredfromtheTacomaNarrowsBridge(1940)bridgecollapse.Inthe1960s,developmentsinbridgeaerodynamicsallowedthere-introductionofplatestructuresasshallowboxgirders,firstseenontheSevernbridge,built1961–1966.InthepictureoftheYichangBridge,notetheverysharpentryedgeandslopingundergirdersinthesuspensionbridgeshown.Thisenablesthistypeofconstructiontobeusedwithoutthedangerofvortexsheddingandconsequentaeroelasticeffects,suchasthosethatdestroyedtheoriginalTacomaNarrowsbridge. Forces[edit] Threekindsofforcesoperateonanybridge:thedeadload,theliveload,andthedynamicload.Deadloadreferstotheweightofthebridgeitself.Likeanyotherstructure,abridgehasatendencytocollapsesimplybecauseofthegravitationalforcesactingonthematerialsofwhichthebridgeismade.Liveloadreferstotrafficthatmovesacrossthebridgeaswellasnormalenvironmentalfactorssuchaschangesintemperature,precipitation,andwinds.Dynamicloadreferstoenvironmentalfactorsthatgobeyondnormalweatherconditions,factorssuchassuddengustsofwindandearthquakes.Allthreefactorsmustbetakenintoconsiderationwhenbuildingabridge. Useotherthanroadandrail[edit] Cable-suspendedfootbridgeatDallasFortWorthAirportTerminalD Theprinciplesofsuspensionusedonalargescalealsoappearincontextslessdramaticthanroadorrailbridges.Lightcablesuspensionmayprovelessexpensiveandseemmoreelegantforacycleorfootbridgethanstronggirdersupports.AnexampleofthisistheNescioBridgeintheNetherlands,andtheRoeblingdesigned1904RiegelsvillesuspensionpedestrianbridgeacrosstheDelawareRiverinPennsylvania.[17]Thelongestpedestriansuspensionbridge,whichspanstheRiverPaiva,AroucaGeopark,Portugal,openedinApril2021.The516metresbridgehangs175metersabovetheriver.[18] Wheresuchabridgespansagapbetweentwobuildings,thereisnoneedtoconstructspecialtowers,asthebuildingscananchorthecables.Cablesuspensionmayalsobeaugmentedbytheinherentstiffnessofastructurethathasmuchincommonwithatubularbridge. Constructionsequence(wirestrandcabletype)[edit] TheLittleBeltsuspensionbridgeinDenmarkwasopenedin1970. ManhattanBridgeinNewYorkCitywithdeckunderconstructionfromthetowersoutward. SuspendercablesandsuspendercablebandontheGoldenGateBridgeinSanFrancisco.Maincablediameteris36inches(910 mm),andsuspendercablediameteris3.5inches(89 mm). Lions'GateBridgewithdeckunderconstructionfromthespan'scenter Typicalsuspensionbridgesareconstructedusingasequencegenerallydescribedasfollows.Dependingonlengthandsize,constructionmaytakeanywherebetweenayearandahalf(constructionontheoriginalTacomaNarrowsBridgetookonly19months)uptoaslongasadecade(theAkashi-KaikyōBridge'sconstructionbeganinMay1986andwasopenedinMay1998–atotaloftwelveyears). Wherethetowersarefoundedonunderwaterpiers,caissonsaresunkandanysoftbottomisexcavatedforafoundation.Ifthebedrockistoodeeptobeexposedbyexcavationorthesinkingofacaisson,pilingsaredriventothebedrockorintooverlyinghardsoil,oralargeconcretepadtodistributetheweightoverlessresistantsoilmaybeconstructed,firstpreparingthesurfacewithabedofcompactedgravel.(Suchapadfootingcanalsoaccommodatethemovementsofanactivefault,andthishasbeenimplementedonthefoundationsofthecable-stayedRio-Antiriobridge.)Thepiersarethenextendedabovewaterlevel,wheretheyarecappedwithpedestalbasesforthetowers. Wherethetowersarefoundedondryland,deepfoundationexcavationorpilingsareused. Fromthetowerfoundation,towersofsingleormultiplecolumnsareerectedusinghigh-strengthreinforcedconcrete,stonework,orsteel.Concreteisusedmostfrequentlyinmodernsuspensionbridgeconstructionduetothehighcostofsteel. Largedevicescalledsaddles,whichwillcarrythemainsuspensioncables,arepositionedatopthetowers.Typicallyofcaststeel,theycanalsobemanufacturedusingrivetedforms,andareequippedwithrollerstoallowthemaincablestoshiftunderconstructionandnormalloads. Anchoragesareconstructed,usuallyintandemwiththetowers,toresistthetensionofthecablesandformasthemainanchorsystemfortheentirestructure.Theseareusuallyanchoredingoodqualityrockbutmayconsistofmassivereinforcedconcretedeadweightswithinanexcavation.Theanchoragestructurewillhavemultipleprotrudingopeneyeboltsenclosedwithinasecurespace. Temporarysuspendedwalkways,calledcatwalks,arethenerectedusingasetofguidewireshoistedintoplaceviawinchespositionedatopthetowers.Thesecatwalksfollowthecurvesetbybridgedesignersforthemaincables,inapathmathematicallydescribedasacatenaryarc.Typicalcatwalksareusuallybetweeneightandtenfeetwideandareconstructedusingwiregrateandwoodslats. Gantriesareplaceduponthecatwalks,whichwillsupportthemaincablespinningreels.Then,cablesattachedtowinchesareinstalled,andinturn,themaincablespinningdevicesareinstalled. Highstrengthwire(typically4or6gaugegalvanizedsteelwire),ispulledinaloopbypulleysonthetraveler,withoneendaffixedatananchorage.Whenthetravelerreachestheoppositeanchoragetheloopisplacedoveranopenanchoreyebar.Alongthecatwalk,workersalsopullthecablewirestotheirdesiredtension.Thiscontinuesuntilabundle,calleda"cablestrand"iscompleted,andtemporarilybundledusingstainlesssteelwire.Thisprocessisrepeateduntilthefinalcablestrandiscompleted.Workersthenremovetheindividualwrapsonthecablestrands(duringthespinningprocess,theshapeofthemaincablecloselyresemblesahexagon),andthentheentirecableisthencompressedbyatravelinghydraulicpressintoacloselypackedcylinderandtightlywrappedwithadditionalwiretoformthefinalcircularcross-section.Thewireusedinsuspensionbridgeconstructionisagalvanizedsteelwirethathasbeencoatedwithcorrosioninhibitors. Atspecificpointsalongthemaincable(eachbeingtheexactdistancehorizontallyinrelationtothenext)devicescalled"cablebands"areinstalledtocarrysteelwireropescalledSuspendercables.Eachsuspendercableisengineeredandcuttopreciselengths,andareloopedoverthecablebands.Insomebridges,wherethetowersareclosetoorontheshore,thesuspendercablesmaybeappliedonlytothecentralspan.Earlysuspendercableswerefittedwithzincjewelsandasetofsteelwashers,whichformedthesupportforthedeck.Modernsuspendercablescarryashackle-typefitting. Specialliftinghoistsattachedtothesuspendersorfromthemaincablesareusedtoliftprefabricatedsectionsofthebridgedecktotheproperlevel,providedthatthelocalconditionsallowthesectionstobecarriedbelowthebridgebybargeorothermeans.Otherwise,atravelingcantileverderrickmaybeusedtoextendthedeckonesectionatatimestartingfromthetowersandworkingoutward.Iftheadditionofthedeckstructureextendsfromthetowersthefinishedportionsofthedeckwillpitchupwardrathersharply,asthereisnodownwardforceinthecenterofthespan.Uponcompletionofthedeck,theaddedloadwillpullthemaincablesintoanarcmathematicallydescribedasaparabola,whilethearcofthedeckwillbeasthedesignerintended–usuallyagentleupwardarcforaddedclearanceifoverashippingchannel,orflatinothercasessuchasaspanoveracanyon.Archedsuspensionspansalsogivethestructuremorerigidityandstrength. Withthecompletionoftheprimarystructurevariousdetailssuchaslighting,handrails,finishpaintingandpavingisinstalledorcompleted. Longestspans[edit] Mainarticle:Listoflongestsuspensionbridgespans Suspensionbridgesaretypicallyrankedbythelengthoftheirmainspan.Thesearethetenbridgeswiththelongestspans,followedbythelengthofthespanandtheyearthebridgeopenedfortraffic: AkashiKaikyōBridge(Japan),1991 m(6532 ft)–1998 YangsigangBridge(China),1700 m(5577 ft)–2019 XihoumenBridge(China),1650 m(5413 ft)–2009 GreatBeltBridge(Denmark),1624 m(5328 ft)–1998 OsmanGaziBridge(Turkey),1550 m(5085 ft)–2016 YiSun-sinbridge(SouthKorea),1545 m(5069 ft)–2012 RunyangBridge(China),1490 m(4888 ft)–2005 FourthNanjingYangtzeBridge(China),1418 m(4652 ft)–2012 HumberBridge(England,UnitedKingdom),1410 m(4626 ft)–1981 YavuzSultanSelimBridge(Turkey),1408 m(4619 ft)–2016 Otherexamples[edit] Seealso:Historyoflongestvehiclesuspensionbridgespans (Chronological) UnionBridge(England/Scotland,1820),thelongestspan(137 m)from1820to1826.Theoldestsuspensionbridgeintheworldstillcarryingroadtraffic. Roebling'sDelawareAqueduct(USA,1847),theoldestwiresuspensionbridgestillinserviceintheUnitedStates. JohnA.RoeblingSuspensionBridge(USA,1866),thenthelongestwiresuspensionbridgeintheworldat1,057feet(322m)mainspan. BrooklynBridge(USA,1883),thefirststeel-wiresuspensionbridge. BearMountainBridge(USA,1924),thelongestsuspensionspan(497 m)from1924to1926.Thefirstsuspensionbridgetohaveaconcretedeck.Theconstructionmethodspioneeredinbuildingitwouldmakepossibleseveralmuchlargerprojectstofollow. BenFranklinBridge(USA,1926),replacedBearMountainBridgeasthelongestspanat1,750feetbetweenthetowers.Includesanactivesubwaylineandnever-usedtrolleystationsonthespan.[19] SanFrancisco–OaklandBayBridge(USA,1936).Thiswasoncethelongeststeelhigh-levelbridgeintheworld(704 m).[20]Theeasternportion(acantileverbridge)hasbeenreplacedwithaself-anchoredsuspensionbridgewhichisthelongestofitstypeintheworld.Itisalsotheworld'swidestbridge. GoldenGateBridge(USA,1937),thelongestsuspensionbridgefrom1937to1964.Itwasalsotheworld'stallestbridgefrom1937to1993,andremainsthetallestbridgeintheUnitedStates. MackinacBridge(USA,1957),thelongestsuspensionbridgebetweenanchoragesintheWesternhemisphere. SiDuRiverBridge(China,2009),thehighestbridgeintheworld,withitsdeckaround500metersabovethesurfaceoftheriver. RodElFaragBridge(Egypt,2019),amodernEgyptiansteelwire-cablesbasedsuspensionbridgecrossingtheriverNile,whichwascompletedin2019andholdstheGuinnessWorldRecordforthewidestsuspensionbridgeintheworldwithawidthof67.3meters,andwithaspanof540meters. Notablecollapses[edit] BroughtonSuspensionBridge(Engand)–Ironchainbridgebuiltin1826.OneofEurope'sfirstsuspensionbridges,itcollapsedin1831duetomechanicalresonanceinducedbytroopsmarchinginstep.Asaresultoftheincident,theBritishArmyissuedanorderthattroopsshould"breakstep"whencrossingabridge. SilverBridge(USA)–Eyebarchainhighwaybridge,builtin1928,thatcollapsedinlate1967,killingforty-sixpeople.Thebridgehadalow-redundancydesignthatwasdifficulttoinspect.Thecollapseinspiredlegislationtoensurethatolderbridgeswereregularlyinspectedandmaintained.Followingthecollapseabridgeofsimilardesignwasimmediatelyclosedandeventuallydemolished.Asecondsimilarly-designedbridgehadbeenbuiltwithahighermarginofsafetyandremainedinserviceuntil1991. TacomaNarrowsBridge,(USA),853 m–1940.TheTacomaNarrowsbridgewasvulnerabletostructuralvibrationinsustainedandmoderatelystrongwindsduetoitsplate-girderdeckstructure.Windcausedaphenomenoncalledaeroelasticflutteringthatledtoitscollapseonlymonthsaftercompletion.Thecollapsewascapturedonfilm.Nohumanliveswerelostinthecollapse;severaldriversescapedtheircarsonfootandreachedtheanchoragesbeforethespandropped. Yarmouthsuspensionbridge(England)–Builtin1829andcollapsedin1845,killing79people. Seealso[edit] Category:Suspensionbridges—forarticlesaboutspecificsuspensionbridges. Listoflongestsuspensionbridgespans Timelineofthreelongestspanswhetherbridge,aerialtramway,powerline,ceilingordomeetc. Cable-stayedbridge—superficiallysimilartoasuspensionbridge,butcablesfromthetowersdirectlysupporttheroadway,ratherthantheroadbeingsuspendedindirectlybyadditionalcablesfromthemaincablesconnectingtwotowers. Incaropebridge—hasfeaturesincommonwithasuspensionbridgeandpredatesthembyatleastthreehundredyears.However,inaropebridgethedeckitselfissuspendedfromtheanchoredpiersandtheguardrailsarenon-structural. Self-anchoredsuspensionbridge—combiningelementsofasuspensionbridgeandacable-stayedbridge. Simplesuspensionbridge—amodernimplementationoftheropebridgeusingsteelcables,althougheithertheupperguardrailorlowerfootboardcablesmaybethemainstructuralcables. Floatingsuspensionbridge References[edit] ^"PortAuthorityofNewYorkandNewJersey-GeorgeWashingtonBridge".ThePortAuthorityofNewYorkandNewJersey.Archivedfromtheoriginalon20September2013.Retrieved13September2013. ^BodWoodruff;LanaZak&StephanieWash(20November2012)."GWBridgePainters:DangerousJobonTopoftheWorld'sBusiestBridge".ABCNews.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28September2013.Retrieved13September2013. ^ChakzampaThangtongGyalpo–Architect,Philosopher,andIronChainBridgeBuilderArchived25May2014atWikiwixbyManfredGerner.Thimphu:CenterforBhutanStudies2007.ISBN 99936-14-39-4 ^LhasaandItsMysteriesbyLawrenceAustineWaddell,1905,p.313 ^Bhutan.LonelyPlanet.2007.ISBN 978-1-74059-529-2. ^Gerner,Manfred(2009).ChakzampaThangtongGyalpo(PDF).CentreforBhutanStudies.p. 61.doi:10.11588/xarep.00000311.ISBN 9789993614395.Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon25May2014. ^"IronWireoftheWheelingSuspensionBridge".SmithsonianMuseumConservationInstitute.Archivedfromtheoriginalon30April2011. ^Bridges:ThreeThousandYearsofDefyingNature.MBIPublishingCompany.12November2001.ISBN 978-0-7603-1234-6. ^"MenaiBridge-bridge,Wales,UnitedKingdom".britannica.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13April2015.Retrieved3May2018. ^"MarlowSuspensionBridge".Retrieved11December2008.Cove-Smith,Chris(2006).TheRiverThamesBook.ImrayLaurieNorieandWilson.ISBN 0-85288-892-9.[pageneeded]1 ^https://www.ice.org.uk/disciplines-and-resources/ice-library-and-digital-resources/historical-engineering-works/details?hewID=2746#detailsArchived25October2016attheWaybackMachine ^abcdPeters,TomF.(1987).TransitionsinEngineering:GuillaumeHenriDufourandtheEarly19thCenturyCableSuspensionBridges.Birkhauser.ISBN 3-7643-1929-1.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10July2014. ^ClevelandBridgeCompany(UK)Archived20July2008attheWaybackMachineWebsiteRetrieved21February2007,includesimageofthebridge. ^diagram ^abDrewry,CharlesStewart(1832).AMemoirofSuspensionBridges:ComprisingTheHistoryofTheirOriginAndProgress.London:Longman,Rees,Orme,Brown,Green&Longman.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16June2013.Retrieved13June2009. ^TRBarnard(1959)."WindingRopesandGuideRopes:"MechanicalEngineering.CoalMiningSeries(2nded.).London:Virtue.pp.374–375. ^Asexistswithsignagerethehistory. ^"World'slongestpedestriansuspensionbridgeopensinPortugal".TheGuardian.29April2021.Retrieved29April2021.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:url-status(link) ^"DRPA ::DelawareRiverPortAuthority".drpa.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4March2009.Retrieved3May2018. ^McGloin,Bernard."SymphoniesinSteel:BayBridgeandtheGoldenGate".VirtualMuseumoftheCityofSanFrancisco.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25February2011.Retrieved12January2008. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedto: Suspensionbridges(category) LookupsuspensionbridgeinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. HistoricAmericanEngineeringRecord(HAER)No. NJ-132,"ContextualEssayonWireBridges" NewBrunswickCanadasuspensionfootbridges Structurae:suspensionbridges AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineersArchived4June2009attheWaybackMachineHistoryandheritageofcivilengineering–bridges Bridgemeister:Mostlysuspensionbridges Wilford,JohnNoble(8May2007)."HowtheIncaLeaptCanyons".TheNewYorkTimes. vteBridge-relatedarticlesStructuraltypes Archbridge Basculebridge Beambridge Boxgirderbridge Bridge–tunnel BurrTruss Cable-stayedbridge Canopybridge Cantileverbridge Cantileversparcable-stayedbridge Coveredbridge Cribbridge Double-beamdrawbridge Extradosedbridge Jetbridge Logbridge Moonbridge Moveablebridge Multi-waybridge Navigableaqueduct Pilebridge Pontoonbridge(Vlotbrug) Suspensionbridge(types) Swingbridge Tiltbridge Timberbridge Througharchbridge Transporterbridge Trestlebridge Trussbridge Tubularbridge Viaduct Visualindextovarioustypes Listsofbridgesbytype Listofbasculebridges Listofbridges Listofbridge–tunnels Listofcantileverbridges Listoflistsofcoveredbridges ListofmedievalstonebridgesinGermany Listofmulti-levelbridges Listofroad–railbridges Listoftollbridges Listsofbridgesbysize Bylength Suspensionbridges Cable-stayedbridges Cantileverbridges Continuoustrussbridges Archbridges Masonryarchbridges Highest Tallest Additionallists Bridgefailures Bridgetonowhere Category Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries France(data) Germany Israel UnitedStates Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suspension_bridge&oldid=1074826199" Categories:BridgesbystructuraltypeSuspensionbridgesStructuralengineeringHiddencategories:WebarchivetemplateotherarchivesWebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksCS1maint:url-statusArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataUsedmydatesfromMarch2021ArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages AfrikaansالعربيةAsturianuAzərbaycancaবাংলাБългарскиCatalàЧӑвашлаČeštinaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisFryskGalego한국어Հայերենहिन्दीBahasaIndonesiaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתҚазақшаLatinaLëtzebuergeschLietuviųMagyarമലയാളംBahasaMelayuNederlands日本語NorskbokmålNorsknynorskOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaதமிழ்ไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаTiếngViệt吴语粵語中文 Editlinks