Full article: Breadth of the Socio-Ecological Model - Taylor ...

The socio-ecological model (SEM) was first introduced as a conceptual model for understanding human development by Urie Bronfenbrenner in the1970s and later ... SkiptoMainContent Searchin: ThisJournal Anywhere Advancedsearch JournalofAgromedicine Volume22,2017-Issue4:Socio-EcologicalApproachesforImprovingAgriculturalSafetyandHealth Submitanarticle Journalhomepage 52,638 Views 23 CrossRefcitationstodate 0 Altmetric Listen GuestEditorial BreadthoftheSocio-EcologicalModelJillF.KilanowskiPhD,RN,APRN,CPNP,FAANGuestEditor Pages295-297 Acceptedauthorversionpostedonline:25Jul2017Publishedonline:29Aug2017 Downloadcitation https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2017.1358971 CrossMark GuestEditorial BreadthoftheSocio-EcologicalModel FullArticle Figures&data References Citations Metrics Reprints&Permissions PDF Thesocio-ecologicalmodel(SEM)wasfirstintroducedasaconceptualmodelforunderstandinghumandevelopmentbyUrieBronfenbrennerinthe1970sandlaterformalizedasatheoryinthe1980s.1–3TheinitialtheorybyBronfenbrennerwasillustratedbynestingcirclesthatplacetheindividualinthecentersurroundedbyvarioussystems.3Themicrosystemclosesttotheindividualcontainsthestrongestinfluencesandencompassestheinteractionsandrelationshipsoftheimmediatesurroundings.Thesecondcircleisthemesosystemthatlooksbeyondimmediateinteractionsandincludesthosetheindividualhasdirectcontactwithsuchaswork,school,church,andneighborhood.Theexosystemdoesnotdirectlyimpacttheindividual,butexertsbothnegativeandpositiveinteractiveforcesontheindividualsuchascommunitycontextsandsocialnetworks.Themacrosystemincludessocietal,religious,andculturalvaluesandinfluences.Lastly,thechronosystemcontainsbothinternalandexternalelementsoftimeandhistoricalcontent;inrevisedmodels,thislevelincludestheinfluenceofpolicy.2TheconstructofhealthwasbroadlyconceptualizedintheSEMandfocusedonthemajorcontributorsthatmightaffecthealth.TheSEMstatesthathealthisaffectedbytheinteractionbetweenthecharacteristicsoftheindividual,thecommunity,andtheenvironmentthatincludesthephysical,social,andpoliticalcomponents.TheCentersforDiseasesandPreventionhaveadaptedtheSEMforvarioushealthpromotionendeavorstoincludethespheresofinterpersonal,organizational,community,andpolicy.4Inaddition,astheinitialmodelacknowledgedthemanycontributorstohumandevelopment,subsequentrevisionsandadoptionsusetheSEMtorepresentmultilevelapproachestoareassuchasinpublichealthpromotion,violenceprevention,healthycollegecampuses,geriatricpreventivehealth,andcolorectalcancerpreventiontonameafew.5–8Asatheory-basedframeworkforunderstandingthemultifacetedandinteractiveeffectsofpersonalandenvironmentalfactors,theJournalofAgromedicinehaschosentheSEM1–3toexamineawidebreadthofelementsthatinfluenceandcontributetoprevalence,preventiontactics,andevaluationofprogrammingandpolicytoexaminesafetyintheagriculturalenvironment.Includedinthisedition,Leeetal.9discusshowtheSEMwasusedtoframethediscussionofagriculturalsafetyandhealthinterventions.TheSEMlevelsincludedinthisreviewseektobecomprehensivewiththeindividual,community,institution,andpolicy.Thearticlesselectedforinclusioninthisspecialissuerepresentvariouslevelsofevidenceandarecommentary,casestudies,programreports,briefreports,andresearch.Additionally,methodologyandtheorypapersareincluded.Theresearchendeavorsarebothqualitativeandquantitative,andthegeographicareasstudiedareinternationalasseenintheUnitedKingdom,Ireland,andAustralia.Agriculturalsafetyisreviewedacrossthelifespanfromsafetyinchildrentoadulthood.Authorshipofselectedarticlesisalsovaried.Representedareuniversityagriculturalsafetyandhealthprograms,universityextensionprograms,statedepartmentsofhealthandhumanservices,aswellasindividualresearchersandresearchteams.Vulnerablepopulationsareintegratedintothisedition,illustratedinfarmerswithdisabilities,dairyfarmerstomigrantworkers,pediatricianstoadolescents,andintergenerationalownerstoagribusinesses.Thecollaborationsbetweenindustryandindividualstopromotesafetyandtheimpactofpolicyonorganizationalsafetyarelikewisepresent.Thestrengthofthisspecialeditionisthevarietyofresearchmethodsseeninmixedmethods,qualitative,andquantitativestudiesandthevarietyofhierarchicallevelsofevidence-basedpracticerepresentedascategorizedbyPolitandBeck.8Thebreadthofagriculturalsafetytopicsiswideandcapturesnumeroussituationsandagriculturalworkplaces.Thepassionofauthorsisevidentintheirdesiretoimprovesafetyforthosewhoengageintheagricultureworkplace.Difficulttopicswereincluded,suchasthebarriersfromfarmworkersandtheunder-reportingofacuteoccupationalpesticide-relatedillness(AOPI)10anddatathatindicatedknowledgeofrequiredoccupationalhealthandsafetyregulationsdoesnotensureimplementation.11NewfreshinformationwasbroughttotheagriculturalsafetystagewithtwocontributionsbyGasperini12,13wherepublicpolicyandthenextgenerationwasdiscussed,aswellasadiscussionontheinfluenceofworkers’safetycultureasinfluencedbyleadersinagriculture.Withacriticaleye,therearealsoweaknessesinthisspecialedition.Twoadditionalinternationallybasedarticlesinitiallyselectedwereunfortunatelyremovedfromthededicatedissueduetoauthors’timeconstraintsforrevisions,and,therefore,mostarticlesfocusondomesticissues.Somearticlessharefindingsfromprojectsthatinitiallywereoutreachendeavors,then,subsequentlygeneratedresearchquestionsthatwerenotclearlyidentifiedfromtheprojects’outset.Anotherweaknessofthisspecialeditionistheresearchdesignsselectedbytheinvestigatorsandauthorsthatwereoftenofadescriptiveorcorrelationnature.Thelevelsofevidence-basedpracticethatresultfromresearchdesignarelowerranked,andgeneralizabilityislimited.Whenquantitative,themajorityofresultsaredescriptivewithmeansofcentraltendency.Samplesizes,generallyconvenient,aremostlysmallinnumber,butareseentorangefromalowof9toahighof3665.Fewarticlesincludeapoweranalysis.AsynopsisofrecommendationsidentifiedintheselectedarticlespointstotheutilizationofalllevelsoftheSEMframeworktoprovideguidancetocapturethemultipleinfluencesthatimpactagriculturalsafety.Initiativesfromgovernmentalstateagencieshavebeenshowntoimprovethehealthofagriculturalworkers,anditwasdemonstratedthatthedevelopmentofinteragencyagreementsmaystrengthenprogramsandinjurysurveillance.14,15Therewasanacknowledgedneedtosupportcomprehensiveprogramsthatstrengthenrelationshipsvianetworking,sharinginformation,appropriatelegislation,andenhancingleadership,aswellasdevelopingbestpracticesinsafetymanagementpractices.16,17Tobegoodstewardsofresources,thealreadycreatedsafetycurriculaneedtobepromotednationallyandbeavailableforfreedownloadsharedbymultipleagencies,schools,andinstitutions.DeliveringsafetymessagesthroughexistingFFAChaptersandsecondaryeducationprogramswasfoundtobeeffective.18Additionally,resultsfromonestudysuggestedthatmassmailingsofinjurypreventionmaterialsmaybealow-costmethodofbringingsafetyawarenesstothepublic.19Furthermore,understandingindividualcharacteristicsandenvironmentalfactorssuchasattitudestowardsafetyclimate,compliance,andmotivationwasshowntocontributenontechnicalfarmingskillsandcan,therefore,guidethedevelopmentofagriculturalsafetyprograms.Examininguntappedcollaborators,workbyBendixsenetal.20statedthatagriculturalbankersandinsurescanbegoodpurveyorsofsafetytraining.Safetyinchildrenwasconsideredwithinthelensofaccesstochildcare,andfindingsshowedmigrantworkerssoughtoutemploymentopportunitiesbasedontheavailabilityofchildcare.21Likewise,asurveyofagribusinessownersandhumanresourcedirectorsdemonstratedthatofferingchildcarecontributedtothevalueofimprovedmoraleandcompanyreputation,aswellasprovidingamorestableworkforce,however,manylackedguidanceonhowtodoso.22Inconclusion,itwasnotedthatinexaminingsafetyandwell-beingthemostinfluentialfactorintheSEMwasinterpersonal-organizational.Insummary,authorsrecommendedthedisseminationofeligibleresourcestoownersaboutfederallyfundedmigranthealthcenters,improvingtoxicologytrainingtohealthcarestudentsandprofessionals,expandingandstrengtheningexistingprograms,anddevelopinginteragencyagreementstodelineaterolesandresponsibilitiesforagriculturalsafetyissues.Butbeyondthelearnedexperience,agriculturalbankersandinsurerscanalsorepresentapositiveforceininfluencingsafetydecision-makingaswellasincludingagribusinessestosupportsafetyofchildrenthroughappropriatechildcare.Thecreationofsociallearninginpeergroupsmaybeaneffectivemethodtoincreasetheadoptionofsafetystandards.Andthereareuntappedresourcesforpromotingsafety,suchasruralpediatricians,nursepractitioners,andotherhealthcareproviders.23Agricultureremainstodayadangerousindustry,andsafetydecreasesmortalityandmorbidity.Theimpactoftraditions,culture,research,technology,andpolicyallinfluencetheinteractionsandrelationshipsofthenestingcirclesoftheSEM.Withinthepageshere,futureresearchprojectswereidentifiedthatincludedexploringpartnershipsandcollaborationsthatmaybefoundinthelevelsoftheSEM.Authorsnotedtheneedformorewell-designedandrigorousresearchinallareasofagriculturalsafety.ThisspecialissueoftheJournalofAgromedicine,guidedbytheadaptedSEM,bringstotheforefrontthemanyfacetsofthemicrosystem,mesosystem,exosystem,macrosystem,andchronosystemthatcontributetothedeterminantsofagriculturalsafety. 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