Privacy policy - Wikipedia

A privacy policy is a statement or legal document (in privacy law) that discloses some or all of the ways a party gathers, uses, discloses, and manages a ... Privacypolicy FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Managementofpersonaldataacrossmedia FortheprivacypolicyforWikipedia,seewmf:Privacypolicy. Aprivacypolicyisastatementorlegaldocument(inprivacylaw)thatdisclosessomeorallofthewaysapartygathers,uses,discloses,andmanagesacustomerorclient'sdata.[1]Personalinformationcanbeanythingthatcanbeusedtoidentifyanindividual,notlimitedtotheperson'sname,address,dateofbirth,maritalstatus,contactinformation,IDissue,andexpirydate,financialrecords,creditinformation,medicalhistory,whereonetravels,andintentionstoacquiregoodsandservices.[2]Inthecaseofabusiness,itisoftenastatementthatdeclaresaparty'spolicyonhowitcollects,stores,andreleasespersonalinformationitcollects.Itinformstheclientwhatspecificinformationiscollected,andwhetheritiskeptconfidential,sharedwithpartners,orsoldtootherfirmsorenterprises.[3][4]Privacypoliciestypicallyrepresentabroader,moregeneralizedtreatment,asopposedtodatausestatements,whichtendtobemoredetailedandspecific. Theexactcontentsofacertainprivacypolicywilldependupontheapplicablelawandmayneedtoaddressrequirementsacrossgeographicalboundariesandlegaljurisdictions.Mostcountrieshaveownlegislationandguidelinesofwhoiscovered,whatinformationcanbecollected,andwhatitcanbeusedfor.Ingeneral,dataprotectionlawsinEuropecovertheprivatesector,aswellasthepublicsector.Theirprivacylawsapplynotonlytogovernmentoperationsbutalsotoprivateenterprisesandcommercialtransactions.[5] CaliforniaBusinessandProfessionsCode,InternetPrivacyRequirements(CalOPPA)mandatethatwebsitescollectingPersonallyIdentifiableInformation(PII)fromCaliforniaresidentsmustconspicuouslyposttheirprivacypolicy.[6](SeealsoOnlinePrivacyProtectionAct) Contents 1History 2Fairinformationpractice 3Currentenforcement 4Applicablelaw 4.1UnitedStates 4.2Canada 4.3EuropeanUnion 4.4Australia 4.5India 5Onlineprivacycertificationprograms 6Technicalimplementation 7Criticism 8References 9Furtherreading History[edit] In1968,theCouncilofEuropebegantostudytheeffectsoftechnologyonhumanrights,recognizingthenewthreatsposedbycomputertechnologythatcouldlinkandtransmitinwaysnotwidelyavailablebefore.In1969theOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)begantoexaminetheimplicationsofpersonalinformationleavingthecountry.Allthisledthecounciltorecommendthatpolicybedevelopedtoprotectpersonaldataheldbyboththeprivateandpublicsectors,leadingtoConvention108.In1981,ConventionfortheProtectionofIndividualswithregardtoAutomaticProcessingofPersonalData(Convention108)wasintroduced.OneofthefirstprivacylawseverenactedwastheSwedishDataActin1973,followedbytheWestGermanDataProtectionActin1977andtheFrenchLawonInformatics,DataBanksandFreedomsin1978.[5] IntheUnitedStates,concernoverprivacypolicystartingaroundthelate1960sand1970sledtothepassageoftheFairCreditReportingAct.Althoughthisactwasnotdesignedtobeaprivacylaw,theactgaveconsumerstheopportunitytoexaminetheircreditfilesandcorrecterrors.Italsoplacedrestrictionsontheuseofinformationincreditrecords.Severalcongressionalstudygroupsinthelate1960sexaminedthegrowingeasewithwhichautomatedpersonalinformationcouldbegatheredandmatchedwithotherinformation.OnesuchgroupwasanadvisorycommitteeoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,whichin1973draftedacodeofprinciplescalledtheFairInformationPractices.TheworkoftheadvisorycommitteeledtothePrivacyActin1974.TheUnitedStatessignedtheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentguidelinesin1980.[5] InCanada,aPrivacyCommissionerofCanadawasestablishedundertheCanadianHumanRightsActin1977.In1982,theappointmentofaPrivacyCommissionerwaspartofthenewPrivacyAct.CanadasignedtheOECDguidelinesin1984.[5] Fairinformationpractice[edit] Mainarticle:FTCFairInformationPractice TherearesignificantdifferencesbetweentheEUdataprotectionandUSdataprivacylaws.ThesestandardsmustbemetnotonlybybusinessesoperatingintheEUbutalsobyanyorganizationthattransferspersonalinformationcollectedconcerningcitizensoftheEU.In2001theUnitedStatesDepartmentofCommerceworkedtoensurelegalcomplianceforUSorganizationsunderanopt-inSafeHarborProgram.TheFTChasapprovedTRUSTetocertifystreamlinedcompliancewiththeUS-EUSafeHarbor. Currentenforcement[edit] In1995theEuropeanUnion(EU)introducedtheDataProtectionDirective[7]foritsmemberstates.Asaresult,manyorganizationsdoingbusinesswithintheEUbegantodraftpoliciestocomplywiththisDirective.Inthesameyear,theU.S.FederalTradeCommission(FTC)publishedtheFairInformationPrinciples[8]whichprovidedasetofnon-bindinggoverningprinciplesforthecommercialuseofpersonalinformation.Whilenotmandatingpolicy,theseprinciplesprovidedguidanceofthedevelopingconcernsofhowtodraftprivacypolicies. TheUnitedStatesdoesnothaveaspecificfederalregulationestablishinguniversalimplementationofprivacypolicies.Congresshas,attimes,consideredcomprehensivelawsregulatingthecollectionofinformationonline,suchastheConsumerInternetPrivacyEnhancementAct[9]andtheOnlinePrivacyProtectionActof2001,[10]butnonehavebeenenacted.In2001,theFTCstatedanexpresspreferencefor"morelawenforcement,notmorelaws"[11]andpromotedcontinuedfocusonindustryself-regulation. Inmanycases,theFTCenforcesthetermsofprivacypoliciesaspromisesmadetoconsumersusingtheauthoritygrantedbySection5oftheFTCActwhichprohibitsunfairordeceptivemarketingpractices.[12]TheFTC'spowersarestatutorilyrestrictedinsomecases;forexample,airlinesaresubjecttotheauthorityoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA),[13]andcellphonecarriersaresubjecttotheauthorityoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC).[14] Insomecases,privatepartiesenforcethetermsofprivacypoliciesbyfilingclassactionlawsuits,whichmayresultinsettlementsorjudgments.However,suchlawsuitsareoftennotanoption,duetoarbitrationclausesintheprivacypoliciesorothertermsofserviceagreements. Applicablelaw[edit] UnitedStates[edit] Mainarticle:PrivacylawsoftheUnitedStates Whilenogenerallyapplicablelawexists,somefederallawsgovernprivacypoliciesinspecificcircumstances,suchas: TheChildren'sOnlinePrivacyProtectionAct(COPPA)[15]affectswebsitesthatknowinglycollectinformationaboutortargetedatchildrenundertheageof13.[16]Anysuchwebsitesmustpostaprivacypolicyandadheretoenumeratedinformation-sharingrestrictions[17]COPPAincludesa"safeharbor"provisiontopromoteIndustryself-regulation.[18] TheGramm-Leach-BlileyAct[19]requiresinstitutions"significantlyengaged"[20]infinancialactivitiesgive"clear,conspicuous,andaccuratestatements"oftheirinformation-sharingpractices.TheActalsorestrictsuseandsharingoffinancialinformation.[21] TheHealthInsurancePortabilityandAccountabilityAct(HIPAA)privacyrules[22]requiresnoticeinwritingoftheprivacypracticesofhealthcareservices,andthisrequirementalsoappliesifthehealthserviceiselectronic.[23] TheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)givesconsumersmorecontroloverthepersonalinformationthatbusinessescollectaboutthemandtheCCPAregulationsprovideguidanceonhowtoimplementthelaw.[24] TheCaliforniaPrivacyRightsActof2020(CPRA)expandstheprivacyandinformationsecurityobligationsofmostemployersdoingbusinessinCalifornia.[25] Somestateshaveimplementedmorestringentregulationsforprivacypolicies.TheCaliforniaOnlinePrivacyProtectionActof2003–BusinessandProfessionsCodesections22575-22579requires"anycommercialwebsitesoronlineservicesthatcollectpersonalinformationonCaliforniaresidentsthroughawebsitetoconspicuouslypostaprivacypolicyonthesite".[26]BothNebraskaandPennsylvaniahavelawstreatingmisleadingstatementsinprivacypoliciespublishedonwebsitesasdeceptiveorfraudulentbusinesspractices.[27] Canada[edit] Canada'sfederalPrivacyLawapplicabletotheprivatesectorisformallyreferredtoasPersonalInformationProtectionandElectronicDocumentsAct(PIPEDA).Thepurposeoftheactistoestablishrulestogovernthecollection,use,anddisclosureofpersonalinformationbycommercialorganizations.Theorganizationisallowedtocollect,discloseandusetheamountofinformationforthepurposesthatareasonablepersonwouldconsiderappropriateinthecircumstance.[28] TheActestablishesthePrivacyCommissionerofCanadaastheOmbudsmanforaddressinganycomplaintsthatarefiledagainstorganizations.TheCommissionerworkstoresolveproblemsthroughvoluntarycompliance,ratherthanheavy-handedenforcement.TheCommissionerinvestigatescomplaints,conductsaudits,promotesawarenessofandundertakesresearchaboutprivacymatters.[29] EuropeanUnion[edit] Mainarticles:GeneralDataProtectionRegulationandDataProtectionDirective TherighttoprivacyisahighlydevelopedareaoflawinEurope.AllthememberstatesoftheEuropeanUnion(EU)arealsosignatoriesoftheEuropeanConventiononHumanRights(ECHR).Article8oftheECHRprovidesarighttorespectforone's"privateandfamilylife,hishomeandhiscorrespondence",subjecttocertainrestrictions.TheEuropeanCourtofHumanRightshasgiventhisarticleaverybroadinterpretationinitsjurisprudence.[30] In1980,inanefforttocreateacomprehensivedataprotectionsystemthroughoutEurope,theOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)issuedits"RecommendationsoftheCouncilConcerningGuidelinesGoverningtheProtectionofPrivacyandTrans-BorderFlowsofPersonalData".[31]ThesevenprinciplesgoverningtheOECD’srecommendationsforprotectionofpersonaldatawere: Notice—datasubjectsshouldbegivennoticewhentheirdataisbeingcollected; Purpose—datashouldonlybeusedforthepurposestatedandnotforanyotherpurposes; Consent—datashouldnotbedisclosedwithoutthedatasubject'sconsent; Security—collecteddatashouldbekeptsecurefromanypotentialabuses; Disclosure—datasubjectsshouldbeinformedastowhoiscollectingtheirdata; Access—datasubjectsshouldbeallowedtoaccesstheirdataandmakecorrectionstoanyinaccuratedata;and Accountability—datasubjectsshouldhaveamethodavailabletothemtoholddatacollectorsaccountablefornotfollowingtheaboveprinciples.[32] TheOECDguidelines,however,werenonbinding,anddataprivacylawsstillvariedwidelyacrossEurope.TheUS,whileendorsingtheOECD’srecommendations,didnothingtoimplementthemwithintheUnitedStates.[32]However,allsevenprincipleswereincorporatedintotheEUDirective.[32] In1995,theEUadoptedtheDataProtectionDirective,whichregulatestheprocessingofpersonaldatawithintheEU.ThereweresignificantdifferencesbetweentheEUdataprotectionandequivalentU.S.dataprivacylaws.ThesestandardsmustbemetnotonlybybusinessesoperatingintheEUbutalsobyanyorganizationthattransferspersonalinformationcollectedconcerningacitizenoftheEU.In2001theUnitedStatesDepartmentofCommerceworkedtoensurelegalcomplianceforUSorganizationsunderanopt-inSafeHarborProgram.[33]TheFTChasapprovedanumberofUSproviderstocertifycompliancewiththeUS-EUSafeHarbor.Since2010SafeHarboriscriticisedespeciallybyGermanpubliclyappointedprivacyprotectorsbecausetheFTC'swilltoassertthedefinedruleshadn'tbeenimplementedinaproperevenafterrevealingdisharmonies.[34] Effective25May2018,theDataProtectionDirectiveissupersededbytheGeneralDataProtectionRegulation(GDPR),whichharmonizesprivacyrulesacrossallEUmemberstates.GDPRimposesmorestringentrulesonthecollectionofpersonalinformationbelongingtoEUdatasubjects,includingarequirementforprivacypoliciestobemoreconcise,clearly-worded,andtransparentintheirdisclosureofanycollection,processing,storage,ortransferofpersonallyidentifiableinformation.Datacontrollersmustalsoprovidetheopportunityfortheirdatatobemadeportableinacommonformat,andforittobeerasedundercertaincircumstances.[35][36] Australia[edit] Mainarticle:PrivacyAct1988 ThePrivacyAct1988providesthelegalframeworkforprivacyinAustralia.[37]Itincludesanumberofnationalprivacyprinciples.[38]TherearethirteenprivacyprinciplesunderthePrivacyAct.[39]Itoverseesandregulatesthecollection,useanddisclosureofpeople'sprivateinformation,makessurewhoisresponsibleifthereisaviolation,andtherightsofindividualstoaccesstheirinformation.[39] India[edit] TheInformationTechnology(Amendment)Act,2008madesignificantchangestotheInformationTechnologyAct,2000,introducingSection43A.Thissectionprovidescompensationinthecasewhereacorporatebodyisnegligentinimplementingandmaintainingreasonablesecuritypracticesandproceduresandtherebycauseswrongfullossorwrongfulgaintoanyperson.Thisapplieswhenacorporatebodypossesses,dealsorhandlesanysensitivepersonaldataorinformationinacomputerresourcethatitowns,controlsoroperates. In2011,theGovernmentofIndiaprescribedtheInformationTechnologyandTelecomCompliance(Reasonablesecuritypracticesandproceduresandsensitivepersonaldataorinformation)Rules,2011[40]bypublishingitintheOfficialGazette.[41]Theserulesrequireabodycorporatetoprovideaprivacypolicyforhandlingofordealinginpersonalinformationincludingsensitivepersonaldataorinformation.[42]Suchaprivacypolicyshouldconsistofthefollowinginformationinaccordancewiththerules: Clearandeasilyaccessiblestatementsofitspracticesandpolicies; Typeofpersonalorsensitivepersonaldataorinformationcollected; Purposeofcollectionandusageofsuchinformation; Disclosureofinformationincludingsensitivepersonaldataorinformation; Reasonablesecuritypracticesandprocedures. Theprivacypolicyshouldbepublishedonthewebsiteofthebodycorporate,andbemadeavailableforviewbyprovidersofinformationwhohaveprovidedpersonalinformationunderlawfulcontract. Onlineprivacycertificationprograms[edit] Onlinecertificationor"seal"programsareanexampleofindustryself-regulationofprivacypolicies.Sealprogramsusuallyrequireimplementationoffairinformationpracticesasdeterminedbythecertificationprogramandmayrequirecontinuedcompliancemonitoring.TRUSTArc(formerlyTRUSTe),[43]thefirstonlineprivacysealprogram,includedmorethan1,800membersby2007.[44]OtheronlinesealprogramsincludetheTrustGuardPrivacyVerifiedprogram,[45]eTrust,[46]andWebtrust.[47] Technicalimplementation[edit] SomewebsitesalsodefinetheirprivacypoliciesusingP3PorInternetContentRatingAssociation(ICRA),allowingbrowserstoautomaticallyassessthelevelofprivacyofferedbythesite,andallowingaccessonlywhenthesite'sprivacypracticesareinlinewiththeuser'sprivacysettings.However,thesetechnicalsolutionsdonotguaranteewebsitesactuallyfollowstheclaimedprivacypolicies.Theseimplementationsalsorequireuserstohaveaminimumleveloftechnicalknowledgetoconfiguretheirownbrowserprivacysettings.[48]Theseautomatedprivacypolicieshavenotbeenpopulareitherwithwebsitesortheirusers.[49]Toreducetheburdenofinterpretingindividualprivacypolicies,re-usable,certifiedpoliciesavailablefromapolicyserverhavebeenproposedbyJøsang,FritschandMahler.[50] Criticism[edit] Thisarticle'sCriticismorControversysectionmaycompromisethearticle'sneutralitybyseparatingoutpotentiallynegativeinformation.Pleaseintegratethesection'scontentsintothearticleasawhole,orrewritethematerial.(January2015) ManycriticshaveattackedtheefficacyandlegitimacyofprivacypoliciesfoundontheInternet. Concernsexistabouttheeffectivenessofindustry-regulatedprivacypolicies.Forexample,a2000FTCreportPrivacyOnline:FairInformationPracticesintheElectronicMarketplacefoundthatwhilethevastmajorityofwebsitessurveyedhadsomemannerofprivacydisclosure,mostdidnotmeetthestandardsetintheFTCPrinciples.Inaddition,manyorganizationsreservetheexpressrighttounilaterallychangethetermsoftheirpolicies.InJune2009theEFFwebsiteTOSbackbegantrackingsuchchangeson56popularinternetservices,includingmonitoringtheprivacypoliciesofAmazon,GoogleandFacebook.[51] Therearealsoquestionsaboutwhetherconsumersunderstandprivacypoliciesandwhethertheyhelpconsumersmakemoreinformeddecisions.A2002reportfromtheStanfordPersuasiveTechnologyLabcontendedthatawebsite'svisualdesignshadmoreinfluencethanthewebsite'sprivacypolicywhenconsumersassessedthewebsite'scredibility.[52]A2007studybyCarnegieMellonUniversityclaimed"whennotpresentedwithprominentprivacyinformation..."consumerswere"…likelytomakepurchasesfromthevendorwiththelowestprice,regardlessofthatsite'sprivacypolicies".[53]However,thesamestudyalsoshowedthatwheninformationaboutprivacypracticesisclearlypresented,consumerspreferretailerswhobetterprotecttheirprivacyandsomearewillingto"payapremiumtopurchasefrommoreprivacyprotectivewebsites".Furthermore,a2007studyattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeleyfoundthat"75%ofconsumersthinkaslongasasitehasaprivacypolicyitmeansitwon'tsharedatawiththirdparties,"confusingtheexistenceofaprivacypolicywithextensiveprivacyprotection.[54]Basedonthecommonnatureofthismisunderstanding,researcherJosephTurowarguedtotheU.S.FederalTradeCommissionthattheterm"privacypolicy"thusconstitutesadeceptivetradepracticeandthatalternativephrasinglike"howweuseyourinformation"shouldbeusedinstead.[55] Privacypoliciessuffergenerallyfromalackofprecision,especiallywhencomparedwiththeemergingformoftheDataUseStatement.Whereprivacystatementsprovideamoregeneraloverviewofdatacollectionanduse,datausestatementsrepresentamuchmorespecifictreatment.Asaresult,privacypoliciesmaynotmeettheincreaseddemandfortransparencythatdatausestatementsprovide. Criticsalsoquestionifconsumersevenreadprivacypoliciesorcanunderstandwhattheyread.A2001studybythePrivacyLeadershipInitiativeclaimedonly3%ofconsumersreadprivacypoliciescarefully,and64%brieflyglancedat,orneverreadprivacypolicies.[56]Theaveragewebsiteuseroncehavingreadaprivacystatementmayhavemoreuncertaintyaboutthetrustworthinessofthewebsitethanbefore.[57][58]Onepossibleissueislengthandcomplexityofpolicies.Accordingtoa2008CarnegieMellonstudy,theaveragelengthofaprivacypolicyis2,500wordsandrequiresanaverageof10minutestoread.Thestudycitedthat"Privacypoliciesarehardtoread"and,asaresult,"readinfrequently".[59]However,anyeffortstomaketheinformationmorepresentablesimplifytheinformationtothepointthatitdoesnotconveytheextenttowhichusers'dataisbeingsharedandsold.[60]Thisisknownasthe'transparencyparadox.' References[edit] ^Costante,Elisa;Sun,Yuanhao;Petković,Milan;den,236Hartog,Jerry(October2012)."Amachinelearningsolutiontoassessprivacypolicycompleteness".Proceedingsofthe2012ACMWorkshoponPrivacyintheElectronicSociety-WPES'12:91.doi:10.1145/2381966.2381979.ISBN 9781450316637.S2CID 207198681. ^McCormick,Michelle."NewPrivacyLegislation."BeyondNumbers427(2003):10-.ProQuest.Web.27Oct.2011 ^Gondhalekar,Vijay;Narayanaswamy,C.R.;Sundaram,Sridhar(2007),TheLong-TermRiskEffectsoftheGramm-Leach-BlileyAct(GLBA)ontheFinancialServicesIndustry,AdvancesinFinancialEconomics,vol. 12,Bingley:Emerald(MCBUP),pp. 361–377,doi:10.1016/s1569-3732(07)12014-4,ISBN 978-0-7623-1373-0,retrieved2021-09-03 ^Webfinance,Inc(2011)."PrivacyPolicy".Archivedfromtheoriginalon22August2013.Retrieved23October2011. ^abcdCavoukian,Ann(1995).WhoKnows:SafeguardingYourPrivacyinANetworkedWorld(paperback).RandomHouseofCanada:RandomHouseofCanada.ISBN 0-394-22472-8. ^"CodesDisplayText".leginfo.legislature.ca.gov.Retrieved2019-08-20. ^OverviewoftheDataProtectionDirective,EC.europa.eu ^U.S.FederalTradeCommissionFairInformationPracticePrinciples,FTC.govArchived2009-03-31attheWaybackMachine ^HR237IH,TheConsumerInternetPrivacyEnhancementAct,asIntroducedinHouse,107thCongressLoc.gov.[permanentdeadlink] ^HR89IH,OnlinePrivacyProtectionActof2001,asIntroducedinHouse,107thCongressLoc.govArchived2015-05-11attheWaybackMachine ^Kirby,Carrie"FTCdropstheCallforNewInternetPrivacyLaws,"SFGate,October5,2001.SFgate.com ^Implementationof15U.S.C.§§ 41-58,FTC.gov ^ElectronicPrivacyInformationCenter,AirTravelPrivacy,Epic.org.Also,seeFAAEnforcementDatabaseatFAA.gov. ^Helmer,GabrielM."CrackingDown:FCCInitiatesEnforcementActionAgainstHundredsofTelecommunicationsCarriersForFailingtoCertifyComplianceWithCustomerPrivacyRulesSecurity,PrivacyandtheLaw,FoleyHoag,LLP,May2009.Securityprivacyandthelaw.com.AlsoseeFCCEnforcementCenteratFCC.gov ^TheChildren'sOnlinePrivacyProtectionAct,FTC.gov ^COPPASafeHarborsdiscussed,CybertelecomFederalInternetLaw&Policy–anEducationalProject.Krohn&MossConsumerLawCenter,Cybertelecom.org ^DiscussionofcompliancewiththeChildren'sOnlinePrivacyProtectionAct,FTCPrivacyInitiatives,FTC.gov ^DataPrivacy,ASafeHarborApproachToPrivacy:TRUSTeRecommendations,CenterforDemocracyandTechnology,CDT.orgArchived2008-11-28attheWaybackMachine ^Gramm-Leach-BlileyAct,Loc.govArchived2015-05-11attheWaybackMachine ^"TheFinancialPrivacyRequirementsoftheGramm-Leach-BlileyAct",FTCFactsforBusiness",FTC.gov ^InformationRegardingtheGramm-Leach-BlileyActof1999,US.SenateCommitteeonBanking,Housing,andUrbanAffairs.Senate.gov ^UnderstandingHIPAAPrivacy,HHS.govHealthinformationprivacy,HHS.gov ^NoticeofHIPAAPrivacyPractices.Privacy/DataProtectionProject,MillerSchoolofMedicineMiamiUniversity,Miami.edu ^"CaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)".StateofCaliforniaDepartmentofJustice.15October2018.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:url-status(link) ^"TheCaliforniaPrivacyRightsActof2020".IAPP.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:url-status(link) ^PrivacyLaws,StateofCaliforniaDepartmentofJusticeOfficeoftheAttorneyGeneral ^DeceptiveTradePractices,Enotes.com ^Branch,LegislativeServices(21June2019)."ConsolidatedfederallawsofCanada,PersonalInformationProtectionandElectronicDocumentsAct".laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. ^"NousnepouvonstrouvercettepageWeb(Erreur404)–Thèmedelafacilitéd'emploiWebdugouvernementduCanada/Wecouldn'tfindthatWebpage(Error404)–GovernmentofCanadaWebUsabilitytheme".www.priv.gc.ca. ^"GuideonArticle8oftheEuropeanConventiononHumanRights:Righttorespectforprivateandfamilylife".GlobalFreedomofExpression.Retrieved2020-10-25. ^"OECDGuidelinesontheProtectionofPrivacyandTransborderFlowsofPersonalData–OECD".www.oecd.org. ^abcShimanek,AnnaE.(2001)."DoyouWantMilkwiththoseCookies?:ComplyingwithSafeHarborPrivacyPrinciples".JournalofCorporationLaw.26(2):455,462–463. ^SafeHarborCompliance,Export.gov ^"10JahreSafeHarbor–vieleGründezumHandeln,keinGrundzumFeiern".www.datenschutzzentrum.de.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2015-10-14.Retrieved2015-05-07. ^"GuidetotheGeneralDataProtectionRegulation:Righttobeinformed".ico.org.uk.2018-01-19.Retrieved2018-05-22. ^"HowEurope'snewprivacyruleisreshapingtheinternet".TheVerge.Retrieved2018-05-22. ^"PrivacyAct1988".AustLII.Retrieved2013-06-25. ^"NationalPrivacyPrinciples".OfficeoftheAustralianInformationCommissioner.Retrieved2013-06-25. ^ab"AustralianPrivacyPrinciples".OAIC.Retrieved2020-10-26. ^"Archivedcopy"(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on2015-05-18.Retrieved2014-06-03.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link) ^G.S.R.313(E)dated11April2011 ^Rule4oftheInformationTechnology(Reasonablesecuritypracticesandproceduresandsensitivepersonaldataorinformation)Rules,2011 ^"Archivedcopy".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2011-07-17.Retrieved2009-12-02.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link) ^"TestimonyofDeirdreMulliganbeforetheSenateCommitteeonCommerce,ScienceandTransportationSubcommitteeonCommunications–CenterforDemocracy&Technology".www.cdt.org. ^"PrivacySeals&ServicesbyTrustGuard".www.trust-guard.com. ^"PrivacyCertification".www.etrust.org. ^"WebTrustsealprogram".www.cpacanada.ca.Retrieved2019-08-20. ^SoftsteelSolutions"ThePlatformforPrivacyPreferencesProject(P3P)",Softsteel.co.ukArchived2012-09-10atarchive.today ^CyLabPrivacyInterestGroup,2006PrivacyPolicyTrendsReport.January,2007Chariotsfire.comArchived2009-03-26attheWaybackMachine ^Jøsang,Audun;Fritsch,Lothar;Mahler,Tobias(2010).Katsikas,Sokratis;Lopez,Javier;Soriano,Miguel(eds.)."PrivacyPolicyReferencing".Trust,PrivacyandSecurityinDigitalBusiness.LectureNotesinComputerScience.SpringerBerlinHeidelberg.6264:129–140.doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15152-1_12.ISBN 978-3-642-15152-1. ^Millis,Elinor,"EFFtrackingpolicychangesatGoogle,Facebookandothers,"CnetDigitalNews,June2009.Cnet.com ^Fogg,B.J."HowDoPeopleEvaluateaWebSite'sCredibility?(abstract)"BJ,StanfordPersuasiveTechnologyLab,November2002,Consumerwebwatch.org.StanfordWebCredibilityProjectfoundatStanford.edu. ^Acquisti,AlessandroandJaniceTsai,SergeEgelman,LorrieCranor,"TheEffectofOnlinePrivacyInformationonPurchasingBehavior:AnExperimentalStudy"CarnegieMellonUniversity,2007.Econinfosec.org ^Gorell,Robert."DoConsumersCareAboutOnlinePrivacy?"October2007.Grokdotcom.comcitingastudybyChrisHoofnagle,UC-Berkeley'sBoltSchoolofLaw.SamuelsonLaw,Technology&PublicPolicyClinic,Berkeley.eduArchived2009-11-28attheWaybackMachine ^HowRetailersTrackUs(around19:30) ^Goldman,Eric."OnMyMind:ThePrivacyHoax,"October2002,EricGoldman.org ^Gazaleh,Mark(August2008)."Onlinetrustandperceivedutilityforconsumersofwebprivacystatements".wbsarchive.files.wordpress.com. ^Gazaleh,Mark(May2008)."Onlinetrustandperceivedutilityforconsumersofwebprivacystatements".{{citejournal}}:Citejournalrequires|journal=(help) ^"TheCostofReadingPrivacyPolicies," AleeciaM.McDonald&LorrieFaithCranor,"[1],July2008. ^Barocas,Solon,andHelenNissenbaum.“BigData’sEndRunaroundAnonymityandConsent.”Privacy,BigData,andthePublicGood,CambridgeUniversityPress,2014,pp.44–75.CambridgeCore,doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107590205. Furtherreading[edit] Gazaleh,Mark(2008)Onlinetrustandperceivedutilityforconsumersofwebprivacystatements,WBSLondon,35pp. Cavoukian,Ann(1995).WhoKnows:SafeguardingYourPrivacyinANetworkedWorldwide(paperback).RandomHouseofCanada:RandomHouse.ISBN 0-394-22472-8. Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Privacy_policy&oldid=1111520042" Categories:PrivacylawHumanrightsIdentitymanagementDigitalrightsTermsofserviceComputingandsocietyHiddencategories:WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksAllarticleswithdeadexternallinksArticleswithdeadexternallinksfromAugust2021ArticleswithpermanentlydeadexternallinksCS1maint:url-statusCS1maint:archivedcopyastitleWebarchivetemplatearchiveislinksCS1errors:missingperiodicalArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataWikipedianeutralpointofviewdisputesfromJanuary2015AllWikipedianeutralpointofviewdisputes Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages العربيةCatalàDeutschEspañolEuskaraFrançais한국어IgboBahasaIndonesia日本語پښتوPolskiСрпски/srpskiSuomiไทย中文 Editlinks