Bachelor's degree - Wikipedia

Under the British system, and those influenced by it, undergraduate academic degrees are differentiated between honours degrees (sometimes denoted by the ... Bachelor'sdegree FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Undergraduateacademicdegree Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Bachelor'sdegree" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(December2010)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Abachelor'sdegree(fromMiddleLatinbaccalaureus)orbaccalaureate(fromModernLatinbaccalaureatus)isanundergraduateacademicdegreeawardedbycollegesanduniversitiesuponcompletionofacourseofstudylastingthreetosixyears(dependingoninstitutionandacademicdiscipline).Thetwomostcommonbachelor'sdegreesaretheBachelorofArts(BA)andtheBachelorofScience(BSorBSc).Insomeinstitutionsandeducationalsystems,certainbachelor'sdegreescanonlybetakenasgraduateorpostgraduateeducationsafterafirstdegreehasbeencompleted,althoughmorecommonlythesuccessfulcompletionofabachelor'sdegreeisaprerequisiteforfurthercoursessuchasamaster'soradoctorate. Incountrieswithqualificationsframeworks,bachelor'sdegreesarenormallyoneofthemajorlevelsintheframework(sometimestwolevelswherenon-honoursandhonoursbachelor'sdegreesareconsideredseparately).However,somequalificationstitledbachelor'sdegreemaybeatotherlevels(e.g.,MBBS)andsomequalificationswithnon-bachelor'stitlesmaybeclassifiedasbachelor'sdegrees(e.g.theScottishMAandCanadianMD). Thetermbachelorinthe12thcenturyreferredtoaknightbachelor,whowastooyoungorpoortogathervassalsunderhisownbanner.Bytheendofthe13thcentury,itwasalsousedbyjuniormembersofguildsoruniversities.Byfolketymologyorwordplay,thewordbaccalaureuscametobeassociatedwithbaccalauri("laurelberry")inreferencetolaurelsbeingawardedforacademicsuccessorhonours.[1] UndertheBritishsystem,andthoseinfluencedbyit,undergraduateacademicdegreesaredifferentiatedbetweenhonoursdegrees(sometimesdenotedbytheadditionof"(Hons)"afterthedegreeabbreviation)andnon-honoursdegrees(knownvariouslyaspassdegrees,ordinarydegreesorgeneraldegrees).[2]Anhonoursdegreegenerallyrequiresahigheracademicstandardthanapassdegree,andinsomesystemsanadditionalyearofstudybeyondthenon-honoursbachelor's.Somecountries,suchasAustralia,NewZealandandCanada,haveapostgraduate"bachelorwithhonours"degree.Thismaybetakenasaconsecutiveacademicdegree,continuingonfromthecompletionofabachelor'sdegreeprograminthesamefield,oraspartofanintegratedhonoursprogram.Programslikethesetypicallyrequirecompletionofafull-yearlongresearchthesisproject. Contents 1Schemeofcompletionperiodsineachcountry 2Variations 2.1Africa 2.1.1Algeria 2.1.2Botswana 2.1.3Kenya 2.1.4Morocco 2.1.5Nigeria 2.1.6SouthAfrica 2.1.7Tunisia 2.2TheAmericas 2.2.1Brazil 2.2.2Canada 2.2.3Colombia 2.2.4CostaRica,ElSalvadorandVenezuela 2.2.5Guyana 2.2.6Mexico 2.2.7UnitedStates 2.3Asia 2.3.1Bangladesh 2.3.2China 2.3.3Fiji 2.3.4India 2.3.5Indonesia 2.3.6Iran 2.3.7Jordan 2.3.8Malaysia 2.3.9Nepal 2.3.10Pakistan 2.3.11Philippines 2.3.12SouthKorea 2.3.13SriLanka 2.4Europe 2.4.1Austria 2.4.2Belgium 2.4.3Croatia 2.4.4CzechRepublic 2.4.5Denmark 2.4.5.1FaroeIslands 2.4.6France 2.4.7Germany 2.4.8Greece 2.4.9Hungary 2.4.10Italy 2.4.11Netherlands 2.4.12NorthMacedonia 2.4.13Norway 2.4.14Poland 2.4.15Portugal 2.4.16Russia,Ukraine,AzerbaijanandArmenia 2.4.17Spain 2.4.18Sweden 2.4.19Switzerland 2.4.20Turkey 2.4.21UnitedKingdom 2.4.21.1England,WalesandNorthernIreland 2.4.21.2Scotland 2.5Oceania 2.5.1Australia 2.5.2NewZealand 3Subjects 3.1Agriculture 3.2Architectureanddesign 3.3Arts 3.4Engineering 3.5Businessandmanagement 3.6Computerscienceandinformationsystems 3.7Healthcare 3.7.1Medicine 3.7.2Dentistry 3.7.3Midwifery 3.7.4Physiotherapy 3.7.5Optometry 3.7.6Nursing 3.7.7Paramedicine 3.7.8Veterinaryscience 3.7.9Pharmacy 3.7.10Publichealth 3.7.11Medicalandhealthsciences 3.7.12Kinesiology 3.7.13Nutritionanddietetics 3.8Aviation 3.9Divinityandtheology 3.10Finearts 3.11Filmandtelevision 3.12Integratedstudies 3.13Journalism 3.14Landscapearchitecture 3.15Liberalarts 3.16Libraryscience 3.17Music 3.18Nonprofitstudies 3.19Mortuaryscience 3.20Philosophy 3.21Psychology 3.22Publicaffairsandpolicymanagement 3.23Education 3.24Sciencewitheducation 3.25Forestry 3.26Science 3.27Scienceinlaw 3.28Socialsciences 3.29Socialwork 3.30Technology 3.31Law 3.32Talmudiclaw 3.33Tourismstudies 3.34Mathematics 3.35Urbanandregionalplanning 3.36Innovation 4Seealso 5References 6Externallinks Schemeofcompletionperiodsineachcountry[edit]   3years  4years  5years  6years Themapshowshowlongittakesforstudentsindifferentcountriestogetabachelor'sdegree.Itgenerallytakesbetween3and6years. Variations[edit] Africa[edit] InmostAfricancountries,theuniversitysystemsfollowthemodeloftheirformercolonizingpower.Forexample,theNigerianuniversitysystemissimilartotheBritishsystem,whiletheIvoriansystemisakintotheFrench. Algeria[edit] Bachelor'sdegreesinAlgerianuniversitiesarecalled"الليسانس"inArabicorlalicenceinFrench;thedegreenormallytakesthreeyearstocompleteandisapartoftheLMD("licence","master","doctorat")reform,studentscanenrollinabachelor'sdegreeprogramindifferentfieldsofstudyafterhavingobtainedtheirbaccalauréat(thenationalsecondaryeducationtest).ThedegreeistypicallyidenticaltotheprogramofFrance'suniversities,asspecifiedintheLMDreform.Bachelor'sdegreeprogramscovermostofthefieldsinAlgerianuniversities,exceptsomefields,suchasMedicineandPharmaceuticalScience. Botswana[edit] Bachelor'sdegreesattheUniversityofBotswananormallytakefouryears.ThesystemdrawsonbothBritishandAmericanmodels.DegreesareclassifiedasFirstClass,SecondClassDivisionOne(2:1),SecondClassDivisionTwo(2:2)andThirdasinEnglishdegrees,butwithoutbeingdescribedashonours.ThemaindegreesarenamedbyBritishtradition(Arts,Science,Law,etc.),butinrecentyears,therehavebeenanumberofdegreesnamedafterspecificsubjects,suchasBachelorofLibraryandInformation. Kenya[edit] InKenya,universityeducationissupportedbythegovernment,.[3]Abachelor'sdegreeisawardedtostudentswhosuccessfullycompleteathreetoseven-yearcoursedependingontheareaofstudy.Formostdegreeprograms,aresearchprojectandaninternshipperiodafterwhichareportiswrittenbythestudentisamustbeforethestudentisallowedtograduate.In2012,anumberofselectcollegeswereupgradedtouniversitystatusinabidtoincreasetheintakeofstudentsintodegreeprograms.[4] Morocco[edit] InMorocco,abachelor'sdegreeisreferredtoasal-ʾijāzah(Arabic,French:licence).Thecourseofstudytakesthreeyears,whicharefurtherdividedintotwocycles.Thefirstcyclecomprisesthefirst,orpropaedeutic,year.Aftersuccessfullycompletingtheirfirsttwoyears,studentscanpursueeithertheoreticalspecialization(étudesfondamentales)orprofessionalspecialization(étudesprofessionnelles).Thesecondcycleisoneyearafterwhosecompletionstudentsreceivethelicenced'étudesfondamentalesorthelicenceprofessionnelle.[5] ThisacademicdegreesystemwasintroducedinSeptember2003.[6] Nigeria[edit] Universityadmissionisextremelycompetitive,withattendantadvantagesanddisadvantages.Nonetheless,ittakesfourtofiveyearstocompleteabachelor'sdegree.Incasesofpoorperformance,thetimelimitisdoublethestandardamountoftime.Forexample,onemaynotstudyformorethan10yearsforafive-yearcourse.Studentsarenormallyaskedtoleaveiftheymusttakelonger.NigerianuniversitiesofferBSc,BTech(usuallyfromUniversitiesofTechnology),BArch(sixyears),andotherspecializedundergraduatedegrees,suchasBEng.ScienceundergraduatedegreesmayrequiresixmonthsorasemesterdedicatedtoSIWES(StudentsIndustrialWorkExperienceScheme)butitisusuallymandatoryforallengineeringdegrees.Asemesterforprojectwork/thesisisrequired,notexcludingcoursework,duringthebachelorthesisinthefinalyear.Theclassificationsofdegrees:first-class,second-class(upperandlower),third-class(withhonours;i.e.,BSc(Hons))andapass(nohonours).First-andsecond-classgraduatesareimmediatelyeligibleforadvancedpostgraduatedegrees(i.e.,MScandPhD),butotherclassesmayberequiredforanadditionalpostgraduatediplomabeforesucheligibility.[7] Furthermore,allgraduatingstudentsareobligedtodotheNationalYouthServiceCorps(NYSC)requirement,whichusuallytakesoneyear,afterwhichtheyareeligibletopursuehigherdegrees.TheNYSCisaparamilitaryservicethatinvolvesstudents'beingpostedtodifferentpartsofthecountrytoserveinvariouscapacities.PrincipalobjectivesoftheNYSCaretoforgenationalcohesion,encouragestudentstoapplytheirobtainedknowledgetosolvingproblemsofruralNigeria,andothers.TheNYSCwasestablishedbylawaftertheNigerianCivilWar.[8] Polytechnicalschools(polytechnics)inNigeriaarenotconsidereduniversities.Theyaremandatedtoeducatetechniciansofhighcalibre;theyoffertheOND(ordinarynationaldiploma)andtheHND(highernationaldiploma).Thepolytechnicsfocusverystronglyonpracticaltechnicaltraining.TheBScandHNDarecomparedinengineeringcircles,buttherearesignificantdifferencesintrainingphilosophies. HonoursdegreesinNigeriaaredifferentiatedonlyonthebasisofperformance.Honoursdegreesincludethefirst-classdegree,second-classdegrees(upperandlower)andthethird-classdegree,butnotthepass.Alluniversitystudentsmustdoanindependentresearchprojectwhichappliestheknowledgeobtainedduringthepreviousyearsofstudy. Theprojectworkmustbesubmittedinthesemesterbeforegraduationandusuallytakesasignificantnumberofpoints.Furthercourseworkisnotprecludedduringtheprojectwork,butthecoursesarefewerandareatanadvancedlevel.Projectworkisorallydefendedbeforethefacultyandbeforepeers.Inthesciencesandengineeringademonstrationoftheprojectisusuallyrequired.Theexceptionsaretheoreticalwork. SouthAfrica[edit] InSouthAfrica,anhonoursdegreeisanadditionalpostgraduatequalificationinthesameareaastheundergraduatemajor,andrequiresatleastonefurtheryearofstudyaswellasaresearchreport. Tunisia[edit] InTunisia,abachelor'sdegreeisreferredtoasal-ʾijāzahinArabic,orlalicenseinFrench;thedegreetakesthreeyearstocompleteandisapartoftheLMD(license,master,doctorat)reform,studentscanenrollinabachelor'sdegreeprogramindifferentfieldsofstudyafterhavingobtainedtheirbaccalauréat(thenationalsecondaryeducationtest).ThedegreeistypicallyidenticaltotheprogramofFrance'suniversities,asspecifiedintheLMDreform.MostuniversitiesinTunisiaofferthe3-yearbachelor'sdegree,exceptsomefields,whichareMedicine,Pharmacy,Engineering,ArchitectureandBachelorofScienceinBusinessAdministration,solelyofferedbyTunisBusinessSchoolandlasts4years.[9] TheAmericas[edit] Usuallytheregionpresentsassociates,bachelor's,master's,doctoral,andpostdoctoraldegrees. Brazil[edit] Seealso:UniversitiesandhighereducationinBrazil InBrazil,abachelor'sdegreetakesfromthreeyearstosixyearstocompletedependingonthecourseloadandtheprogram.Abachelor'sdegreeisthetitlesoughtbyBraziliansinordertobeaprofessionalinacertainareaofhumanknowledge.Master'sanddoctoraldegreesareadditionaldegreesforthoseseekinganacademiccareeroraspecificunderstandingofafield. EvenwithoutaformaladhesiontotheBolognasystem,aBrazilian"bachelor's"wouldcorrespondtoaEuropean"firstcycle."ABrazilian"bachelor's"takesthreetosixyears[10]forcompletion,aswellasusuallyawrittenmonographorconcludingproject,inthesamewaythataEuropeanbachelor'scanbefinishedinthreetofouryears,afterwhichtimeEuropeansmayembarkonaone-totwo-year2ndcycleprogramusuallycalleda"master's",accordingtotheBolognaProcess. Dependingonprogramsandpersonalchoices,Europeanscanachieveamaster'sdegreeinaslittleasfouryears(athree-yearbachelor'sandaone-yearmaster's)andaslongassixyears(afour-yearbachelor's,atwo-yearmaster's)ofhighereducation.InBrazilitwouldbepossibletohaveaspecialization"lato-sensu"degree—whichdiffersfromaBrazilian"stricto-sensu"master'sdegree—inaslittleasthreeyears(twoyearsfora"tecnólogo"[11]degreeandanadditionalyearforaspecialization)oraslongaseightyears(sixyearsforprofessionaldegrees,plustwoyearsforamaster's"stricto-sensu"degree—typicalinmedicineorengineering). Canada[edit] EducationinCanadaisgovernedindependentlybyeachprovinceandterritory,howeveracommonframeworkfordegreeswasagreedbytheCouncilofMinistersofEducation,Canadain2007.Thisadopteddescriptorsforbachelor's,master'sanddoctoraldegreesthatweredeliberatelysimilartothosedefinedbytheBolognaProcess.[12] Undertheframework,fourgeneralformsofbachelor'sdegreearedefined:generalprogramsprovidingabroadeducationandpreparinggraduatesforgraduate-entryprofessionalprogramsoremploymentgenerally;in-depthacademicprogramsinaspecificsubjectthatpreparegraduatesforpostgraduatestudyinthefieldoremploymentgenerally;appliedprogramsthatconcentrateonamasteryofpracticeratherthanknowledge;andprofessionalprograms,often(butnotexclusively)graduate-entry,thatpreparegraduatestopracticeasprofessionalsinaspecificfield.Thislastcategoryincludedgraduate-entrydegreestitledasiftheyweredoctorates,suchasMD,JDandDDSdegrees–despitetheirnames,theseareconsideredbachelor'sdegrees.[12] Bachelor'sdegreesmaytakeeitherthreeorfouryearstocompleteandareawardedbycollegesanduniversities.Inmanyuniversitiesandcollegesbachelor'sdegreesaredifferentiatedeitherasbachelor'sorashonoursbachelor'sdegrees.Theterm"honours"isanacademicdistinction,whichindicatesthatstudentsmustachievetheirbachelor'sdegreewithasufficientlyhighoverallgradepointaverage;inaddition,someprogramsmayrequiremoreeducationthannon-honoursprograms.Thehonoursdegreesaresometimesdesignatedwiththeabbreviationinbracketsof'(Hon(s))'. Goingbackinhistory,theBachelorwithHonours(Latinbaccalaureatuscumhonore,Frenchbaccalauréatspécialisé)wastraditionallytakenasthehighestundergraduatedegree.Theprogramrequiresatleast4yearsofstudies,withstrongemphasisontheresearch-basedHonoursSeminarThesiswhichisconsideredapproximatelyequivalenttoaformalmaster'sthesis.Universitiesshowtheacademicdegreeaswellasthepossiblehonoursdistinction(Latinhonors)ontheDiploma(e.g.,"BACCALAUREATUSARTIUMCUMHONORE...CUMLAUDE"). InQuebec,studentshavetogothroughaminimumoftwoyearsofcollegebeforeentering,forexample,athree-yearBachelorofScience(BSc)orafour-yearBachelorofEngineering(BEng)program.Asaconsequence,thereisnodejure"honoursdegree"(althoughsomeuniversitiesmarketsomeoftheirprogramsasbeingdefactohonoursdegreesintheirEnglish-languagematerials,[citationneeded])buttherearesomespecializationscalled"concentrations"inFrench,whicharemostlytakenasoptionalcourses. IntheprovinceofOntario,thevastmajorityofbachelor'sdegreesofferedbyOntariouniversitiesareacademicinnature.Ontheotherhand,Ontarioprovinciallegislationrequiresbachelor'sdegreesofferedbyOntariocollegestobeappliedandvocationally-focused.[13] Colombia[edit] InColombia,secondaryschoolhastwomilestones,in9thand11thgrades.Aftercompletingthefirst4yearsofsecondaryschool(6th,7th,8thand9thgrades),astudentisconsideredtohavecompletedthebasicsecondaryschoolwhileaftercompletedthelasttwoyears(10thand11thgrades)isconsideredtohavecompleted"bachillerato"orhighschooldiploma. Thisdegreecanbeeitheracademic(themostcommon)or: military,givenbymilitaryspecialisedschools.Itprovidestheopportunityformalestudentsnottogotootherwisecompulsorymilitaryservice. commercial,whichgrantsstudentsfocusedskillsonaccountancy. technical,whichgrantsstudentsfocusedskillsontechnicalabilitiessuchaselectricity,mechanicsandrelatedmatters. academic,whichgrantsstudentsfocusedskillsonelementaryeducation. Aftergraduatingfromhigh-school,hopefulstudentsmusttakeanationwideexamthatdeterminestheireligibilitytoapplyfortheirdesiredprogram,dependingonthescorethestudentachievesontheexam.InColombia,thesystemofacademicdegreesissimilartotheUSmodel.Aftercompletingtheir"bachillerato"(highschool),studentscantakeoneofthreeoptions.Thefirstoneiscalleda"profesional"(professionalcareer),whichissimilartoabachelor'sdegreerequiringfromfourtosixyearsofstudyaccordingtothechosenprogram.However,strictly-career-relatedsubjectsaretakenfromtheverybeginningunlikeUSwherefocusedcareer-relatedsubjectsusuallyarepartofthecurriculumfromthethirdyear.Theotheroptioniscalleda"técnico"(technician);thisdegreeconsistsofonlytwoandahalfyearsofstudyandpreparesthestudentfortechnicalormechanicallabors.Finally,thethirdoptioniscalleda"tecnólogo"(equivalenttoanassociatedegree),andconsistof3yearsofstudy.Atechnicalschoolgivestothestudent,afteraprogramoftwoyears,anundergraduatedegreeinareaslikesoftwaredevelopment,networksandIT,accountancy,nursingandotherareasofhealthservices,mechanics,electricityandtechnic-likeareas. UniversitiesoffergraduatedegreesinICFESendorsedprogramslikemedicine,engineering,laws,accountancy,businessmanagementandotherprofessionalareas.Atypicalundergraduateprogramusuallytakes10or11semestersandsome(i.e.medicine)requireanadditionalperiodofserviceorpracticetoapplyforthedegree.Astudentwhohasobtainedanundergraduatedegreecanopttocontinuestudyingacareeraftercompletingtheirundergraduatedegreebycontinuingontomaster'sanddoctoratedegrees.Theycanalsochoosetodoaspecializationincertainfieldsofstudybydoinganextrayear. CostaRica,ElSalvadorandVenezuela[edit] Seealso:EducationinCostaRica,EducationinElSalvador,andEducationinVenezuela Inthesecountries,therearetwotitlesthatshouldnotbeconfused: HighschoolstudentswhopasstheirbachilleratoorhighschoolexamsobtainacertificateofBachillerdeEducaciónSecundaria(notthesameasa'Bachelor'forhighereducationdegrees),whichisneededinordertoenterauniversityandisusuallyrequestedbycompaniesintheirprofiles. UniversitystudentsobtainanAmericanequivalentbachelor'sdegreeintheirrespectivefieldsaftercompletingfouryearsofeducation,andalicenciaturalicentiatedegreecompletingonemoreyearofstudies(andmeetingotherrequisitesuniquetoeachinstitution,itiscommontowriteadissertationontheprofessionalfield),thisenablesthemtoworkasprofessionalsintheirchosenareas;forexample,aProfesorenEnseñanzaSecundaria("Licentiatedegreeinsecondaryeducation")enablesapersontoworkasahighschoolteacher.Currently,thetrendisforuniversitiesnottoofferabachelor'sdegreeandtoofferinsteadalicentiate'sor"ingeniero"degreeafterfiveyearsofeducation. Guyana[edit] InGuyana,theuniversitiesofferbachelorprogramsindifferentstreamslikeBachelorofArts(BA),BachelorofScienceinNursing,DesignandArts,LiberalArts,Psychology,DoctorofMedicine(MD)andotherhealthscienceprograms.TheseprogramsaredeliveredbyUniversityofGuyana,TexilaAmericanUniversity,GreenHeartMedicalUniversity,Lesleyuniversityandmanymoreoffersthesebachelorprograms. Mexico[edit] Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(November2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Bachelor'sdegreesmaytakeanaverageoffiveyears(fromfourtofiveyears)tocompletedependingonthecourseloadandtheprogramandtheyareawardedbycollegesanduniversities.Medicineisfrom6to7years.Eachcollegehasitsowncurriculumandrequirementswithanemphasisoftheirchoice,governedindependentlybyeachstateoftherepublic.Afterfinishingallthesubjectsthestudentrequireafinalwork,whichmeansthecompletionofparticularhonoursseminars,researchanddevelopmentorawrittenthesisinaparticularfield.Mexico'sregulationsestablishedasanobligationinordertoreceivetheirlicenseandtitlethefulfillmentofa"socialservice"tothenation(usuallyforthosewhofinishedtheirstudiesinapublicinstitution)asaremunerationtosocietyintheformofsocialactions,thebenefits,asstudents,werereceivedduringtraining.Thisrequirementtakesaboutsixmonthstooneyeardependingonthetypeofdegree.Bachelor'sdegreeshouldnotbefalselyrelatedwithitsSpanishcognate"bachiller",whichdesignateaprerequisiteformatriculateinacareerorbachelorstudies.Theofficialnameforabachelor'sdegreeinMexicois"licenciado"andsuchstudiesarereferredas"licenciatura". Bachelor'sdegreesshouldnotbeconfusedwithEngineeringDegrees,whereanIngenieríaisprefixedtothenameandrequiresadditionalcoursesforcertificationasanEngineer. UnitedStates[edit] Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(February2015)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Bachelor'sdegreesintheUnitedStatesaretypicallydesignedtobecompletedinfouryearsoffull-timestudy(thatis,anaverageof15hoursofweeklyinstructionperfour-monthsemester,twosemestersperyear,foratotalofeightsemestersand120instructional/credithours),althoughsomeprograms(suchasengineeringorarchitecture)[14]maytakefiveyears,andsomeuniversitiesandcollegesallowstudents(usuallywiththehelpofsummerschool,whoaretakingmanyclasseseachsemesterorwhohaveexistingcreditfromhighschoolAdvancedPlacementorInternationalBaccalaureatecourseexams)tocompletethemmorerapidly.SomeUScollegesanduniversitieshaveaseparateacademictrackknownasan"honors"or"scholars"program,generallyofferedtothetoppercentileofstudents(basedonGPA),thatoffersmorechallengingcoursesormoreindividuallydirectedseminarsorresearchprojectsinsteadorinadditiontothestandardcorecurriculum.Thosestudentsareawardedthesamebachelor'sdegreeasstudentscompletingthestandardcurriculumbutwiththenotationincursuhonorumonthetranscriptandthediploma.Usually,theaboveLatinhonorsareseparatefromthenotationforthishonorscourse,butastudentinthehonourscoursegenerallymustmaintaingradesworthyofatleastthecumlaudenotationanyway.[15]Hence,agraduatemightreceiveadiplomaArtiumBaccalaureatumriteorArtiumBaccalaureatumsummacumlaudeintheregularcourseorArtiumBaccalaureatumsummacumlaudeincursuhonoruminthehonorscourse. Ifthestudenthascompletedtherequirementsforanhonorsdegreeonlyinaparticulardiscipline(e.g.,Englishlanguageandliterature),thedegreeisdesignatedaccordingly(e.g.,"BAwithHonorsinEnglish").Inthiscase,thedegreecandidatewillcompletethenormalcurriculumforallsubjectsexcepttheselecteddiscipline("English,"intheprecedingexample).Therequirementsineithercaseusuallyrequirecompletionofparticularhonorsseminars,independentresearchatalevelhigherthanusuallyrequired(oftenwithgreaterpersonalsupervisionbyfacultythanusual),andawrittenhonorsthesisinthemajorsubject. ManyuniversitiesandcollegesintheUnitedStatesawardbachelor'sdegreeswithLatinhonours,usually(inascendingorder)cumlaude("withhonor/praise"),magnacumlaude("withgreathonor/praise"),summacumlaude("withhighesthonor/praise"),andtheoccasionallyseenmaximacumlaude("withmaximalhonor/praise").Requirementsforsuchnotationsofhonorsgenerallyincludeminimumgradepointaverages(GPA),withthehighestaveragerequiredforthesummadistinction(ormaxima,whenthatdistinctionispresent).Inthecaseofsomeschools,suchasBatesCollege,CarletonCollege,ColbyCollege,MiddleburyCollege,GuilfordCollege,FranklinCollegeSwitzerland,andlargeruniversitiesliketheUniversityofVirginia,PrincetonUniversity,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,UniversityofMassachusettsAmherst,aseniorthesisfordegreesinthehumanitiesorlaboratoryresearchfornaturalscience(andsometimessocialscience)degreesisalsorequired.FivenotableexceptionsareReedCollege,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,TheEvergreenStateCollege,SarahLawrenceCollege,andBenningtonCollege,whichdonothavedeans'lists,Latinhonorsrecognitions,orundergraduatehonorsprogramsorsubjects. Asia[edit] Bangladesh[edit] InBangladesh,universitiesandcollegesawardthree-andfour-yeardegrees(three-yeardegreescoursesarecalledpasscoursesandfour-yeardegreecoursesarecalledhonourscourses)inscienceandbusinessBSc,BBS,BBA,four-yearandthreemonths[clarificationneeded],etc.andthree-andfour-yeardegreesinarts(BA,BSS,etc.).Engineeringuniversitiesprovidefour-yeardegreeprogramsforbachelor'sdegreecoursesofstudy(BScinEngandBSc).Medicalcollegeshavefive-yeardegreeprogrammes(MBBS,BDS).Inlaweducationthereisatwo-yearLLBdegreeaftercompletingthreeyearsinaBAprogramforatotaloffiveyearsofstudy.Thereisalsoafour-yearLLBhonoursdegree.TheBachelorofArchitecture(BArch)andBachelorofPharmacy(BPharm)areprofessionaldegreesawardedtostudentswhocompleteafive-yearcourseofstudyinthefieldatsomeuniversities.AlloftheseprogramsbeginafterachievingtheHigherSecondaryCertificate(HSC–intotal12yearsofschooleducation). China[edit] SincetheundergraduateeducationsysteminChinaismodelledafteritsAmericancounterpart,allofthedegreesareadaptedfromthoseoftheUnitedStatesexceptfortheissuingofthedegreecertificate.Onceastudenthasfulfilledtheircourserequirements,a"graduatecertificate"willbegiven.Inordertogetthedegree,astudentmustfinishandpassthedissertationstage;onlythenwillheorshebeawardedadegreecertifiedbytheMinistryofEducationofthePeople'sRepublicofChina. Fouryearsofeducationisthestandardlength.[16]Althoughsomecolleges(Chinese:专科学校),vocationalcolleges(Chinese:职业学院)andcollegesinsomeuniversitiesoffertwoorthreeyearprogramsforstudents,[16]theycannotgraduatewithanydegree,exceptforthosewhopasstheupgradeexamduringcollegeandthenstudyanextratwo-yearundergraduatecourseatanotheruniversityandpassadissertation. AnyChinesecitizencanalsogetabachelor'sdegreeviatheundergraduatemajorsoftheSelf-TaughtHigherEducationExaminations(Chinese:高等教育自学考试). Normally,about90%ofgraduatesareabletoobtainadegree;however,nodegreeisawardedwithexcellenceorhonours.Itisalsoreferredtoasa"Xueshi"(Chinese:学士). Fiji[edit] ThecoloniallinkandtheestablishmentoftheUniversityoftheSouthPacificin1968allowedtheeducationsystemtofollowsuitfromthequalificationsystemoftheCommonwealth.UniversityoftheSouthPacificistheonlyuniversityintheOceaniaregiontobeinternationallyrecognizedoutsideAustraliaandNewZealandwithitsbachelor'sandotherawardsprogram.ItisalsothehighestrankedintheuniversityrankingintheislandregionandalsorankedabovesomeAustralianuniversitiesliketheUniversityofCanberra,UniversityofSunshineCoastandNewZealanduniversitieslikeLincolnUniversityandWaikatoInstituteofTechnology.[17] India[edit] Bachelor'sdegreesinIndianormallytake3yearsofstudytocomplete,althoughcourseslikeBE/BTech,MBBS,BVScorBArchtakelonger.ABE/BTechusuallytakes4years,whileanMBBSorBArchusuallytakes5yearstocomplete.MostoftheScience,Commerce,andArtsdegreesarehonoursdegreeswithelectiveschosenbythestudent.WiththeimplementationofNationalEducationPolicy2020,undergraduatedegreeprogramswilltake4yearswithanoptiontoleavetheprogramin3years. Commonbachelor'sdegreesandabbreviations: BachelorofArts:BA BachelorofBusinessAdministration:BBA BachelorofManagementStudies:BMS BachelorofScience:BSc BachelorofScienceinInformationTechnology:BSIT BachelorofCommerce:Bcom BachelorofFineArts:BFA BachelorofLaws:LLB BachelorofEngineering:BE BachelorofTechnology:BTech BachelorofEducation:BEd(BEddegreesareofferedaftercompletionofa3-yearundergraduatecoursework.) BachelorofMedicine,BachelorofSurgery:MBBS BachelorofVeterinaryScience:BVSc BachelorofArchitecture:BArch FortheacademicgradingsysteminIndia,seeacademicgradinginIndia. Studentsusuallystarttheirbachelor'saftercompletingtheirplus-twofromastateornationalboard. Indonesia[edit] InIndonesia,mostofthecurrentbachelor'sdegreesaredomain-specificdegrees.Therefore,therearemorethan20bachelor'sdegrees.[18]Forinstance,S.Psi.forSarjanaPsikologi(literallytranslatedas"BachelorofPsychology/BPsy,BA"),S.T.forSarjanaTeknik(literallytranslatedas"BachelorofEngineering"),S.Si.forSarjanaSains(literallytranslatedas"BachelorofScience"),S.Farm.forSarjanaFarmasi(literallytranslatedas"BachelorofPharmacy"),S.E.forSarjanaEkonomi(literallytranslatedas"BachelorofEconomy"),S.Kom.forSarjanaIlmucomputer(literallytranslatedas"BachelorofComputerScience"),orS.Sos.forSarjanaIlmuSosial(literallytranslatedas"BachelorofSocialSciences").Inthepast,theIndonesianacademicsystemadoptedtheoldEuropean/westerndegrees,suchastheIr(insinyurfromDutchingenieur)foranengineeringdegreeandthecommonacademicdegree(doktorandusfromDutchandultimatelyLatindoctorandus)foradegreeineithersocialornaturalsciences. Iran[edit] InIran,studentscanstudydifferentundergraduateorpostgraduatecoursesleadingtoaBScoranMScthatisrecognisedandequivalenttosimilarqualificationsgiveninothercountries.TherearebasicallytwomajortypeofuniversitiesinIran,publicuniversitiesandnon-publicuniversities.Mostofnon-publicuniversitiesinIranarepartofIslamicAzadUniversity,whichhavebranchesinallcitiesthroughIran.InIran,thepublicuniversitieshaveconsiderablyhigherstandingthanthenon-publiconesandgettinganadmittancetooneofthemismoredifficult.StudentscanalsoprovidefouryearsofeducationleadingtoaBSc. Jordan[edit] SincetheundergraduateeducationsysteminJordanismodeledafteritsAmericancounterpart,allthedegreesareadaptedfromthoseoftheUnitedStatesexceptingthereleaseofthedegreecertificate.Onceastudenthasfulfilledtheircourserequirements,agraduatecertificatewillbegiven.Inordertogetthedegreeinsomemajorsofstudy,astudentmustfinishandpassthedissertationstage;onlythenwillheorshebeawardedadegreecredentialedbytheMinistryofHigherEducationoftheHashemiteKingdomofJordan.Fouryearsofeducationisthestandardlength. Malaysia[edit] InstitutesofhigherlearninginMalaysiaprovidethreeorfouryearsofeducationleadingtoaBScHonsDegree(Malay:Ijazahsarjana).ThestandardsofcategorizationisalmostconsistentamongMalaysianUniversities.CandidateswhoexcelintheiracademicresultswillbeawardedaFirstClassBachelorHonsDegree(usually3.67CGPAandabove),followedbyClassSecondUpper(usuallybetween3.00–3.66CGPA),ClassSecondLower(usually2.50–2.99CGPA),ClassThree(usually2.00–2.49CGPA)andGeneralDegree(WithoutHonours),forusually1.99andbelowCGPAcandidates. Nepal[edit] InNepal,thebachelor'sdegreewasinitiallyathree-yearprogramforcourseslikeBachelorofBusinessStudies(BBS),BachelorofSciences(BSc),BachelorofEducation(BEd),BachelorofArts(BA)fromTribhuvanUniversity,PokharaUniversity,PurbanchalUniversityandKathmanduUniversitybutnowitismostlyafour-yearprogramfornewcourseslikeBachelorofBusinessAdministration(BBA),BachelorofBusinessInformationSystems(BBIS),BachelorofInformationManagement(BIM),BachelorofEngineering(BE),BachelorofScienceinComputerStudiesandInformationTechnology(BScCSIT).Somebachelor'sprogramsarestillthreeyearslong,suchastheBachelorofArts(BA)andBachelorofEducation(BEd).Itiscompletedafter10+2level(highschool)ordiplomaoranyotherequivalentlevelofstudies.BachelorofBusinessAdministration(BBA),BachelorofInformationManagement(BIM),BachelorofBusinessInformationSystems(BBIS),BachelorofEngineering,andBachelorofScienceinComputerScienceandInformationTechnology(BScCSIT)areafewpopularbachelor'sdegreeprograms.BScandBBSchaverecentlyturnedintofour-yearprogramsfromthree-yearprograms.InNepal,TribhuvanUniversityasanoldestandbiggestUniversitybasedonnumberofstudentandacademicdepartment,KathmanduUniversity,PurbanchalUniversity,PokharaUniversity,NepalSanskritUniversityandothernewregionaluniversitiesareoperatingcurrently.MBAandBBAfromalluniversitiesareexaminedunderthesystemofpercentageandGPA,andtraditionaluniversitycoursesareaccessedondivisionbaselikepassdivision,seconddivision,firstdivisionanddistinction.InNepal,thereisnotopup,honoursandexchangeorrelatedtieupdegreecoursesauthorizedandpracticedbyNepaleseGovernmentandothereducationalinstitutions,buttoday,affiliationwithforeignuniversities,onlineanddistancelearningarepopularwiththeyoungmodernworkingpopulation.MBA,BBA,BPharmacy,BScNursing,BachelorofNursing(BN),BEareinhighprofessionaldemandinNepalesemarket.Foradmissioninauniversity,acompulsoryadmissiontestgivenbytherespectiveuniversityistobepassedbyastudentinordertogetplacementinanaffiliatedcollegeofthatuniversityforthespecificsubjectcategory.Inthetest,aseparatequotaisalsoawardedforfemalesanddisadvantagedgroupstocreatediversityandequality. Pakistan[edit] InPakistan,arts,commerce,andsciencecollegesprovidefour-yearbachelor'sdegrees(BA,BSc,BBA,BCom,etc.).GenerallytheseprogramsareoffouryearsdurationaselsewhereintheworldandbeginaftercompletinghighersecondaryschooleducationbyreceivingaHigherSecondarySchoolCertificate(acknowledgingone'stwelveyearsofstudybytherespectiveboard.Aftersuccessfulcompletionoftheseprograms,abachelor'sdegreeisawardedbytherespectiveuniversity.Engineeringandmedicalcollegesprovidefour-andfive-yeardegreeprograms,respectively,forbachelor'sdegrees(BE/BS/BScEnggandMBBS)thatalsobeginafterhighersecondaryschoolyear12.TheBachelorofArchitecture(BArch)degreeprogramisoffiveyears'duration. Philippines[edit] InthePhilippines,wheretheterm"course"iscommonlyusedtorefertoabachelor'sdegreemajor,courseofstudyorprogram,severalundergraduatecategoriesexist—thetwomostcommondegreesawardedbeingBachelorofScience(BSc)andBachelorofArts(BAorAB).Specializations("majors")ineconomics,businessadministration,socialwork,agriculture,nursing,accountancy,architectureandengineeringareofferedasBSdegreesinmostcollegesanduniversities.Thelatterthreespecializationsrequirefiveyearsofschooling,incontrasttothestandardoffouryears.OthercommondegreesareBachelorinEducation(BEd)andBachelorofLaws(LLB,aprofessionaldegree).BeingpatternedaftertheUnitedStates,alluniversitiesandcollegesoffergraduationwithhonours–cumlaude,magnacumlaude,andsummacumlaude. SouthKorea[edit] Universities,colleges,andinstitutionsofhigherlearningprovidethebachelor'sdegree,called'haksa'(Korean:학사).Forexample,auniversitystudentwhomajoredinliteratureandgraduatesobtainsaBA,called'munhaksa'(Korean:문학사).Evenifheorshedoesnotgotoaninstitutionofhigherlearning,apersoncangetabachelor'sdegreethroughtheBachelor'sDegreeExaminationforSelf-Education. SriLanka[edit] RecognisedinstitutesofhigherlearningonlyareauthorisedtoawarddegreesinSriLanka.Threeyearsfull-timebachelor'sdegreewithoutanareaofspecializationisknownasageneraldegree.Adegreewithaspecialization(inaccounting,chemistry,plantbiotechnology,zoology,physics,engineering,IT,law,etc.)isknownasanhonoursdegreeandrequiresfouryears(120creditsormore)ofstudyandmoreentrancequalifications.Adegreeinmedicine,anMBBSc,requiresaminimumofsixyears. Europe[edit] Bachelor'sdegreesexistinalmosteverycountryinEurope.However,thesedegreeswereonlyrecentlyintroducedinsomeContinentalEuropeancountries,wherebachelor'sdegreeswereunknownbeforetheBolognaprocess.SomecountrieslikeFrancecallsitLicence.UndergraduateprogramsinEuropeoverallleadtothefollowingmostwidelyaccepteddegrees: BachelorofSciencedegree(BSc),35%–40%ofundergraduateprograms; BachelorofArtsdegree(BA),30%–35%ofundergraduateprograms; BachelorofLawsdegree(LLB),1%oftotalprograms,howeverwidelyacceptedinthelawdiscipline. TherestoftheprogrammestypicallyleadtoBachelorofEngineeringdegree(BEng),BachelorofBusinessAdministrationdegree(BBA),orothervariants.Also,associatedegreesarerisinginpopularityontheundergraduatelevelinEurope. Onaper-country,per-disciplineandsometimesevenper-institutebasis,thedurationofanundergraduatedegreeprogramistypicallythreeorfouryears,butcanrangeanywherefromthreetosixyears.Thisisanimportantfactorinthestudent'sdecision-makingprocess. Austria[edit] ThehistoricalsituationinAustriawasverysimilartothatinGermany,withthetraditionalfirstdegreesbeingthemagisterandthediplom,whicharemaster's-levelqualifications.From2004,bachelor'sdegreeshavebeenreintroducedaspartoftheBolognaProcessreforms.Thesecanbestudiedatuniversities,leadingtoabachelor'sdegree(BAorBSc)afterthreeorfouryears,andatFachhochschulen(universitiesofappliedscience),leadingtoabachelor(FH)afterthreeyears.[19] Belgium[edit] EducationinBelgiumisrunbythelanguagecommunities,withseparatehighereducationsystemsbeingadministeredbytheFlemishCommunityandtheFrenchCommunity.BothsystemshavebeenreformedtoalignwiththeBolognaProcess,theFlemishCommunityfrom2003andtheFrenchCommunityfrom2004.IntheFlemishCommunity,bachelor'sdegreesmaybeeitheracademicorprofessional.Thesedegreeslastthreeyears,andmaybefollowedinbothcasesbyamoreadvancedbachelor-na-bachelordiploma,lastingoneyear(c.f.theAustralianbachelorhonoursdegree).Allofthesequalificationsareatlevel6ontheEQF,towhichtheFlemishQualificationFrameworkwasreferencedinJune2011.IntheFrenchCommunity,universitiesawardgradedebachelier(3years)astheequivalentofbachelor'sdegrees.Outsideofuniversities,professionalprogramsmaybetypelong(longtype)ortypecourt(shorttype),bothofwhichareofferedathautesecolesandecolessupérieuresdesarts.Thelongtypetakesinagradedebachelier(typelong)(3years),whichisfollowedbyamasterdegree(1or2years),whiletheshorttypehasagradedebachelierprofessionnalisant(typecourt)(3years),whichmaybefollowedbyabachelierdespécialisation(1year).Allbachelierdegrees(includingthebachelierdespécialisation)areequivalenttolevel6oftheEQF,buthavenotbeenformallyreferenced.[20] Croatia[edit] MostuniversitiesandcollegesinCroatiatodayofferathree-yearbachelorprogram,whichcanbefolloweduptypicallywithatwo-yearmaster's(graduate)program. Uponcompletionofundergraduateprofessionalstudies,studentsareawardedtheprofessionaltitleofProfessionalBachelor,abbreviatedbacc.(baccalaureusorstručniprvostupnikinCroatian)withareferencetoaspecialisation. Undergraduateuniversitystudiesnormallylastforthreetofouryearsanduponcompletion,studentsareawardedanacademictitleofBachelor,abbreviateduniv.bacc.(baccalaureusorsveučilišniprvostupnikinCroatian).[21] Academiesthatspecializeinthearts,e.g.theAcademyofFineArtsinZagreb,havefour-yearbachelor'sprogramsfollowedbyaone-yearmaster's. CzechRepublic[edit] Historically,thebaccalareuswastheundergraduatedegreeawardedtostudentswhograduatedfromthecourseoftrivium(grammar,dialecticandrhetoric)atafacultyofliberalarts(eitherattheCharlesUniversityorattheUniversityofOlomouc).Itwasanecessaryprerequisitetocontinueeitherwiththefacultyofliberalarts(quadriviumleadingtoamaster'sdegreeandfurthertoadoctoraldegree)ortostudyatoneoftheotherthreehistoricalfaculties—law,medicineortheology. Abachelor'sdegree,abbreviatedBcA,inthefieldoffinearts,andBc(BakalářinCzech)inotherfieldsisawardedforaccreditedundergraduateprogramsatuniversitiesandcolleges. ThevastmajorityofundergraduateprogrammesofferedintheCzechRepublichaveastandarddurationofthreeyears. IntheCzechtertiaryeducationsystem,mostuniversitiesandcollegestodayofferathree-yearbachelorprogram,whichcanbefolloweduptypicallywithatwo-yearmaster's(graduate)program.Somespecializations,suchasdoctorsofmedicineandveterinarydoctors,holdexceptionsfromthegeneralsysteminthattheonlyoptionisasix-yearmaster'sprogramwithnobachelorstage(graduatewithtitledoctor).Thisisduemainlytothedifficultyofmeaningfullysplittinguptheeducationforthesespecialisations. Denmark[edit] Thebachelor'sdegreewasre-introducedatuniversitiesinDenmarkin1993,aftertheoriginaldegree(baccalaureus)wasabandonedin1775.Thebachelor'sdegreeisawardedafterthreeorfouryearsofstudyatauniversityandfollowsaschemequitesimilartotheBritishone.Twobachelor'sdegreesaregivenattheuniversityleveltoday: BachelorofScience(BSc),awardedtostudentswithmainfocusonscientific,medical,ortechnicalareas; BachelorofArts(BA),awardedtostudentswhosemainfocusisonhumanistic,theological,orjurisprudenceareas. However,bothinthebusinessandtheacademicworldinDenmark,thebachelor'sdegreeisstillconsideredtobe"thefirsthalf"ofamaster's(candidatus).Itisoftennotconsideredadegreeinitsownright,[22]despitethepoliticians'bestattemptstomakeitmoreaccepted. Thebachelor'sdegreehasalsobeenusedsincethelate1990sinanumberofareaslikenursingandteaching.Usuallyreferredtoasa"professionalbachelor"(Danish:professionsbachelor),thesedegreesusuallyrequire3to41⁄2yearsofcombinedtheoreticalandpracticalstudyata"professionaluniversitycollege"(Danish:professionshøjskole)or"businessacademy"(Danish:"erhvervsakademier").Theseprofessionalbachelor'sdegreesdograntaccesstosomeuniversitymaster'sprogram.Theseprofessionalbachelor'sdegreesareconsideredtobeafulleducation. FaroeIslands[edit] Bachelor'sdegreesintheFaroeIslandsaremuchthesameasinDenmark[citationneeded]. France[edit] Seealso:Licentiate(degree)§ France Thetraditionalbachelor'sdegreeistheequivalentoftheFrenchLicencethree-yeardegree.SincethenewEuropeansystemof2004LMDBolognaprocesswasfounded,ithasbecomestandardtorecognizeabachelor'sdegreeoverthreeyearswithalicencedegree,amaster'sdegreeoverfiveyears,andadoctorateovereightyears. Someprivateinstitutionsarehoweverliterallynamingtheirdegreesbachelor.Someofthesebachelorare"Diplômesvisés"(oftendeliveredbyspecializedprivateschools,suchasbusiness,design,filmorjournalismschools),othersare"Diplômescertifiés"bytheFrenchState.TheothersarenotaccreditedbytheFrenchState. Germany[edit] Historically,thebachelor'sdegree,called"Bakkalaureus",existedinGermanysincethelateMiddleAges.Butitwasabolishedbytheeducationalreformsundertakenin1820.TheAbiturdegree–thefinaldegreereceivedinschoolafteraspecialized'collegephase'oftwoyears–replacedit,anduniversitiesonlyawardedgraduatedegrees. Themagisterdegree,agraduatedegree,wasawardedafterfiveyearsofstudy.In1899,asecondgraduatedegree,thediplom,wasintroducedwhentheTechnischeHochschulen(TH)receiveduniversitystatus.Withtheintroductionoftheuniversitiesofappliedsciences,ashortenedversionofthelatter,referredtoasDiplom(FH)anddesignedtotakethreetofouryears,wasphasedinbetween1969and1972. However,in1998,inordertocomplywiththeEuropeanBolognaprocess,aneweducationallawreintroducedthebachelor'sdegree(firstdegreeafterthreeyearsofstudy)inGermany.Today,thesedegreescanbecalledeither"Bakkalaureus"or"bachelor"(inaccordancewithfederallaw),buttheEnglishtermismorecommon.AccordingtotheBolognamodel,thebachelorisfollowedbythepost-graduatemaster'sdegreeofanothertwoyears.Thetraditionaldegreesofdiplomandmagisterweremostlyabolishedin2010,althoughthediplomstillpersistsinafewsubjectsanduniversitiesandhasbeenreintroducedasalternativedegreeinsomeplaces. Thetraditionaldegreeshavebeenre-mappedtothenewEuropeanCreditTransferandAccumulationSystem(ECTS)pointsystemtomakethemcomparabletothenewbachelor'sdegree.TraditionalandBolognaprocessdegreesarerankedasfollowsinGermany: Bachelor:180,210,or240ECTSpointsrequired; DiplomFH:240ECTS; DiplomUniorTH:300ECTS; Master:300ECTS(includingbachelor). Greece[edit] TheGreekbachelor'sdegreeiscalledπτυχίο(transliteratedto"ptychio";Greek:πτυχίο;ptychioindhimotikifrom1976–present;ordefunctπτυχίον;ptychioninpolytonic,katharevousaupuntil1976).Itisearnedafterfourtosixyearsofundergraduatestudies,dependingonthefield,andisafirstcyclequalificationintheBolognaProcesswith240ormoreECTScredits.[23]Itisplacedatlevel6ofthenationalqualificationsframeworkofGreecewhichisofficiallynamedHellenicQualificationFramework(HQF),[24]whichisreferencedtolevel6oftheEuropeanQualificationsFramework.[25]Itisclassifiedasalevel6qualificationintheISCED. Thebachelor'sdegreeisprovidedbyallHigherEducationInstitutions(HEIs),includinguniversities,specialistHEIs,formerlytechnologicaleducationalinstitutes(TEIs)(1983-2019). In1995,itchangedTEIsix-semester-modeofundergraduatedegreeprogrammeofstudieslegallyequivalenttoanordinarybachelor'sdegree(Ord)(3½-year;210ECTS,1983-1995)intonine-semester-mode(4-year;240ECTS,1995-2019).[26][27]Technicaluniversitiesandsomeuniversitiesoffera5-year(300ECTS)undergraduateprogrammeleadingtoaΔίπλωμα(Greek)Diploma(integrated-master-level-granting,Master'sdegreeequivalent)atLevel7oftheHQF. Hungary[edit] Intheclassic,pre-Bolognaeducationalsystem,HungarianacademicprogramswerenotdividedintoBachelor'sandMaster'sdegrees.However,whileanaverageuniversity(Hungarian:egyetem)degreelasted5years,therewereundergraduatecollege(Hungarian:főiskola)degreesobtainable,ineither3or4yearsoflength.ThesediplomasaretodayconsideredtobeequivalentsofaBA/BSc(undergraduatecollege)oranMA/MSc(university)degree. TheBolognaSystemwasintroducedin2005,[28]andwiththelastclassesgraduatingin2009,itisthesoleformofhighereducationinthecountry.Bachelor'sdegrees(Hungarian:alapképzés,"basicdegree")usuallylast3years,buttherearedegreesincertainareasofeducation-mostnotablyengineering,economics,andsomenaturalsciences-whereanadditionalsemesterisrequired,lengtheningtheprogramto3,5years.WhileregularMaster'sdegrees(Hungarian:mesterképzés,"masterdegree")areonlyobtainablewithapre-existingBachelor'sdegree,theHungariansystemmakesnotableexceptionswithlawdegrees,teacher'sdegrees,medicaldegrees,andsomeuniquefieldsofstudy(i.e.forestryengineeringattheUniversityofSopron):thesedegreesarecallednon-divisionaldegrees(Hungarian:osztatlanképzés),andwhiletechnicallybeingMA/MScdegrees,theyhavethesameenteringcriteriaasBA/BScdegrees,andhaveaspanof5or6years. Italy[edit] Italianstudentsgraduatefromhighschoolatage19,andthecurrenthighereducationsystemincludes: "laureatriennale"(three-yeardegree)orsimply"laurea",correspondstoBachelor'sdegree.Thecoursetakesthreeyearstocompleteandgrantsaccesstograduatedegrees(knownas"laureamagistrale"). "laureamagistrale",correspondstoMaster'sdegreeandtakestwoyearstocomplete. "laureamagistraleaciclounico",(onecycledegree)isatitleprovidedbyparicularfacultieslikelawschoolandmedicalschool.Ittakes5to6yeartocompleteandgrantstheaccesstoaprofession Abachelor'sdegreeholderhasthetitleof"dottore"(doctor) Amaster'sdegreeholderhasthetitleof"dottoremagistrale"(masterdoctor) Inordertograduate,studentsmustearncredits(ECTS)andwriteathesisforwhichstudentshavetoelaborateonanargumentunderthesupervisionofaprofessor(generallyfromthreetoeightECTS).Graduationmarksgofrom66to110.Accordingtoeachfacultyinternalruling,alodemaybeawardedtocandidateswitha110/110markforrecognitionoftheexcellenceofthefinalproject. Netherlands[edit] IntheNetherlands,thebachelor'sdegreewasintroducedin2002withthechangeoftheDutchdegreesystemduetotheEuropeanBolognaprocess.Untilthattime,theDutchuniversitiesdidnothaveaBachelorleveldegree(althoughtheCandidate'sdiplomaexistedtill1982,whichwasmore-or-lessofthesamelevel).PriortotheDutchdegreesystemchangeasingleprogramattheuniversitycomprisedthesamecourseloadasthebachelor'sandmaster'sprogramstogetherwhichledtothedoctorandusdegree(orforlegalstudiestothe"Meesterinderechten"andengineeringto"Ingenieur").In2002,withtheintroductionoftheBachelor'smaster'sdoctoratesystem,thesingle(4-or5-year)programatDutchuniversitieshasbeenchangedandsplitintoa3-yearprogramleadingtothebachelor'sdegreeandasubsequenta1-or2-yearprogramleadingtothemaster'sdegree. Thosewhohadalreadystartedthedoctorandusprogramcould,uponcompletingit,optforthedoctorandusdegree(beforetheirname,abbreviatedto'drs.'),orsimplyusethemaster'sdegree(behindtheirname)inaccordancewiththenewstandard.Sincethesegraduatesdonothaveaseparatebachelor'sdegree(whichisinfact–inretrospect–incorporatedintotheprogram),themaster'sdegreeistheirfirstacademicdegree. In2003/2004,theDutchdegreesystemwaschangedbecauseoftheBolognaprocess.Formerdegreesincluded: baccalaureus(bc.forbachelor,correspondingtoaBAScorBAAdegree,itmaybeformallyrenderedas"B",followedbythespecializationfield,insteadof"bc.") doctorandus(prefixabbreviatedtodrs.;itcorrespondstoMAorMSc,butitmaybeformallyrenderedasMinsteadofdrs.),[29] ingenieur(ing.)forgraduatesofthefour-yearcoursesofferedbyDutchhighervocationalcolleges(HBO,thatis;hogerberoepsonderwijs)see:universityofappliedscience.ItissimilartoaBASc,BEng,BBE,BASorBICT(BIT.,anditmaybeformallyrenderedasBfollowedbythespecializationfield,insteadofing. ir.forthosehavinggraduatedfromtechnicaluniversityafteraminimumoffiveyears,correspondingtoaMSc,butitmaybeformallyrenderedasM,insteadofir.), meesterinderechten(mr.;itcorrespondstoLLM,butitmaybeformallyrenderedasMinsteadofmr.)and doctor(dr.;itcorrespondstoPhD,butitmayformallyberenderedasDinsteadofdr.)[30]arestillgrantedalongwiththeirinternationalequivalents.[31] Whilethetitlesing.,bc.,ir.,mr.,drs.anddr.areusedbeforeone'sownname,thedegreesB,MorDarementionedafterone'sname.Itisstillallowedtousethetraditionaltitles. Whetherabachelor'sdegreeisgrantedbyahogeschooloruniversityishighlyrelevantsincetheseparallelsystemsofhighereducationhavetraditionallyservedsomewhatdifferentpurposes,withthevocationalcollegesmainlyconcentratingonskillsandpracticaltraining.ABAorBScfromauniversitygrants"immediate"entryintoamaster'sprogram.Moreover,thisisusuallyconsideredaformalitytoallowstudentstoswitchtoforeignuniversitiesmaster'sprograms.Meanwhile,thosehavingcompletedaHBOfromavocationalcollege,whichrepresentedthehighestpossiblelevelofvocationaleducationavailable,canonlycontinuetoa"master's"oncompletionofachallengingyearofadditionalstudy,whichinitselfcanserveasatypeofselectionprocess,withtheprospectiveMScstudentsbeingrequiredtocoveragreatdealofgroundinasingleyear. Recently,HBO(vocational)master'sdegreeshavebeenintroducedintheNetherlands.Graduatesthereofmayuseneithertheextension"ofArts"(MA)nor"ofScience"(MSc).TheymayuseanMfollowedbythefieldofspecialization(e.g.,MDes). Thisyearofstudyto"convert"fromthevocationaltoacademic(WO–wetenschappelijkonderwijs,literally"scientificeducation")isalsoknownasa"bridge"or"premasters"year.Notethatdespitetheuseoftheterminology"universityofappliedscience"thehighervocationalcollegesarenotconsideredtobe"universities"withintheNetherlands. ImportantaspectsofDutchbachelor'sdegreecourses(andothers)relativetosomeofthoseofferedabroadinclude: Duration.Whileinmanycountriescoursesarecompletedinagiventimeundernormalcircumstances,degreecoursesofferedatsome(thoughbynomeansall)Dutchinstitutions,includingthemostprestigious,canonlybecompletedinthreeyearsbythebestperformingstudents. Academicyear.TheDutchacademicyearhasaformaldurationof42weeks.Inpracticestudentsareoftenexpectedandrequiredtospendagreatdealofthe"free"timerevisingforexaminations.Thisisnotalwaystrueelsewhere,asinmanycountriesaverylongsummerbreakistakenorexaminationsarebeforethewinterbreakratherthanafter. Learningcurve.Someeducationsystems,notablytheBritishone,involveagentleintroductionduringthefirstyear.ThisisgenerallynotthecaseintheNetherlands,withthedifficultylevelinthefirstyearservingasatypeof"self-selection"withlesscommittedandlessablestudentsroutinelyfindingitdifficulttokeepup. InFebruary,2011,theDutchStateSecretaryofEducationdecidedtoadheretotherecommendationswritteninareportbytheVeermanCommission.Inthenearfuture,thedistinctionbetweenacademicandhighervocationaldegreeswilldisappear. NorthMacedonia[edit] In2003,theGerman-styleeducationsystemwaschangedtoconformtotheECTSbecauseoftheBolognaprocess.Theexistingacademicdegreegrantedwithadiplomawastransformedintoabaccalaureus(bachelor'sdegree).Theuniversitiesusuallyawardabachelor'sdegreeafterthreeyears(followingwhich,amaster'sdegreewillbetwoyearslong)orfouryears(followingwhich,amaster'sdegreewillbeoneyearlong). Norway[edit] Abachelor'sdegreeinNorwayrequiresthreeyearsoffull-timestudies,thatis,180ECTS.Therearesomeexceptions,forexamplephysiotherapy.Norwegianbachelor'sdegreesareeitherprogrammebachelor'sdegreesorelectivebachelor'sdegrees. Poland[edit] InPoland,thelicentiatedegreecorrespondstothebachelor'sdegreeinAnglophonecountries.InPolish,itiscalledlicencjat.Toobtainthelicencjatdegree,onemustcompletethreeyearsofstudy.Thereisalsoasimilardegreecalledengineer(inżynier)whichdiffersfromthelicencjatinthatitisawardedbytechnicaluniversitiesandtheprogramusuallylastsfor3.5years.Afterthat,thestudentcancontinueeducationfor2or1.5years,respectively,toobtainamagisterdegree,whichcorrespondstoamaster'sdegree. Portugal[edit] Presently,thebachelor'sdegreeinPortugaldoesnotexist. BeforetheBolognaprocess(2006/2007),thebacharelato(bachelor'sdegree)existedinthePortuguesehighereducationsystem.Itrequiredthreeyearsofstudy,beingroughlyequivalenttothepresentlicenciatura.Atthattime,thelicenciaturareferredtoalicentiate'sdegree(equivalenttothepresentmaster'sdegree),whichrequiredusuallyfiveyearsofstudy.Alicenciaturacouldalsobeobtainedbyperformingtwoyearsofstudyafterobtainingabacharelato. Today,theformerandcurrentlicenciaturadegreesarereferredinPortugal,respectively,aspre-Bolognaandpost-Bolognalicenciaturas. Russia,Ukraine,AzerbaijanandArmenia[edit] Thespecialist'sdegree(Russian:специалист),(Ukrainian:спецiалiст)wasthefirstacademicdistinctionintheSovietUnion,awardedtostudentsuponcompletionoffive-yearstudiesattheuniversitylevel.Thedegreecanbecomparedbothtothebachelor'sandmaster'sdegree.Intheearly1990s,Bakalavr(Бакалавр,"bachelor")degreeswereintroducedinallthecountriesoftheCommonwealthofIndependentStatesexceptTurkmenistan.Afterthebakalavrdegree(usuallyfouryears),onecanearnamaster'sdegree(anotheroneortwoyears)whilepreservingtheoldfive-yearspecialistscheme. Spain[edit] Mainarticle:AcademicgradinginSpain InSpain,duetotheongoingtransitiontoamodelcompliantwiththeBolognaagreement,exactequivalentstothetypicalAnglospherebachelor'sdegreeandmaster'sdegreearebeingimplementedprogressively.Currently,thereisanundergraduatebachelor'sdegreecalled"títulodegrado"orsimply"grado"(itsdurationgenerallybeingfouryears),apostgraduatemaster'sdegreecalled"títulodemáster"or"máster"(betweenoneandtwoyears),andadoctor'sdegreecalled"títulodedoctor"or"doctorado".The"títulodegrado"isnowtheprerequisitetoaccessamaster'sdegree.The"títulodemáster"isnowtheprerequisitetoaccessdoctoralstudies,anditsdurationandthekindofinstitutionsthatcanteachtheseprogramsareregulatedintheframeworkoftheEuropeanHigherEducationArea. Spanishuniversityqualificationsarenowdefinedbylaw(currentlyRD1509of12September2008),[32]includedthe2008reformwasthereplacementoftheCatalogoftitlesbytheRegistryofUniversities,CentersandTitles(RUCT) Upuntil2009/2010,thesystemwassplitintothreecategoriesofdegrees.Thereweretheso-calledfirst-cycledegrees:"diplomado"or"ingenierotécnico",withnominaldurationsvaryingbetweenthreeandfouryears;therewerealsosecond-cycledegrees:"licenciado"or"ingeniero"withnominaldurationsvaryingbetweenfourandsixyears;andfinallythethird-cycledegrees:"doctor".Theofficialfirst-cycledegreesarecomparableintermsofduration,scope,andeducationaloutcomestoanAnglo-Saxonbachelor'sdegree.Meanwhile,thesecond-cycledegreesarecomparableintermsofduration,scope,andeducationaloutcomestoanAnglo-Saxonbachelor's+master'sdegreescombinationifcomparedwiththeAnglo-Saxonsystem.Inthistraditionalsystemtheaccesstodoctoralstudieswasgrantedonlytotheholdersof"licenciado","ingeniero"or"arquitecto"(second-cycle)degrees,andthe"master"or"magister"titleswereunregulated(so,therecoexistedso-called"master"programswithdifferentdurations,fromsomemonthstotwoyears,backedbyuniversitiesorcenterswithoutanyofficialrecognition)andonlythereputationoftheprogram/institutioncouldbackthem. Specialisationnowincludesabout800specificrecognisedstudyprogrammesandqualificationtitlesalthoughheformergeneralqualificationnomenclaturehasbeenretainedsothatgrade/licencadoisapproximatelyBAorBScwhilemaestrogenerallyindicatesapracticelicencesimilartoMAanddoctoradoaPhDpublishedoriginalresearchthesis.[33] Note:TheAnglophoneBachelordegreeshouldnotbeconfusedwiththeofficialuniversityentranceprecursor,theSpanishBaccalaureatequalificationavailabletoYearTwelvestudents.ThatqualificationisdistinctfromtheInternationalBaccalaureateDiplomaProgrammeforyoungadultswithsimilaraspirations. Sweden[edit] TheSwedishequivalentofabachelor'sdegreeiscalledkandidatexamen.Itisearnedafterthreeyearsofstudies,ofwhichatleastayearandahalfinthemajorsubject.Athesisofatleast15ECTScreditsmustbeincludedinthedegree. AspartoftheBolognaprocess,Swedenalignedthelengthofitsundergraduateandgraduateprogrammes.Previously,therewasaBachelorofLawdegree(juriskandidat)whichrequired4.5yearsofstudy,butthisdegreenowhasanewname,juristexamen(andisnowamaster'sdegreecalled"MasterofLaws"). Similarly,thegraduateengineeringdegreepreviouslyknownasCivilingenjörwas4.5yearslong,butwassplitintoanundergraduatebachelor'sdegreeof3years(180ECTScredits)andaMaster'sdegreeof2years(120credits). Switzerland[edit] LikeAustriaandGermany,Switzerlanddidnothaveatraditionofbachelor'sandmaster'sdegrees.In2003,aftertheapplicationoftheBolognaprocess,bachelor'sandgraduatemaster'sdegreesreplacedtheolddegrees.Asof1 December 2005[update]theRectors'ConferenceoftheSwissUniversitiesgrantedholdersofalizentiatordiplomatherighttousethecorrespondingmastertitle.Asof2006[update],certificatesofequivalenceareissuedbytheuniversitythatissuedtheoriginaldegree.Currentlythreetofouryearsofstudyarerequiredtobeawardedabachelor'sdegree.Amaster'sdegreewillrequireanothertwotothreeyearsofcourseworkandathesis. Turkey[edit] Thereareinstitutionswhichawardbachelor'sdegreesinalmosteverycityinTurkey.ExamplesareAnkaraUniversity,BilkentUniversity,BoğaziçiUniversity,MarmaraUniversity,HacettepeUniversity,IstanbulBilgiUniversity,IstanbulTechnicalUniversity,IstanbulUniversity,KoçUniversity,MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity,SabanciUniversity,YeditepeUniversity,GaziantepUniversityandYildizTechnicalUniversity.Theyallgrantbachelorofartsorsciencedegreesuponcompletionofaneight-semestercourse.Thereareopportunitiestoundertakeadoublemajor.Someuniversitiesallowordinarydegreestudentstotransfertoanhonoursdegreecourseinthesamesubjectifanacceptablestandardisreachedafterthefirstorsecondyearofstudy,knowninTurkishasa"ÖnlisansMezunu".[citationneeded]TurkeyisparticipatingintheBolognaProcess. UnitedKingdom[edit] Seealso:Britishundergraduatedegreeclassification Thebachelor'sdegreeisthestandardundergraduatedegreeintheUnitedKingdom,withthemostcommondegreesbeingthebachelorofarts(BA)andbachelorofscience(BSc).Mostbachelor'sdegreecourses(apartfromtheveryrarepostgraduateawards,andthoseinmedicine,dentistryandveterinaryscience)leadtohonoursdegrees,withordinarydegreesgenerallyonlybeingawardedtothosewhodonotmeettherequiredpassmarkforanhonoursdegree.Withtheexceptionofthepostgraduatebachelor'sdegreesandbachelor'sdegreesinmedicine,dentistryandveterinaryscience,UKbachelor'sdegrees(whetherhonoursornon-honours)arefirstcycle(endofcycle)qualificationsundertheBolognaProcess.Postgraduatebachelor'sdegreesandbachelor'sdegreesinmedicine,dentistryandveterinarysciencearesecondcycle(endofcycle)qualifications.Somebachelor'sdegreesinmedicine,dentistryandveterinaryscienceofferintercalateddegreesenroutetothefinalqualification.[34][35][36] Bachelor'sdegreesshouldnotbeconfusedwithbaccalaureatequalifications,whichderivetheirnamefromthesameroot.IntheUK,baccalaureatequalifications,e.g.InternationalBaccalaureate,WelshBaccalaureate,EnglishBaccalaureate,aregainedatsecondaryschoolsratherthanbeingdegree-levelqualifications. Untilthe19thcentury,abachelor'sdegreerepresentedthefirstdegreeinaparticularfaculty,withArtsrepresentingundergraduatestudy,thustheBachelorofCivilLaw(BCL)atOxfordandtheBachelorofLaws(LLB)atCambridge,forexample,werepostgraduatedegrees.Vestigesofthissystemstillremainintheancientuniversities,withOxfordandCambridgeawardingBAsforundergraduatedegreesinbothartsandsciences(althoughbothawardundergraduateBThdegreesthroughassociatedtheologicalcolleges,andOxfordawardsBFAdegreesinadditiontotheBA)anddefiningotherbachelor'sdegrees(e.g.,BPhil,BCL)aspostgraduateawardsequivalenttomaster'sdegrees,[37][38]althoughmanypostgraduatebachelor'sdegreeshavenowbeenreplacedbyequivalentmaster'sdegrees(e.g.,LLMfortheLLBatCambridgeandMScfortheBScatOxford).[39][40]Thesamehistoricalusageofindicatinganundergraduatedegreebyitbeinginthefacultyofartsratherthanbeingabachelor'sdegreegivesrisetotheOxbridgeMAandtheScottishMA). Commonbachelor'sdegreesandabbreviations: BachelorofArts:BA BachelorofScience:BSc BachelorofLaws:LLB BachelorofCivilLaw:BCL BachelorofEngineering:BEng BachelorofEducation:BEd BachelorofMedicine,BachelorofSurgery:MBBS,MBBCh,BMBS,BMBCh BachelorofDentalSurgery:BDS Seealso:Britishdegreeabbreviations England,WalesandNorthernIreland[edit] InEngland,WalesandNorthernIreland,bachelor'sdegreesusuallytakethreeyearsofstudytocomplete,althoughcoursesmaytakefouryearswheretheyincludeayearabroadoraplacementyear.Degreesmayhavetitlesrelatedtotheirbroadsubjectareaorfaculty,suchasBAorBSc,ormaybemoresubjectspecific(e.g.BEngorLLB).Themajorityofbachelor'sdegreesarenowhonoursdegrees,althoughthishasnotalwaysbeenthecasehistorically. Althoughfirstdegreecoursesareusuallythreeyears(360credits),directsecondyearentryissometimespossibleforstudentstransferringfromothercoursesorthosewhohavecompletedfoundationdegrees,viaaccreditationofpriorlearningormoreformalcredittransferarrangements.Someuniversitiescompressthethree-yearcourseintotwoyearsbyteachingforafullcalendaryear(180credits)ratherthanastandardacademicyear(120credits),thusmaintainingthefull360-creditextentofthecourse.[41][42] Inadditiontobachelor'sdegrees,someinstitutionsofferintegratedmaster'sdegreesasfirstdegreesinsomesubjects(particularlyinSTEMfields).Theseintegrateteachingatbachelor'sandmaster'slevelinafour-year(five-yearifwithindustrialexperience)course,whichoftensharesthefirsttwoyearswiththeequivalentbachelor'scourse. Thenormalacademicstandardforbachelor'sdegreesinEngland,WalesandNorthernIrelandisthehonoursdegree.Thesearenormallyclassifiedintooneoffourclassesofhonours,dependinguponthemarksgainedinexaminationsandotherassessments: Firstclasshonours(1st) Secondclasshonours,dividedinto: Upperdivision,oruppersecond(2:1) Lowerdivision,orlowersecond(2:2) Thirdclasshonours(3rd) SomeinstitutionshaveannouncedthattheyintendtoreplacethissystemofclassifyinghonoursdegreeswithanAmerican-styleGradePointAverage.[43]Anordinary(orunclassified)degree,whichonlyrequirespassesworth300creditsratherthanthe360ofthehonoursdegree,maybeawardedifastudenthascompletedthefullhonoursdegreecoursebuthasnotobtainedsufficientpassestoearnadegree.CompletionofjustthefirsttwoyearsofthecoursecanleadtoaDiplomaofHigherEducationandcompletionofonlythefirstyeartoaCertificateofHigherEducation. OntheFrameworkforHigherEducationQualifications,standardundergraduatebachelor'sdegreeswithandwithouthonoursareatlevel6,althoughthecoursesincludelearningacrosslevels4to6.Honoursdegreesnormallyrequire360creditswithaminimumof90atlevel6,whileordinarydegreesneed300creditswithaminimumof60atlevel6.Bachelor'sdegreesinmedicine,dentistryandveterinaryscienceareatlevel7,withlearningspanninglevels4to7,andarenotnormallycreditrated.TheDiplomaofHigherEducationisalevel5(secondyearofbachelor'sdegree)qualificationandrequires240credits,aminimumof90atlevel5;TheCertificateofHigherEducationisalevel4(firstyearofbachelor'sdegree)qualificationandrequires120credits,aminimumof90atlevel4.[44] Otherqualificationsatlevel6oftheFrameworkforHigherEducationQualificationsortheRegulatedQualificationsFramework,suchasgraduatediplomasandcertificates,someBTECAdvancedProfessionalawards,diplomasandcertificates,andthegraduateshipoftheCity&GuildsofLondonInstituteareatthesamelevelasbachelor'sdegrees,althoughnotnecessarilyrepresentingthesamecreditvolume.[45] Scotland[edit] AtScottishuniversities,bachelor'sdegrees(andtheequivalentScottishMAawardedbysomeinstitutions)arenormallyhonoursdegrees,takingfouryearsofstudy(orfivewithayearabroadorinindustry),butmayalsobeordinarydegrees(alsoknownaspass,generalordesignateddegrees)requiringthreeyearsofstudy.HonoursdegreesmaybeawardedasBA(Hons)orMA(Hons)intheartsandsocialsciences,orBSc(Hons)forsciences,orhavemorespecifictitlessuchasBEng.AsintherestoftheUK,integratedmaster'sdegrees,takingfiveyearsinScotland,arealsoofferedasfirstdegreesalongsidebachelor'sdegrees.[46] Anhonoursdegreemaybedirectlylinkedtoprofessionalorvocationalqualifications,particularlyinfieldssuchasengineering,surveyingandarchitecture.Thesecoursestendtohavehighlyspecifiedcurricula,leavingstudentswithoutmanyoptionsforbroaderstudy.Others,followingamoretraditionalroute,startoffwithabroadrangeofstudiesacrossthefacultythathasadmittedthestudentor,viamodularstudy,acrossthewholeuniversity.Studentsonthesecoursesspecialiselaterintheirdegreeprogrammes.[46]Typicallydegreegradesarebasedonlyonthefinaltwoyearsofstudy,afteraspecialisationhasbeenchosen,sobroaderstudycoursestakeninthefirsttwoyearsdonotaffectthefinaldegreegrade.[47] HonoursdegreesaresubdividedintoclassesinthesamewayastherestoftheUK,dependingontheoverallgradeachieved.Theseare,fromhighesttolowest;firstclass,uppersecondclass(2:1),lowersecondclass(2:2),andthirdclass. Ordinarydegreesareawardedtostudentswhohavecompletedthreeyearsatuniversitystudyingavarietyofrelatedsubjects.[48]Thesemaybetakenoverabroadrangeofsubjectsor(aswithhonoursdegrees)withaspecialisationinaparticularsubject(inthelattercase,theyaresometimesknownsdesignateddegrees).AsordinarydegreesinScotlandconstituteadistinctcourseofstudy,ratherthanagradebelowhonoursdegrees,theycanbegraded(fromlowesttohighest)as"pass","merit"or"distinction".[49][50]AsintherestoftheUK,CertificatesandDiplomasofHigherEducationmaybeearnedbythosecompletingoneandtwoyearsofabachelor'sdegreecourserespectively.[46] Thefirsttwoyears,sometimesthree,ofbothanordinarydegreeandanhonoursdegreeareidentical,butcandidatesfortheordinarydegreestudyinlessdepthintheirfinalyearandoftenoverawidervarietyofsubjects,anddonotusuallycompleteadissertation.AScottishordinarydegreeisthusdifferentfromordinarydegreesintherestoftheUKincomprisingadistinctcourseofstudyfromthehonoursdegree.InkeepingwiththeScottish"broadeducation"philosophy,ordinarydegrees(andmorerarelyhonoursones)maymixdifferentdisciplinessuchassciencesandhumanitiestaughtindifferentfacultiesandinsomecasesevendifferentuniversities.[51] Bachelor'sdegreeswithhonoursareatlevel10oftheScottishCreditandQualificationsFramework(SCQF)andrequire480creditswithaminimumof90atlevel10and90atlevel9.Ordinarydegreesareatlevel9andrequire360creditswithaminimumof90atlevel9.[52]Bothhonoursdegreesandordinarydegreesqualifyasfirstcycle(endofcycle)qualificationsintheBolognaProcess.Bachelor'sdegreesinmedicine,dentistryandveterinaryscienceareatlevel11oftheSCQFandaresecondcycle(endofcycle)qualificationsintheBolognaProcess.[53] Oceania[edit] Australia[edit] InAustralia,a"bachelordegree"[54]isnormallyathreetofour-yearprogram,leadingtoaqualificationatlevel7oftheAustralianQualificationsFramework.[55]Entrytoanumberofprofessions,suchaslawpracticeandteaching,requireabachelor'sdegree(a'professional'degree).Otherdegrees,suchasBachelorofArtsdon'tnecessarilyelicitentryintoaprofession,thoughmanyorganisationsrequireabachelor'sdegreeforemployment. Aone-yearpostgraduatebachelorhonoursdegreecanbeachievedasaconsecutivestand-alonecoursefollowingabachelor'sdegreeinthesamefield,orasanadditionalyearaspartofabachelor'sdegreeprogram.[55]Thehonourscourseisnormallyonlyopentothosewhodowellintheirbachelor'sdegreeprogramandinvolvesstudyatamoreadvancedlevelthanthatbachelor'sdegree.[56]Boththebachelorandbachelorhonoursdegreesarealignedwithlevel6oftheEQF,thesameasBritishandIrishbachelor'sdegreeswithandwithouthonours,andotherBolognaProcessfirstcyclequalifications.[57] Somebachelor'sdegrees(e.g.engineeringandenvironmentalscience)includeanintegratedhonoursdegreeaspartofafour-yearprogram.Honoursisgenerallyforstudentswhowanttotakeuparesearchtrackforpostgraduatestudies,andincreasinglyforthosewhowantanextraedgeinthejobmarket.MarkingscalesforHonoursdiffer;generally,FirstClassHonours(85–100%)denotesanexcellentstandardofachievement;SecondClassDivision1(75–84%)ahighstandard;SecondClassDivision2(65–74%)agoodstandard;ThirdClass(50–64%)satisfactorystandard;afinalmarkbelow50%isafailofthecourse. BachelorhonoursdegreesincludeamajorIndependentresearchcomponent,allowingstudentstodevelopskillsthatwillenablethemtoproceedtofurtherstudyortoworkinresearchrolesinindustry.[58]First-classorsecond-class(upperdivision)honoursaregenerallyrequiredforentryintodoctoralprograms(e.g.PhDs,etc.);analternativeroutetodoctoralstudyisviaa"mastersdegree".[59][60] NewZealand[edit] InNewZealand,onlyrecognisedinstitutions–usuallyuniversitiesandpolytechnics–havedegree-awardingpowers. Mostbachelor'sdegreesarethreeyearsfull-time,butcertaindegrees,suchastheBachelorofLawsandtheBachelorofEngineeringdegrees,requirefouryearsofstudy.Abachelorwithhonoursisaprogramoffouryearsduration(e.g.,BachelorofArtswithHonours).ABachelorofMedicinedegreerequiresaminimumofsixyears. Wherestudentsopttostudytwobachelor'sdegreessimultaneously–referredtoasa"conjointdegree"or"doubledegree"–anextrayearofstudyisadded.Thenumberofyearsofstudyrequiredisdeterminedbasedonthedegreewiththegreatestnumberofyears.Forexample,aBComdegreerequiresthreeyearsoffull-timestudy,butadoubleBCom–LLBdegreewillrequirefiveyearsoffull-timestudybecausetheLLBdegreeisfouryearslong.Exceptionalstudentsmaychoosetocompleteadegreeinashorteramountoftimebytakingonextracourses,usuallywiththehelpofsummerschool.Studentswhocompleteadoubledegreeprogramwillhavetwoseparatebachelor'sdegreesattheendoftheirstudies. Consistentlyhigh-performingstudentsmayalsobeinvitedtocompletethe'honours'program.Thebachelorwithhonoursusuallyrequiresanextrayearofstudywithanextrahonoursthesis/dissertation.Thisdegreeisconsideredtofallbetweenthebachelor'sandmaster'slevelsontheEuropeanQualificationsFramework.[61]Anhonoursawardisindicatedbytheadditionof"Hons"tothedegreenameorabbreviation(forexample,"BachelorofLaws(Hons)").Somehonoursdegreecoursesalsoofferapostgraduatediploma(PGDip)asanexitqualification,whichoftenconsistsofthesameworkloadbutwithaddedflexibility.APGDipdoesnotusuallyrequireadissertation.However,thestudentmaycompleteoneifdesired.Adiplomaawardisindicatedby"PGDip"andthedegreefield(forexample,"PGDipArts"or"PGDipScience". Subjects[edit] Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(November2016)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Manyotherspecializedbachelor'sdegreesareofferedaswell.Someareinveryspecializedareas,likethefive-yearBIDesorBScIDesdegreeinindustrialdesign.[62]Othersareofferedonlyatalimitednumberofuniversities,suchastheWalshSchoolofForeignServiceatGeorgetownUniversity'sBachelorofScienceinForeignService(BSFS).TheUniversityofDelawareoffersaBachelorofAppliedArtsandScience(BAASc)degree,adegreewhichoftenindicatesaninterdisciplinarycourseofstudyformanymajorswithinitsSchoolofArtsandScience.[63]StanfordUniversity'sBachelorofArtsandSciencedegreeisforstudentswhoarereceivingonedegreebutwhohavecompletedtwoartsandsciencesmajors,oneofwhichwouldordinarilyleadtotheBAandoneofwhichwouldordinarilyleadtotheBSc. Atmanyinstitutionsonecanonlycompleteatwo-degreeprogramifthebachelor'sdegreestobeearnedareofdifferenttypes(e.g.,onecouldearnaBAinphilosophyandaBScCEnginchemicalengineeringsimultaneously,butapersonstudyingphilosophyandEnglishwouldreceiveonlyasingleBAwiththetwomajors).Rulesonthisvaryconsiderably,however. Agriculture[edit] TheBachelorofScienceinAgriculture[BSc(Ag)orBSc(Hons)Agriculture]offersabroadtraininginthesciences.Thefocusofthisfour-yearapplieddegreeisonthedevelopmentofanalytical,quantitative,computingandcommunicationskills.Studentslearnhowtoapplytheknowledgeandprinciplesofsciencetotheunderstandingandmanagementoftheproduction,processingandmarketingofagriculturalproducts,andtothemanagementandconservationofournaturalresources.Allstudentsundertakeruralfieldtripsandapprovedprofessionalexperiencewithinagriculturalorhorticulturalenterprises,naturalresourcemanagement,agribusinessindustries,orcommercialorgovernmentorganisationsactiveinthefield. Architectureanddesign[edit] TheBachelorofArchitecture(BArch)degreeisaprofessionaldegreeawardedtostudentswhocompletethefive-yearcourseofstudyinthefieldatsomeuniversities.ManyuniversitiesofferaBScorBA(majoringinarchitecture)afterthefirstthreeorfouryears,andthenapost-graduatediploma,BArchorMArchforthefollowingtwotofouryears. TheBachelorofDesign(BDes,orS.Ds.inIndonesia[18])isawardedtothosewhocompletethefour-orfour-and-a-half-yearcourseofstudyindesign,usuallymajoringinaspecificfieldofdesign,suchasinteriordesignorgraphicdesign. Arts[edit] Mainarticle:BachelorofArts TheBachelorofArtsdegrees(BA,AB;alsoknownasArtiumBaccalaureus)alongwiththeBachelorofSciencedegreesarethemostcommonundergraduatedegreesgiven.Originally,intheuniversitiesofOxford,CambridgeandDublin,allundergraduatedegreeswereinthefacultyofarts,hencethenameofthedegree.TheBachelorofAppliedArtsandSciences(BAASc)isanundergraduatedegreethatbridgesacademicandwork-lifeexperiences. Engineering[edit] TheBachelorofEngineeringdegreeorBachelorofAppliedScience[64]degreeorBachelorofScienceinEngineeringdegreeisaprofessionaldegreeawardedtostudentswhohavecompletedthethreeorfour-yearcourseofstudyinengineering.CommonabbreviationsincludeBEng,BAScandBScEng.TheBAI(baccalaureusinarteingeniaria)degreeisawardedbytheUniversityofDublin(TrinityCollegeDublin).SomeSouthAfricanuniversitiesrefertotheirengineeringdegreesasBIng(BaccalaureusIngeniaria). BachelorofEngineeringdegreesavailabletostudyinclude:aerospace,automotive,chemical,civil,computer,electrical&electronic(E&E),industrial,mechatronic,andmechanicalengineering. Businessandmanagement[edit] See:Businesseducation#Undergraduateeducation. Computerscienceandinformationsystems[edit] Therearevariousundergraduatedegreesininformationtechnologyincorporatingprogramming,databasedesign,softwareengineering,networksandinformationsystems.Theseprogramspreparegraduatesforfurtherpostgraduateresearchdegreesorforemploymentinavarietyofrolesintheinformationtechnologyindustry.Theprogramfocusmaybeonthetechnicalortheoreticalaspectsofthesubjectmatter,dependingonwhichcourseistaken. Theoreticallyorienteddegreesfocusoncomputerscienceandarecorrespondinglytitled.TheseincludetheBachelorofComputing(BComp)andBachelorofComputerScience(BCompSc)degrees.ComputerscienceisalsoofferedasamajorwithinmostBachelorofScienceprograms. ThepracticallyorienteddegreescovermanydisciplinesfromwithintheITindustryincludingsoftwareengineering,informationsystems,anddatacommunications.ExampleshereincludetheBachelorofScienceinInformationTechnology(BScIT),theBachelorofComputerApplications(BCA),theBachelorofInformationTechnology,andtheBachelorofAppliedScience(InformationTechnology)(BAScIT))degrees.Manyofthedisciplinestaughtaspartofthesedegreesarecoveredunderotherdegrees,suchasengineering,aswell. DegreescombiningITwithbusinessstudyarealsoofferedatmanyuniversities.Specializedprogramsininformationsystems—suchastheBachelorofBusinessInformationSystems(BBIS)program—areoftenpositionedasprofessionallyorienteddegrees.Moregeneraldegreesherewouldincludebusinessdegrees,suchastheBBAorBCom,withinformationsystemsasaconcentration. Healthcare[edit] Medicine[edit] IncountriesfollowingBritishtradition(theUniversityofMaltaisanexception),medicalstudentspursueanundergraduatemedicaleducationandreceivebachelor'sdegreesinmedicineandsurgery(MBBChir,MBBS,BMBS,BM,MBChB,etc.). ThiswashistoricallytakenattheuniversitiesofOxford,Cambridge,andDublinaftertheinitialBAdegree,andinOxford,Cambridge,andDublintheBAisstillawardedfortheinitialthreeyearsofmedicalstudy,withtheBMBCh,MBBChir,orMBBChBAO,respectively,beingawardedforthesubsequentclinicalstageoftraining.SomeBritishuniversitiesgiveabachelor'sdegreeinscience,ormedicalscience,midwaythroughthemedicalcourse,andmostallowstudentstointercalateayearofmorespecializedstudyforanintercalatedBachelorofScience(BSc),BachelorofMedicalScience(BMedSc),orBachelorofMedicalBiology(BMedBiol)degreewithhonors. AlthoughnotionallyMBandBSaretwodegrees,theymustbetakentogether.InsomeIrishuniversities,athirddegree,BachelorofArtsinObstetrics(BAO),isadded.However,thisthirddegreeisananachronismfromthe19thcenturyandisnotregisterablewiththeIrishMedicalCouncil.IntheUK,thesequalifications,whileretainingthetitleofbachelor'sdegrees,aremaster'sdegreelevelqualifications.[65] Useofthecourtesytitleofdoctorisattachedtotheprofessionofdoctororphysicianandisgrantedbyregistration,notbyearningthequalifyingdegree.TraineedoctorsintheUKareallowedtousethetitleoncetheybegintheirtrainingandreceiveprovisionalregistration.[66][67][68] TheCanadianMDdegreeis,despiteitsname,classifiedasabachelor'sdegree.[12] Dentistry[edit] Dentistryisofferedbothasanundergraduateandapostgraduatecourse.IncountriesfollowingtheBritishmodel,thefirstdegreeindentistryistheBachelorofDentalSurgery,whichisamaster'sdegreelevelqualificationintheUK.[65]Insomepartsoftheworld,thedoctorateofdentalsurgery(DDS)istheusualundergraduateprogram.PostgraduatecoursessuchastheBachelorofDentistry(BDent)–awardedexclusivelybytheUniversityofSydneyinAustralia–requireapreviousbachelor'sdegree. Midwifery[edit] TheBachelorofMidwiferydegreeisaprofessionaldegreeawardedtostudentswhohavecompleteathree-tofive-year(dependingonthecountry)courseofstudyinmidwifery.CommonabbreviationsincludeBScMid,BM,BMidandBHScMid. Physiotherapy[edit] Physiotherapyisofferedbothasanundergraduateandagraduatecourseofstudy.StudiesleadingtotheBachelorofPhysiotherapy(BPT)degreeusuallyconstitutetheundergraduateprogram.Inthegraduateprogram,coursesleadingtoadegreesuchastheMasterofPhysiotherapydegreeareoffered. IntheCanadianprovinceofQuebec,FrenchuniversitiesofferbothundergraduateandgraduatecoursesleadingtotheprocurementofaBachelorofSciencedegreewithamajorinphysiotherapyandaMasterofSciencedegreespecializedinphysiotherapy.McGillUniversity,theUniversitédeMontréal,andtheUniversitédeSherbrookeareamongthepost-secondaryinstitutionsthatoffersuchprograms. Optometry[edit] Optometryisafour-yearorfive-yearcourse.AlthoughstudentsgraduatewithaBScafterthreeyearsofstudy,passingafurthersupervisedpreregistrationyearisrequiredtobecomeafullyqualifiedoptometrist.TheNationalInstituteofOphthalmicSciencesisamongthepost-secondaryinstitutionsthatoffersuchprograms.ItistheacademicarmofTheTunHusseinOnnNationalEyeHospitalandtheonlyeyehospitalbasedinstitutioninMalaysia. Nursing[edit] TheBachelorofNursingdegreeisathree-tofive-yearundergraduatedegreethatpreparesstudentsforacareerinnursing.Oftenthedegreeisrequiredtogain"registerednurse",orequivalent,status—subjecttocompletionofexamsintheareaofresidence.Sometimes,though,thedegreeisofferedonlytonurseswhoarealreadyregistered.AlternativetitlesincludeBachelorofScienceinNursingandBachelorofNursingScience,withabbreviationsBScN,BNandBNSc. Paramedicine[edit] Paramedicineisofferedbothasanundergraduateandapostgraduatecourseinsomecountries.TheBachelorofParamedicine(BScP,BP,BHScP)isathree-toafive-yearundergraduatedegreethatpreparesstudentsforacareerinparamedicine,paramedicservicesoremergencymedicalservices.CountriessuchasCanada,UnitedKingdom,Ireland,Australia,NewZealandandSouthAfricahaveestablishedparamedicinedegreeprograms.TheUnitedStatesdoesnotrequireadegreeforparamedicinepractice.[citationneeded] Veterinaryscience[edit] TheBachelorofVeterinaryScienceprogramisgenerallyafive-yearcourseofstudythatisrequiredforbecomingaveterinarian.ItisalsoknownastheBachelorofVeterinaryMedicineandSurgeryatsomeuniversities(BVMS).IntheUK,thisisamaster'sdegreelevelqualificationthatretainsthetitleofbachelor'sforhistoricalreasons.[65]IntheUnitedStates,nobachelor'sdegreeofveterinaryscienceisgiven,onlytheDoctorofVeterinaryMedicine(DVM)degreeis. Pharmacy[edit] TheBachelorofPharmacy(BPharm)degreeisacommonundergraduatedegreeforthepracticeofpharmacy.IntheUnitedStates,Canada,andFrance,however,allcollegesofpharmacyhavenowphasedoutthedegreeinfavorofthePharmD,ordoctorofpharmacy,degreeorthePhD,doctorofphilosophy,degreeinpharmacy.Someuniversities,suchastheUniversityofMississippi,awardaBachelorofScienceinPharmaceuticalSciences(BScPSc)degreeasapartoftheseven-yearPharmDprogramafterthecompletionofthefirstfouryears.However,theBScPScdegreedoesnotqualifytherecipientforthepracticeofpharmacy,forwhichstudentsmustearnaPharmDdegree.[citationneeded] Publichealth[edit] Publichealthisusuallystudiedatthemaster'sdegreelevel.AustraliaisoneofthefewcountrieswherestudiesinPublicHealthareavailableatundergraduatelevel.Indeed,AustralianundergraduatestudentsmaymajorinspecificareasofPublicHealthsuchasHealthPromotion/Education,Epidemiology,HealthcareAdministrationandPublicHealthNutrition.TheBachelorofScienceinPublicHealth(BScPH)degreeisafour-yearundergraduatedegreethatpreparesstudentsforcareersinthepublic,private,ornonprofitsectorsinareassuchaspublichealth,environmentalhealth,healthadministration,epidemiology,orhealthpolicyandplanning. Medicalandhealthsciences[edit] TheBachelorofHealthScience(BHSc/BSHS)isaspecializeddegreeawardedtostudentswhosestudieshavefocusedonhealthcare,healthsciences,orhealthprofessions.Specificareasofstudycanincludenursing,radiography,healthcaremanagement,andhealtheducationamongtheotherbroadareasofhealthsciences.SomeBHSc/BSHSprogramsareintendedforprerequisitestudytoprofessionalgraduateprograms,includingphysicaltherapy,physicianassistantstudies,andmedicine.Thedegreeistypicallyawardedfollowingfourtofiveyearsofcollegiatestudy. ThetitleBMedSc,BBioMedSc,BMedScorBVMedScisgrantedtostudentswhohavequalifiedinthefieldofbiomedicalscienceandmedicalscienceorveterinarymedicalsciencerespectively.UniversitiesthatofferthiscourseincludetheUniversityofWesternOntarioinCanada,UniversityofBirminghamintheUKandtheUniversityofNewSouthWales,theUniversityofCanberra,theUniversityofQueensland,theUniversityofSydney,RMITUniversity,FlindersUniversity,GriffithUniversity,MonashUniversity,AustralianNationalUniversityandtheUniversityofMelbourneinAustralia. ThedegreeofBMedSccanbeawardedforstudentscompletinganintercalateddegreewhilststudyingmedicineasanintermediateaward.ThedegreeofBMedScmayalsobeawardedtoanindividualwho,havingfollowedtheprescribedcourseofstudyforthedegreesofMBChB,doesnotcompletetheundergraduateclinicaltraining.Inbrief,thisisnormallyawardedafterthecandidatehascompletedsuccessfullythefirstthreeyearsofanundergraduatemedicaldegreeatcertainUK(andCommonwealth)medicalinstitutions. TheBachelorofScienceinhumanbiologydegreeisawardedbyseveraluniversitiesaroundtheworldandfocusesonbiomedicalresearch,healthcare,biotechbusiness,pharmaceuticalsciences,oracombinationthereof. Kinesiology[edit] TheBachelorofKinesiologydegree(BKorBScK)isaspecializeddegreeinthefieldofhumanmovementandkinetics.SomeschoolsstillofferitundertheaegisofaSchoolofPhysicalEducation(BPEdorBHPEd),although"kinesiology"or"humankinetics"iscurrentlythemorepopularlyacceptedtermforthediscipline. Nutritionanddietetics[edit] BachelorofScienceinNutritionandDietetics(BSND),BachelorofFoodScienceandNutrition(BFSN) Specificareasofstudyincludeclinicalnutrition,foodtechnology,hospitalityandservicesmanagement,research,communityworker,healthcaremanagement,educator,sportsscience,agriculturalsciences,privatepracticeandotheralliedhealthfields. ThedegreeisawardedfollowingfourtosixyearsofcollegiatestudyinAmerica(averagefiveyears),fromthreetofourinEuropeandAustralia.InAmerica(especiallyLatinAmerica),NutritionperseisseparatedfromDietetics,wherethelatterisequivalenttoatechnicaldegree. Aviation[edit] TheBachelorofAviation(BAv)isawardedtostudentswhocompleteafour-yearcourseofstudyinthefieldofaviation. Divinityandtheology[edit] TheBachelorofDivinity,BachelorofTheology,BachelorofReligiousStudies,BachelorofBiblicalStudies,andBachelorofReligiousEducation(BD,BTh,BRS,BBS,andBRE)degreesareawardedoncompletionofaprogramofstudyofdivinityorrelateddisciplines,suchastheology,religiousstudies,orreligiouseducation. TraditionallytheBDwasagraduatedegreeratherthanafirstdegree,andtypicallyemphasisedacademictheology,biblicallanguagesetc.Thishasbecomealesscommonarrangement,butaBDtakesprecedenceoveraPhDinCambridgeUniversity'sorderofseniority. Whilethetheologicalbachelor'sdegreeisgenerallyconferreduponcompletionofafour-yearprogram,itisalsoconferredinsomespecializedthree-yearprograms.Fromthere,thenextlevelofadvancementisgenerallytheMasterofDivinity(MDiv),MasterofTheology(ThM),MasterofReligiousStudies,orMasterofReligiousEducation(MRE)degree.IntheUnitedStatesthe"mainline"Protestantclergytypicallytakeafour-yearbachelor'sdegreeinwhateverfieldtheychoose,thenearntheMDiv(MasterofDivinity)degreeinanadditionalthreeyearsaspartofpreparationforordination. Finearts[edit] TheBachelorofFineArts(BFA)degreeisaspecializeddegreeawardedforcoursesofstudyinthefinearts,frequentlybyanartsschoolorconservatory,althoughitisequallyavailableatasignificantnumberoftraditionalcollegesanduniversities.IncontrasttotheBAorBS,whicharegenerallyconsideredtobeacademicdegrees,theBFAisusuallyreferredtoasaprofessionaldegree,whoserecipientshavegenerallyreceivedfouryearsofstudyandtrainingintheirmajorfieldascomparedtothetwoyearsofstudyinthemajorfieldusuallyfoundinmosttraditionalnon-CommonwealthBachelorofArtsorBachelorofScienceprograms. IntheUnitedStates,theBachelorofFineArtsdegreediffersfromaBachelorofArtsdegreeinthatthemajorityoftheprogramconsistsofapracticalstudiocomponent,ascontrastedwithlectureanddiscussionclasses.AtypicalBFAprogramintheUnitedStatesconsistsoftwo-thirdsstudyinthearts,withone-thirdinmoregeneralliberalartsstudies.ForaBAinart,theratiomightbereversed. Filmandtelevision[edit] TheBachelorofFilmandTelevision(BFTV)degreeisanundergraduatedegreeforthestudyoffilmandtelevisionproductionincludingareasofcinematography,directing,filmproduction,scriptwriting,sound,screenwriting,animation,andtypography. Integratedstudies[edit] TheBachelorofIntegratedStudies(BIS)isaninterdisciplinarybachelor'sdegreeofferedbyseveraluniversitiesintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Itallowsstudentstodesignacustomizedandspecificcourseofstudytobestsuittheireducationalandprofessionalobjectives.Generally,thisdegreeissponsoredbytwoormoredepartmentswithintheuniversity.SchoolswhichconfertheBISdegreeincludetheUniversityofManitoba,PittsburgStateUniversity,UniversityofSouthCarolinaUpstate,WeberStateUniversity,FerrisStateUniversity,ArizonaStateUniversity,UniversityofMinnesota,MiamiUniversity(Ohio),theUniversityofVirginia,theUniversityofNewBrunswick,GeorgeMasonUniversity,andTallinnUniversityofTechnologyamongstothers. Journalism[edit] TheBachelorofJournalism(BAJorBScJ)degreeisaprofessionaldegreeawardedtostudentswhohavestudiedjournalismatafour-yearaccrediteduniversity.Notalluniversities,however,grantthisdegree.IntheUnitedStates,schoolstendtooffertheBAorBSwithamajorinjournalisminstead.Theworld'soldestschoolofjournalismattheUniversityofMissourioffersaBJdegree,nottobeconfusedwiththebachelor'sdegreeinjurisprudenceatOxfordUniversity.InSouthAfrica,RhodesUniversityhastheoldestschoolofjournalisminAfricaandallowsstudentstotakeafourth-yearspecialisationtoraisetheirBAtoBAJstatus,equivalenttoaBA(Hons). Landscapearchitecture[edit] TheBachelorofLandscapeArchitecture(B.L.Arch.)degreeisawardedtostudentswhocompletethefive-(insomecountriesfour-)yearcourseofstudyinthefield. Liberalarts[edit] TheBachelorofLiberalArts,BachelorofGeneralStudies,BachelorofLiberalStudies,BachelorofScienceingeneralstudies,orBachelorofAppliedStudies(BLA,BGS,BLS,BScGS,BAS)degreeissometimesawardedtostudentswhomajorintheliberalarts,ingeneral,orininterdisciplinarystudies.TheBachelorofProfessionalStudiesisawardedtostudentswhomajorinprofessionalcareerstudies. Libraryscience[edit] TheBachelorofLibraryScienceorBachelorofLibraryandInformationScience(BLSc,BLISc)degreeissometimesawardedtostudentswhomajorinlibraryscience,althoughMasterofLibrarySciencedegreesaremorecommon. Music[edit] TheBachelorofMusic(BMus)degreeisaprofessionaloracademicundergraduatedegreeinmusicatmostconservatoriesintheUSandtheUK.Itisalsocommonlyawardedatschoolsofmusicinlargeprivateorpublicuniversities.Areasofstudytypicallyincludemusicperformance,musiceducation,musictherapy,musiccomposition,academicfields(musichistory/musicology,musictheory,ethnomusicology),andmayincludejazz,commercialmusic,recordingtechnology,sacredmusic/musicministry,ormusicbusiness.SmallliberalartscollegesanduniversitieswithoutschoolsofmusicoftenawardonlyBAinmusic,withdifferentsetsofrequirements.(seealso:BFA) Nonprofitstudies[edit] ABachelorofNonprofitandNongovernmentalOrganizationStudiesisamultidisciplinaryfieldthatfocusesonpracticesofthenonprofitsector.Thisareaofinquiryexaminesthemanagementandeffectivenessofthenonprofitsector,andhassub-areasofresearchincludingadministration,marketing,communication,economics,humanresources,philanthropy,ethics,law,informationtechnology,socialentrepreneurship,grantwriting,policy,fundraising,advocacy,volunteerismandcivicengagement. Avarietyofhighereducationinstitutionsandresearchorganizationsarededicatedtotheteachingandresearchofissuesrelatedtothenonprofitsector.Additionally,individualcourseswithinrelateddisciplines(e.g.Business,Sociology,PublicPolicy)examinenonprofitstudiesinavarietyofcontexts. Nonprofitstudiesmayalsorefertostudiesofthevoluntarysector,thirdsector,nongovernmentalorganizations,orcivilsociety. Mortuaryscience[edit] TheBachelorofMortuaryScience(BMS)isaprofessionalundergraduatedegree,awardedbytheCincinnatiCollegeofMortuaryScienceofCincinnati,OhioandSouthernIllinoisUniversityCarbondale.Itwasintroducedin1986anditisawardedtostudentsthatcomplete120semesterhoursofcourseworkandreceivepassingscoresontheNationalBoardExamadministeredbyTheInternationalConferenceofFuneralServiceExaminingBoards.[69] Philosophy[edit] TheBachelorofPhilosophy(BPhil.orPhB)degreeiseitheranundergraduateorgraduatedegree(MPhil).Generally,itentailsindependentresearchorathesis/capstoneproject. Psychology[edit] TheBachelorofPsychologydegree(BPsych,orPsyB;alsoBachelorofArtsorScienceinPsychology,BAPsy,BScPsy)isadegreeawardedtostudentswhohavecompletedaspecializedcourseofstudyinthefieldofpsychology-i.e.asopposedtoabroadmajorinthesubjectwithinageneralBAorBScdegree. VariantsincludetheBachelorofArtsinAppliedPsychology,BachelorofArtsinClinicalPsychology,BachelorofArtsinForensicPsychology,BachelorofArtsinOrganizationalPsychology. Coursestypicallylastfouryears,butmaybeaslongassix.SeePsychologist#Licensingandregulationand#Educationandtraining Publicaffairsandpolicymanagement[edit] TheBachelorofPublicAffairsandPolicyManagement(BPAPM)isafour-yearundergraduatedegreeinpolicystudiesofferedbytheArthurKroegerCollegeofPublicAffairsatCarletonUniversityinOttawa,Canada.Firstintroducedin1999,thedegreewascreatedinresponsetoaevolvingneedswithinthepublicsector,andtheneedtopreparestudentsfordifferentpublicpolicyrelatedchallenges. Education[edit] TheBachelorofEducationdegree(BEd)isafour-yearundergraduateprofessionaldegreeofferedbymanyAmericancollegesanduniversitiesforthosepreparingtobelicensedasteachers.VariantsincludetheBEd,BAEd,BAT(BachelorofArtsforTeaching),andBSTdegrees.PreparationfortheMSineducation,thisdegreeismostoftenreceivedbythoseinterestedinearlychildhood,elementarylevel,andspecialeducation,orbythoseplanningtobeschooladministrators.Secondarylevelteachersoftenmajorintheirsubjectareainstead(i.e.,history,chemistry,ormathematics),withaminorineducation.Somestatesrequireelementaryteacherstochooseasubjectmajoraswell,andminorineducation. InCanada,thebachelorofeducationisatwo-yearprofessionaldegreeinwhichstudentswillspecialiseineitherelementaryorsecondaryeducation,andthatistakenafterthecompletionofathreeorfour-yearbachelor'sdegreewithamajorinateachablesubject,suchasEnglish,French,mathematics,biology,chemistry,orasocialscience.Someuniversitiesalsoofferconcurrent,five-yearprogramswithstudentcompletingbothabachelor'sdegreeinartsorscienceaswellastheirBEd.ThepossessionofaBEdandasecondbachelor'sdegreeisrequiredtoteachinmostpublicanglophoneandfrancophoneschoolsinCanada.TheBEdpreparesteachersforcompletionofeitherMA(MasterofArts)programsineducation,MEd(MasterofEducation)programs,orpostgraduatecertificatesineducation. Sciencewitheducation[edit] TheBachelorofScienceand/withEducationdegree(BScEd)isadegreeawardedtostudentswhocompletethefour-tofive-yearcourseofstudyinthefieldofscience(majorandminoringeneralbiology,chemistry,physics,andmathematics)andeducation.AlthoughnotionallyBScandBEdaretwodegrees,theymustbetakentogether.Thegraduateswillworkasscience(physics,chemistry,biology)teachersinhighschools,aslecturersinpreuniversitycollegesandmatriculationcentersandcanprogresstopostgraduateprograms(MScandPhD)invariousareasinscienceoreducation. Forestry[edit] TheBachelorofScienceinForestry(BScF)isadegreeawardedtostudentswhocompleteathree-yearcourseofstudyinthefieldofforestry. Science[edit] Mainarticle:BachelorofScience TheBachelorofSciencedegrees(BSc,ScB)alongwiththeBachelorofArtsdegreesarethemostcommonundergraduatedegreesgiven.TheBachelorofAppliedArtsandSciences(BAASc)isanundergraduatedegreethatbridgesacademicandwork-lifeexperiences. Scienceinlaw[edit] TheBachelorofScienceinLawdegree(BScL)isaspecial-purposedegreethatallowssomeonewhohashadsomepriorstudiesbuthasnotachievedabachelor'sdegreetoresumehisorhereducationandtakeupthestudyoflawwiththegoalofeventuallyreceivingthejurisdoctordegree. Socialsciences[edit] TheBachelorofSocialScience(BSSc)isathree-orfour-yearundergraduateBritishdegreethatenablesstudentstospecializeintheareaofsocialscience.ComparedtotheBachelorofArts,whichallowsstudentstostudyavastrangeofdisciplines,theBachelorofSocialScienceenablesstudentstodevelopmorecentralandspecializedknowledgeofthesocialsciences.ManyuniversitiesplacetheBachelorofSocialSciencebetweentheBachelorofArtsandBachelorofScienceundergraduatedegrees. Socialwork[edit] Mainarticle:BachelorofSocialServices TheBachelorofSocialWork(BSW)degreeisafour-yearundergraduatedegree.Usuallythefirsttwoyearsconsistofliberalartscoursesandthelasttwoyearsfocusonsocialworkclassesinhumandevelopment,policy/law,research,andpractice.ProgramsaccreditedbytheCouncilonSocialWorkEducationrequireBSWstudentstocompleteaminimumof400fieldeducationorinternshiphours.AccreditedBSWprogramsoftenallowstudentswhoareinterestedinobtainingaMasterofSocialWorkdegreetocompletethedegreeinashorteramountoftimeorwaivecourses. InLatinAmerica,thisisafourtofive-yeardegreethatcanreplaceliberalartssubjectsintohealthsciences,resultinginsocialworkasatypeofcommunitypsychologyandsocioeconomicstudies,focusedinhospitals,prisons,orpedagogy,amongothers. Technology[edit] TheBachelorofTechnologydegree(BTech)isathree-orfour-yearundergraduatedegree.Generally,theprogramiscomparabletoaBachelorofSciencedegreeprogram,whichisadditionallysupplementedbyeitheroccupationalplacements(supervisedpracticalorinternships)orpractice-basedclassroomcourses. Law[edit] TheBachelorofLaws(LLB)istheprincipalacademicdegreeinlawinmostcommonlawcountriesotherthantheUnitedStates,andanglophoneCanada,whereithasbeensupersededbythejurisdoctor(JD)degree. Talmudiclaw[edit] TheBachelorofTalmudicLawdegree(BTL)oraFirstTalmudicDegree(FTD)isthedegreeawardedinmostYeshivasaroundtheUnitedStates. Tourismstudies[edit] TheBachelorofTourismStudies(BTS)degreeisawardedtothosewhocompletethefour-orfive-yearcourseofstudyintourism,lawsregardingtourism,planninganddevelopment,marketing,economics,sociology,anthropology,artsandworldhistory(dependentonthecountryinwhichonetakesthecourse),ticketing,hospitality,computerapplications,andmuchmore.Thecoursewouldhaveaninterdisciplinaryapproachwithavastrangeofunitssothetourismologistprofessionalwouldbeabletoidentifynecessaryactionstowardasustainabletouristicenvironmentfocusonlocalcommunityuniqueness,valuesandtraditions. Astourismisagrowingindustry,inIndiathereisalotofopportunityforthosewhocompletethiscourseofstudy.ItisavailableinselectuniversitiesofIndia. Mathematics[edit] TheBachelorofMathematicsorBachelorofMathematicalSciencesdegree(BMathandBMathSc)isgivenattheconclusionofafour-yearhonorsprogramorathree-yeargeneralprogram.Severaluniversities,mostlyinCanadaandAustralia,awardsuchdegrees.TheusualdegreeformathematicsinallothercountriesistheBSc. Urbanandregionalplanning[edit] TheBachelorofUrbanandRegionalPlanningorBachelorofUrbanPlanningorjustBachelorofPlanningdegree(BURP,BUP,orBPlan)isadegreeofferedatsomeinstitutionsasafourorfive-year[70]professionalundergraduatedegreeinurbanplanning.Programsvaryintheirfocusonstudioworkandmayormaynotinvolveprofessionalpractice. Innovation[edit] TheBachelorofInnovationisafour-yeardegreeinarangeofdifferentfields.[71][72]Themajorfields,inengineeringbusiness,arts,scienceoreducation,aresimilartotheirassociatedBAorBScdegrees.Thegeneraleducationelementsarerestructuredtoprovideacommoncoreofinnovation,entrepreneurshipandteamskills.[73]Thedegreewascreatedasadirectresponsetotheincreasingpaceofinnovationintoday'ssocietyandtheneedforgraduatesthatunderstandingeffectiveteaming,aswellastheinnovationprocess. 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^"BachelorofScience(Honours),CoursesandPrograms".TheUniversityofQueensland,Australia.Retrieved4September2011. ^NotetheAustraliandegreeisa"masters",nota"master's"inofficialdocuments ^AustraliaCountryEducationProfiles(PDF).AustralianGovernmentDepartmentofEducationandTraining.2015.pp. 10–11.ISBN 978-1-76028-290-5.Retrieved11November2016. ^"EuropeanUnion".NewZealandQualificationsAuthority.Retrieved1November2018. ^"DesignandIndustry,SanFranciscoStateUniversity".Archivedfromtheoriginalon28June2013.Retrieved2July2013. ^"ListofMajors:OfficeoftheUniversityRegistrar:UniversityofDelaware".Udel.edu.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29May2010.Retrieved8July2010. ^"ElectricalandComputerEngineering|UniversityofWaterloo".Ece.uwaterloo.ca.Retrieved8July2010. ^abc"TheFrameworksforHigherEducationQualificationsofUKDegree-AwardingBodies"(PDF).QualityAssuranceAgency.November2014.p. 29.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on5March2016.Retrieved9November2016.Firstdegreesinmedicine,dentistryandveterinarysciencecompriseanintegratedprogrammeofstudyandprofessionalpracticespanningseverallevels.Whilethefinaloutcomesofthequalificationsthemselvestypicallymeettheexpectationsofthedescriptorforahighereducationqualificationatlevel7/level11,thesequalificationsmayoftenretain,forhistoricalreasons,titlesofBachelorofMedicine/BachelorofSurgery,BachelorofDentalSurgery,BachelorofVeterinaryMedicine,orBachelorofVeterinaryScienceandareabbreviatedtoMBChBorBMBS,BDS,BVetMed,andBVSc,respectively. ^"Medicine".Debrett's.Retrieved18September2016. ^"TheFrameworksforHigherEducationQualificationsofUKDegree-AwardingBodies"(PDF).QualityAssuranceAgency.October2014.p. 29.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on5March2016.Retrieved1October2016. ^"MedicalTrainingintheUK".BritishMedicalAssociation.28September2012.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10October2016.Retrieved20September2016.IndividualsinF1postsreceiveasalaryandareallowedtousethecourtesytitle'Dr'. ^"Bachelor".Ccms.edu.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13August2011.Retrieved4September2011. ^"BachelorofUrbanPlanning".CollegeofDesign,Architecture,ArtandPlanning,UniversityofCincinnati.Retrieved3April2015. ^Boult,T.E.,Chamillard,A.T.,Lewis,R.,Polok,N.,Stock,G.,&Wortman,D.(2009).InnovationsinUniversityEducationinInnovation:MovingBeyondtheBScInternationalJournalofInnovationScience,1(4),167–178. ^Wits,W.W.,Bakker,H.M.,&Chechurin,L.S.(2012).Towardsmultidisciplinarysupporttoolsforinnovationtasks.ProcediaCIRP,2,16–21 ^"WhatistheBI?".Retrieved29June2015. Externallinks[edit] College.gov,USDepartmentofEducation "EducationandLearning:Bachelor'sDegrees:QualificationsExplained"UKGovernmentsitelistingqualificationsforbachelor'sdegreesintheUK "MeaningoftheBaccalaureate",NationalForumonCollegeLevelLearning(US)StatisticalPilotStudyoftheBaccalaureate(2004) vteLevelsofacademicdegreeUndergraduateISCEDlevel5 Associatedegree Foundationdegree HigherNationalDiploma/​DiplomaofHigherEducation/​CertificateofHigherEducation ISCEDlevel6 Bachelor'sdegree Honoursdegree PostgraduateISCEDlevel7 Master'sdegree Postgraduatediploma/​certificate Diplomdegree Engineer'sdegree ISCEDlevel8 Doctorate CandidateofSciences OtherPostdoctoral Higherdoctorate Doktornauk Habilitation Docent Tenure Fellow Nodominantclassification Academiccertificate Laurea Licentiate Magisterdegree Professionaldegree Graduatediploma/​certificate Higherdiploma Specialistdegree/​diploma Terminaldegree Unearned Honorarydegree Adeundemdegree AuthoritycontrolGeneral IntegratedAuthorityFile(Germany) Nationallibraries Ukraine Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bachelor%27s_degree&oldid=1061801233" Categories:Bachelor'sdegreesAcademicdegreesoftheUnitedStatesHiddencategories:ArticleswithFrench-languagesources(fr)WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksCS1maint:archivedcopyastitleArticleswithGreek-languagesources(el)CS1errors:missingperiodicalArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUsedmydatesfromMarch2020ArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromDecember2010AllarticlesneedingadditionalreferencesAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJuly2014ArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromNovember2021ArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromFebruary2015WikipediaarticlesneedingclarificationfromFebruary2017ArticlescontainingChinese-languagetextArticlescontainingMalay(macrolanguage)-languagetextArticlescontainingKorean-languagetextArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromDecember2020ArticlescontainingGreek-languagetextArticlescontainingHungarian-languagetextArticlescontainingRussian-languagetextArticlescontainingUkrainian-languagetextArticlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsfromDecember2005AllarticlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsArticlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsfrom2006ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromDecember2018ArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromNovember2016ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromMarch2019ArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithEMUidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk Variants expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages العربيةAzərbaycancaবাংলাБашҡортсаБеларускаяБеларуская(тарашкевіца)БългарскиCatalàČeštinaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoفارسیFrançaisFrysk贛語한국어Հայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiIdoBahasaIndonesiaItalianoעבריתJawaKiswahiliКыргызчаLietuviųMagyarമലയാളംمصرىNederlandsनेपाली日本語NorskbokmålNorsknynorskOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаPapiamentuPolskiPortuguêsРусскийShqipSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaکوردیСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSundaSuomiSvenskaதமிழ்ไทยТоҷикӣTürkçeУкраїнськаاردوئۇيغۇرچە/UyghurcheTiếngViệtWalon吴语粵語中文 Editlinks