Xinjiang - Wikipedia

Xinjiang officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) and formerly romanized as Sinkiang, is a landlocked autonomous region of the People's ... Xinjiang FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch AutonomousregioninnorthwestChina "UyghurChina"redirectshere.ForhistoricalUyghurstatesandpolities,seeHistoryoftheUyghurpeople. Forotheruses,seeXinjiang(disambiguation). AutonomousregioninChinaXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegionAutonomousregionName transcription(s) • Chinese新疆维吾尔自治区(XīnjiāngWéiwú'ěrZìzhìqū) • AbbreviationXJ/新(Pinyin:Xīn) • Uyghurشىنجاڭئۇيغۇرئاپتونومرايونى‎ • Uyghurtransl.ShinjangUyghurAptonomRayoniClockwisefromtop: SkylineofÜrümqi CityPlanningExhibitionHall,Kashgar FlamingMountains,Turpan Hotan KarakulLakeandMuztaghAta LocationofXinjiangwithinChinaCoordinates:41°N85°E/41°N85°E/41;85Coordinates:41°N85°E/41°N85°E/41;85Country ChinaCapitalandlargestcityÜrümqiDivisions14prefectures,99counties,1005townshipsGovernment • TypeAutonomousregion • BodyXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegionalPeople'sCongress • CPCSecretaryMaXingrui • CongressChairmanShewketImin • GovernmentChairmanErkinTuniyaz • CPPCCChairmanNurlanAbilmazhinulyArea[1] • Total1,664,897 km2(642,820 sq mi) • Rank1stHighest elevation(MountK2)8,611 m(28,251 ft)Lowest elevation(LakeAyding[2])−154 m(−505 ft)Population (2020Census)[3] • Total25,852,345 • Rank21st • Density16/km2(40/sq mi)  • Rank29thDemographics[4] • Ethnic composition(2020Census)44.96%Uyghur42.24%Han15.80%Other • Languages anddialectsUyghur(official)[5]Mandarin(official)KazakhKyrgyzOiratMongolian43otherlanguagesISO3166codeCN-XJGDP(2020)CN¥1.38trillionUS$200billion(25th)[6]GDPpercapitaCN¥53,371US$7,735(21st)GDPgrowth3.4%HDI(2019)0.732[7](high)(22nd)WebsiteXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion ThisarticlecontainsUyghurtext.Withoutproperrenderingsupport,youmayseeunjoinedlettersorothersymbolsinsteadofUyghurscript. Xinjiang(/ʃɪnˈdʒæŋ/),[note1]officiallytheXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion[8](XUAR)andformerlyromanizedasSinkiang,isalandlockedautonomousregionofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC),locatedinthenorthwestofthecountryclosetoCentralAsia.Beingthelargestprovince-leveldivisionofChinaandthe8th-largestcountrysubdivisionintheworld,Xinjiangspansover1.6 millionsquarekilometres(620,000 sq mi)andhasabout25millioninhabitants.[1][9]XinjiangbordersthecountriesofMongolia,Russia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan,Afghanistan,PakistanandIndia.TheruggedKarakoram,KunlunandTianShanmountainrangesoccupymuchofXinjiang'sborders,aswellasitswesternandsouthernregions.TheAksaiChinandTrans-KarakoramTractregions,bothadministeredbyChina,areclaimedbyIndia.XinjiangalsoborderstheTibetAutonomousRegionandtheprovincesofGansuandQinghai.Themostwell-knownrouteofthehistoricSilkRoadranthroughtheterritoryfromtheeasttoitsnorthwesternborder. Itishometoanumberofethnicgroups,includingtheTurkicUyghur,KazakhsandKyrgyz,theHan,Tibetans,Hui,ChineseTajiks(Pamiris),Mongols,RussiansandSibe.[10]TherearemorethanadozenautonomousprefecturesandcountiesforminoritiesinXinjiang.OlderEnglish-languagereferenceworksoftenrefertotheareaasChineseTurkestan,[11][12]EastTurkestan[13]andEastTurkistan.[14] XinjiangisdividedintotheDzungarianBasininthenorthandtheTarimBasininthesouthbyamountainrange,andonlyabout9.7%ofXinjiang'slandareaisfitforhumanhabitation.[15] Withadocumentedhistoryofatleast2,500years,asuccessionofpeopleandempireshaveviedforcontroloverallorpartsofthisterritory.TheterritorycameundertheruleoftheQingdynastyinthe18thcentury,laterreplacedbytheRepublicofChinagovernment.Since1949andtheChineseCivilWar,ithasbeenpartofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.In1954,XinjiangProductionandConstructionCorps(XPCC)wasestablishedtostrengthenborderdefenseagainsttheSovietUnionandpromotethelocaleconomybysettlingsoldiersintotheregion.[16]In1955,Xinjiangwasadministrativelychangedfromaprovinceintoanautonomousregion.Inrecentdecades,abundantoilandmineralreserveshavebeenfoundinXinjianganditiscurrentlyChina'slargestnaturalgas-producingregion. Fromthe1990stothe2010s,theEastTurkestanindependencemovement,separatistconflictandtheinfluenceofradicalIslamhaveresultedinunrestintheregionwithoccasionalterroristattacksandclashesbetweenseparatistandgovernmentforces.[17][18]TheseconflictshavepromptedtheChinesegovernmenttosetupinternmentcampsintheregion,reportedlyattemptingtoforceitsMuslimpopulationtoabandonthefaiththroughthoughtreform.[19][20][21][22] Contents 1Names 2Description 3History 3.1Earlyhistory 3.2Islamization 3.3Mongolperiod 3.4Qingdynasty 3.4.1Yettishar 3.5RepublicofChina 3.6People'sRepublicofChina 4Administrativedivisions 4.1Urbanareas 5Geographyandgeology 5.1Mountainsystemsandbasins 5.2Mountainpasses 5.3Geology 5.4Centerofthecontinent 5.5Riversandlakes 5.6Time 5.7Deserts 5.8Majorcities 5.9Climate 6Politics 6.1Humanrightsabuses 7Economy 7.1Agricultureandfishing 7.2Miningandminerals 7.3Foreigntrade 7.4EconomicandTechnologicalDevelopmentZones 8Culture 8.1Media 9Demographics 9.1Vitalstatistics 9.2Religion 10Sports 11Transportation 11.1Roads 11.2Rail 12EastTurkestanindependencemovement 13Seealso 14Notes 15References 15.1Citations 15.2Sources 16Furtherreading 17Externallinks Names[edit] Xinjiang"Xīnjiāng"inChinesecharactersChinesenameChinese新疆HanyuPinyinXīnjiāng PostalSinkiangLiteralmeaning"NewFrontier"TranscriptionsStandardMandarinHanyuPinyinXīnjiāngBopomofoㄒㄧㄣ   ㄐㄧㄤGwoyeuRomatzyhShinjiangWade–GilesHsin1-chiang1TongyongPinyinSinjiangYaleRomanizationSyīnjyāngMPS2ShinjihangIPA[ɕín.tɕjáŋ]otherMandarinXiao'erjingسٍكِيْاDunganЩинҗёнHakkaRomanizationSîn-kiôngYue:CantoneseYaleRomanizationSān'gēungJyutpingSan1goeng1IPA[sɐ́n.kœ́ːŋ]SouthernMinHokkienPOJSin-kiongTeochewPeng'imSing-kiangEasternMinFuzhouBUCSĭng-giŏngXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegionSimplifiedChinese新疆维吾尔自治区Traditional Chinese新疆維吾爾自治區HanyuPinyinXīnjiāngWéiwú'ěrZìzhìqū PostalSinkiangUyghurAutonomousRegionTranscriptionsStandardMandarinHanyuPinyinXīnjiāngWéiwú'ěrZìzhìqūBopomofoㄒㄧㄣ   ㄐㄧㄤㄨㄟˊ   ㄨˊ   ㄦˇㄗˋ   ㄓˋ   ㄑㄩGwoyeuRomatzyhShinjiangWeiwueelTzyhjyhchiuWade–GilesHsin1-chiang1Wei2-wu2-êrh3Tzŭ4-chih4-chʻü1TongyongPinyinSinjiangWéiwú'ěrZìhjhìhcyuYaleRomanizationSyīnjyāngWéiwúěrDz̀jr̀chyūMPS2ShinjiangWheihuelTzyhgukhickhuIPA[ɕín.tɕjáŋ wěi.ǔ.àɚ tsɹ̩̂.ʈʂɻ̩̂.tɕʰý]otherMandarinXiao'erjingسٍكِيْاوِءُعَرذِجِٿُوُDunganЩинҗёнУйгурЗыҗычүWuRomanizationsincianvingelzyzychiuHakkaRomanizationSîn-kiôngVì-ngâ-ngìTshṳ-tshṳ-khîSouthernMinHokkienPOJSin-kiongÛi-ngô͘-níChū-tī-khuTeochewPeng'imSing-kiangJûi-û-jéuTsĕu-tī-khuEasternMinFuzhouBUCSĭng-giŏngMì-ngù-īCê̤ṳ-dê-kṳ̆TibetannameTibetanཞིན་ཅང་ཡུ་གུར་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས།TranscriptionsWyliezhincangyugurrangskyongljongsMongoliannameMongolianCyrillicШиньжянУйгурынөөртөөзасахоронMongolianscriptᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠶᠠᠩᠤᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤᠣᠷᠤᠨTranscriptionsSASM/GNCSinjiyaŋUyiɣur-unöbertegenjasaquorun(Classical)Shin'jyanUigurynöörtöözasakhoron(Khalkha)UyghurnameUyghurشىنجاڭئۇيغۇرئاپتونومرايونى‎TranscriptionsLatinYëziqiShinjangUyghurAptonomRayoniYengiYeziⱪXinjangUyƣurAptonomRayoniSASM/GNCXinjangUyĝurAptonomRayoniSirilYëziqiШинҗаңУйғурАптономРайониManchunameManchuscriptᡳᠴᡝᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨᡠᡳᡤᡠᡵᠪᡝᠶᡝᡩᠠᠰᠠᠩᡤᠠᡤᠣᠯᠣMöllendorffIceJecenUigurbeyedasanggagoloRussiannameRussianСиньцзянRomanizationSin'tsjanKazakhnameKazakhشينجياڭۇيعۇراۆتونوميالىرايونىShyńjańUıǵyraýtonomııalyqaýdanyKyrgyznameKyrgyzشئنجاڭۇيعۇراپتونومرايونۇШинжаң-УйгуравтономрайонуŞincañ-UyğuravtonomrayonuOiratnameOiratᠱᡅᠨᡓᡅᡕᠠᡊᡇᡕᡅᡎᡇᠷᡅᠨᡄᡋᡄᠷᡄᡃᠨᠴᠠᠰᠠᡍᡇᡆᠷᡇᠨŠinǰiyangUyiγur-inebereenzasaquorunXibenameXibeᠰᡞᠨᡪᠶᠠᡢᡠᡞᡤᡠᠷᠪᡝᠶᡝᡩᠠᠰᠠᡢᡤᠠᡤᠣᠯᠣSinjyangUigurbeyedasanggagolo ThegeneralregionofXinjianghasbeenknownbymanydifferentnamesinearliertimes,inindigenouslanguagesaswellasotherlanguages.ThesenamesincludeAltishahr,thehistoricalUyghurnameforthesouthernhalfoftheregionreferringto"thesixcities"oftheTarimBasin,aswellasKhotan,Khotay,ChineseTartary,HighTartary,EastChagatay(itwastheeasternpartoftheChagataiKhanate),Moghulistan("landoftheMongols"),Kashgaria,LittleBokhara,Serindia(duetoIndianculturalinfluence)[23]and,inChinese,"WesternRegions".[24] InChinese,undertheHandynasty,XinjiangwasknownasXiyu(西域),meaning"WesternRegions".Betweenthe2ndcenturyBCEand2ndcenturyCEtheHanEmpireestablishedtheProtectorateoftheWesternRegionsorXiyuProtectorate(西域都護府)inanefforttosecuretheprofitableroutesoftheSilkRoad.[25]TheWesternRegionsduringtheTangerawereknownasQixi(磧西).QireferstotheGobiDesertwhileXireferstothewest.TheTangEmpirehadestablishedtheProtectorateGeneraltoPacifytheWestorAnxiProtectorate(安西都護府)in640tocontroltheregion. DuringtheQingdynasty,thenorthernpartofXinjiang,DzungariawasknownasZhunbu(準部,"Dzungarregion")andthesouthernTarimBasinwasknownasHuijiang(回疆,"MuslimFrontier").BothregionsmergedafterQingdynastysuppressedtheRevoltoftheAltishahrKhojasin1759andbecametheregionof"XiyuXinjiang"(Chinese:西域新疆;lit.'WesternRegions'NewFrontier'),latersimplifiedas"Xinjiang"/"Sinkiang"(Chinese:新疆,Manchu:ᡳᠴᡝ ᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ,Romanization:icejecen).TheofficialnamewasgivenduringthereignoftheGuangxuEmperorin1878.[26]AccordingtoChinesestatesmanZuoZongtang'sreporttotheGuangxuEmperor,Xinjiangmeansan"oldlandnewlyreturned"(故土新歸)orthe"newoldland".[note2]Infact,theterm"Xinjiang"wasusedinmanyotherplacesconquered,butneverwereruledbyChineseempiresdirectlyuntilthegradualGaituGuiliuadministrativereform,includingregionsinSouthernChina.[28]Forinstance,present-dayJinchuanCountyinSichuanwasthenknownas"JinchuanXinjiang",ZhaotonginYunnanwasnameddirectlyas"Xinjiang",Qiandongnanregion,AnshunandZhenningwerenamedas"LiangyouXinjiang"etc.[29] In1955,XinjiangProvincewasrenamed"XinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion".Thenamethatwasoriginallyproposedwassimply"XinjiangAutonomousRegion".SaifuddinAzizi,thefirstchairmanofXinjiang,registeredhisstrongobjectionstotheproposednamewithMaoZedong,arguingthat"autonomyisnotgiventomountainsandrivers.Itisgiventoparticularnationalities."Asaresult,theadministrativeregionwouldbenamed"XinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion".[30] Description[edit] Dzungaria(Red)andtheTarimBasinorAltishahr(Blue) NorthernXinjiang(JunggarBasin)(Yellow),EasternXinjiang-TurpanDepression(TurpanPrefectureandHamiPrefecture)(Red)andAltishahr/theTarimBasin(Blue) PhysicalmapshowingtheseparationofDzungariaandtheTarimBasin(Altishahr)bytheTienShanMountains Xinjiangconsistsoftwomaingeographically,historicallyandethnicallydistinctregionswithdifferenthistoricalnames,DzungarianorthoftheTianshanMountainsandtheTarimBasinsouthoftheTianshanMountains,beforeQingChinaunifiedthemintoonepoliticalentitycalledXinjiangProvincein1884.AtthetimeoftheQingconquestin1759,Dzungariawasinhabitedbysteppedwelling,nomadicTibetanBuddhistDzungarpeople,whiletheTarimBasinwasinhabitedbysedentary,oasisdwelling,Turkic-speakingMuslimfarmers,nowknownastheUyghurpeople.Theyweregovernedseparatelyuntil1884.ThenativeUyghurnamefortheTarimBasinisAltishahr. TheQingdynastywaswellawareofthedifferencesbetweentheformerBuddhistMongolareatothenorthoftheTianShanandtheTurkicMuslimareasouthoftheTianShanandruledtheminseparateadministrativeunitsatfirst.[31]However,QingpeoplebegantothinkofbothareasaspartofonedistinctregioncalledXinjiang.[32]TheveryconceptofXinjiangasonedistinctgeographicidentitywascreatedbytheQing.Itwasoriginallynotthenativeinhabitantswhovieweditthatway,butrathertheChinesewhoheldthatpointofview.[33]DuringtheQingrule,nosenseof"regionalidentity"washeldbyordinaryXinjiangpeople;rather,Xinjiang'sdistinctidentitywasgiventotheregionbytheQing,sinceithaddistinctgeography,historyandculture,whileatthesametimeitwascreatedbytheChinese,multicultural,settledbyHanandHuiandseparatedfromCentralAsiaforoveracenturyandahalf.[34] Inthelate19thcentury,itwasstillbeingproposedbysomepeoplethattwoseparateregionsbecreatedoutofXinjiang,theareanorthoftheTianshanandtheareasouthoftheTianshan,whileitwasbeingarguedoverwhethertoturnXinjiangintoaprovince.[35] Xinjiangisalarge,sparselypopulatedarea,spanningover1.6millionkm2(comparableinsizetoIran),whichtakesupaboutonesixthofthecountry'sterritory.XinjiangborderstheTibetAutonomousRegionandIndia'sLehdistrictinLadakhtothesouth,QinghaiandGansuprovincestotheeast,Mongolia(Bayan-Ölgii,Govi-AltaiandKhovdProvinces)totheeast,Russia'sAltaiRepublictothenorthandKazakhstan(AlmatyandEastKazakhstanRegions),Kyrgyzstan(Issyk-Kul,NarynandOshRegions),Tajikistan'sGorno-BadakhshanAutonomousRegion,Afghanistan'sBadakhshanProvinceandPakistan'sGilgit-Baltistantothewest. Theeast-westchainoftheTianShanseparateDzungariainthenorthfromtheTarimBasininthesouth.DzungariaisadrysteppeandtheTarimBasincontainsthemassiveTaklamakanDesert,surroundedbyoases.IntheeastistheTurpanDepression.Inthewest,theTianShansplit,formingtheIliRivervalley. History[edit] Earlyhistory[edit] Partofaseriesonthe HistoryofXinjiang Ancientperiod Tocharians Yuezhi Xiongnu WesternRegions (HanProtectorate;ChiefOfficials) KingdomofKhotan FormerLiang FormerQin LaterLiang WesternLiang Gaochang Rouran FirstTurkicKhaganate WesternTurkicKhaganate EasternTurkicKhaganate SecondTurkicKhaganate Medievalandearlymodernperiod TangProtectorates(West;Beiting) TibetanEmpire UyghurKhaganate Kara-KhanidKhanate KingdomofQocho WesternLiao MongolEmpire(Yuan;ChagataiKhanate) Moghulistan MingruledKaraDel YarkentKhanate DzungarKhanate KumulKhanate Yettishar Qingrule (Dzungargenocide DunganRevolt) Modernperiod XinjiangProvince,RepublicofChina (Xinjiangclique 1stEastTurkestanRepublic 2ndEastTurkestanRepublic) XinjiangProvince,People'sRepublicofChina XinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion (ProductionandConstructionCorps Xinjiangconflict Xinjianginternmentcamps/Uyghurgenocide) vte Mainarticle:HistoryofXinjiang Furtherinformation:WesternRegions,KingdomofKhotan,ShuleKingdom,Shanshan,Saka,Tocharians,andSogdia MapofHanDynastyin2CE.LightblueistheTarimBasinprotectorate. TheearliestinhabitantsoftheregionencompassingmoderndayXinjiang,weregeneticallyofNortheastAsianandPaleo-Siberianorigin,withlatergeneflowduringtheBronzeAgelinkedtotheexpansionofearlyIndo-Europeans.Thesepopulationdynamicsgaverisetoaheterogeneousdemographicmakeup.AncientsamplesfromXinjiangduringtheBronzeAge,showedhigheraffinitywithPaleo-SiberiansthanEuropeans,suggestingthatthespreadofIndo-European(Tocharian)languageswasmorelinguistically,thanethnically.LinguisticevidencerevealedthatIndo-Europeanlanguagesspokenintheregion(specificallyTocharian),showedhighamountsofinfluencefromPaleosiberianlanguages,[36]suchasUralicandYeniseianlanguages.IronAgesamplesfromXinjiang,whilebeingofmixedancestry,weregenerallyclosertoNortheastAsians.InthelateIronAge,geneflowfrom"Yellowriverfarmers"increasedthroughoutXinjiang,associatedwithHanChinese.[37][38][39] Between2009and2015,theremainsof92individualsintheXiaoheCemeterywereanalyzedforYchromosomeandmitochondrialDNAmarkers.GeneticanalysesofthemummiesshowedthatthematernallineagesoftheXiaohepeopleoriginatedfrombothEastAsiaandWestEurasia;thepaternallineagesalloriginatedinSiberia.[40]TheearliestTarimpeopleappeartohavearisenfromadmixturebetweenlocalsofAncientNorthEurasianandNortheastAsiansdescent.TheTarimmummieshavebeenfoundinvariouslocationsinthewesternTarimBasinsuchasLoulan,theXiaoheTombcomplex,andQäwrighul.ThesemummieshavebeenpreviouslysuggestedtohavebeenTocharianorIndo-European-speakers,butrecentevidencesuggestthatthemummiesbelongedtoadistinctpopulationunrelatedtoIndo-Europeanpastoralists,suchasAfanasievo,andspokeaunknownlanguage,probablyalanguageisolate.[41] NomadictribessuchastheYuezhi,Saka,andWusunwereprobablypartofthemigrationofIndo-EuropeanspeakerswhohadsettledinwesternCentralAsia.BythetimetheHandynastyunderEmperorWu(r.141–87BC)wrestedthewesternTarimBasinawayfromitspreviousoverlords(theXiongnu),itwasinhabitedbyvariouspeopleswhoincludedtheIndo-EuropeanspeakingTochariansinTurfanandKucha,aswellastheSakapeoplescenteredintheShuleKingdomandtheKingdomofKhotan,Tibeto-Burmesegroups,especiallypeoplerelatedtotheQiang,aswellasHanChinese.[42] Yuezhicultureisdocumentedintheregion.ThefirstknownreferencetotheYuezhiwasin645BCbytheChinesechancellorGuanZhonginhiswork,Guanzi(管子,GuanziEssays:73:78:80:81).HedescribedtheYúshì,禺氏(orNiúshì,牛氏),asapeoplefromthenorth-westwhosuppliedjadetotheChinesefromthenearbymountains(alsoknownasYushi)inGansu.[43]Thelongtimejadesupply[44]fromtheTarimBasiniswell-documentedarchaeologically:"ItiswellknownthatancientChineserulershadastrongattachmenttojade.AllofthejadeitemsexcavatedfromthetombofFuhaooftheShangdynasty,morethan750pieces,werefromKhotaninmodernXinjiang.Asearlyasthemid-firstmillenniumBC,theYuezhiengagedinthejadetrade,ofwhichthemajorconsumersweretherulersofagriculturalChina."[45] CrossedbytheNorthernSilkRoad,[46]theTarimandDzungariaregionswereknownastheWesternRegions.AtthebeginningoftheHandynasty(206BC –220AD)theregionwasruledbytheXiongnu,apowerfulnomadicpeoplebasedinpresent-dayMongolia.Duringthe2ndcenturyBC,theHandynastypreparedforwaragainstXiongnuwhenEmperorWuofHandispatchedZhangQiantoexplorethemysteriouskingdomstothewestandformanalliancewiththeYuezhiagainsttheXiongnu.Asaresultofthewar,theChinesecontrolledthestrategicregionfromtheOrdosandGansucorridortoLopNor.TheyseparatedtheXiongnufromtheQiangpeopleonthesouth,andgaineddirectaccesstotheWesternRegions.HanChinasentZhangQianasanenvoytothestatesoftheregion,beginningseveraldecadesofstrugglebetweentheXiongnuandHanChinainwhichChinaeventuallyprevailed.In60BC,HanChinaestablishedtheProtectorateoftheWesternRegions(西域都護府)atWulei(烏壘,nearmodernLuntai),tooverseetheregionasfarwestasthePamirMountains.TheprotectoratewasseizedduringthecivilwaragainstWangMang(r.AD9–23),returningtoHancontrolin91duetotheeffortsofgeneralBanChao. OldUyghur/YugurartfromtheBezeklikmurals TheTarimBasininthe3rdcenturyAD TheWesternJindynastysuccumbedtosuccessivewavesofinvasionsbynomadsfromthenorthatthebeginningofthe4thcentury.Theshort-livedkingdomsthatrulednorthwesternChinaoneaftertheother,includingFormerLiang,FormerQin,LaterLiang,andWesternLiáng,allattemptedtomaintaintheprotectorate,withvaryingdegreesofsuccess.AfterthefinalreunificationofnorthernChinaundertheNorthernWeiempire,itsprotectoratecontrolledwhatisnowthesoutheasternregionofXinjiang.LocalstatessuchasShule,Yutian,GuiziandQiemocontrolledthewesternregion,whilethecentralregionaroundTurpanwascontrolledbyGaochang,remnantsofastate(NorthernLiang)thatonceruledpartofwhatisnowGansuprovinceinnorthwesternChina. ASogdianmanonaBactriancamel.Sancaiceramicstatuette,Tangdynasty DuringtheTangdynasty,aseriesofexpeditionswereconductedagainsttheWesternTurkicKhaganateandtheirvassals:theoasisstatesofsouthernXinjiang.[47]CampaignsagainsttheoasisstatesbeganunderEmperorTaizongwiththeannexationofGaochangin640.[48]ThenearbykingdomofKarasahrwascapturedbytheTangin644,andthekingdomofKuchawasconqueredin649.[49]TheTangDynastythenestablishedtheProtectorateGeneraltoPacifytheWest(安西都護府),orAnxiProtectorate,in640tocontroltheregion. DuringtheAnshiRebellion,whichnearlydestroyedtheTangdynasty,TibetinvadedtheTangonabroadfrontfromXinjiangtoYunnan.ItoccupiedtheTangcapitalofChang'anin763for16days,andcontrolledsouthernXinjiangbytheendofthecentury.TheUyghurKhaganatetookcontrolofnorthernXinjiang,muchofCentralAsia,andMongoliaatthesametime. AsTibetandtheUyghurKhaganatedeclinedinthemid-9thcentury,theKara-KhanidKhanate(aconfederationofTurkictribesincludingtheKarluks,ChigilsandYaghmas)[50]controlledwesternXinjiangduringthe10thand11thcenturies.AftertheUyghurKhaganateinMongoliawasdestroyedbytheKirghizin840,branchesoftheUyghursestablishedthemselvesinQocha(Karakhoja)andBeshbalik(nearpresent-dayTurfanandUrumchi).TheUyghurstateremainedineasternXinjianguntilthe13thcentury,althoughitwasruledbyforeignoverlords.TheKara-KhanidsconvertedtoIslam.TheUyghurstateineasternXinjiang,initiallyManichean,laterconvertedtoBuddhism. RemnantsoftheLiaodynastyfromManchuriaenteredXinjiangin1132,fleeingrebellionbytheneighboringJurchens.Theyestablishedanewempire,theQaraKhitai,whichruledtheKara-Khanid-andUyghur-heldpartsoftheTarimBasinforthenextcentury.AlthoughKhitanandChineseweretheprimaryadministrativelanguages,PersianandUyghurwerealsoused.[51] Islamization[edit] PartofaseriesonIslaminChina HistoryofIslaminChina Bydynasty Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing Rebellionsandrevolts Jahriyyarevolt PanthayRebellion(1856–73) FirstDunganrevolt(1862–77) SecondDunganrevolt(1895–96) AfaqiKhojarevolts Post-dynasticChina 1911–present Majorfigures HajiNoor HuDahai HuiLiangyu HuSongshan LiuZhi MaAnliang MaBufang MaBuqing MaFuxiang MaGui MaHualong MaLaichi MaMingxin MaQixi MaYize Yeheidie'erding YusufMaDexin WangDaiyu ZhengHe Culture Cuisine(Uyghur) HanKitab Mosques Sini UyghurArabic Xiao'erjing IslamicAssociationofChina CitiesRegions HongKong Kashgar Linxia Macau Ningxia Xinjiang Xunhua Groups Hui Uyghurs Kazakhs Dongxiangs Kyrgyz Salar Bonans Tajiks Uzbeks Tatars Utsul Tibetans  Islamportal• Chinaportalvte Present-dayXinjiangconsistedoftheTarimBasinandDzungaria,andwasoriginallyinhabitedbyIndo-EuropeanTochariansandIranianSakaswhopracticedBuddhismandZoroastrianism.TheTurfanandTarimBasinswereinhabitedbyspeakersofTocharianlanguages,[52]withCaucasianmummiesfoundintheregion.[53]TheareabecameIslamifiedduringthe10thcenturywiththeconversionoftheKara-KhanidKhanate,whooccupiedKashgar.Duringthemid-10thcentury,theSakaBuddhistKingdomofKhotanwasattackedbytheTurkicMuslimKarakhanidrulerMusa;theKarakhanidleaderYusufQadirKhanconqueredKhotanaround1006.[54] Mongolperiod[edit] Seealso:YarkentKhanate Mongolstatesfromthe14thtothe17thcenturies:theNorthernYuandynasty,FourOirat,MoghulistanandKaraDel AfterGenghisKhanunifiedMongoliaandbeganhisadvancewesttheUyghurstateintheTurpan-UrumchiregionoffereditsallegiancetotheMongolsin1209,contributingtaxesandtroopstotheMongolimperialeffort.Inreturn,theUyghurrulersretainedcontroloftheirkingdom;GenghisKhan'sMongolEmpireconqueredtheQaraKhitaiin1218.XinjiangwasastrongholdofÖgedeiKhanandlatercameunderthecontrolofhisdescendant,Kaidu.ThisbranchoftheMongolfamilykepttheYuandynastyatbayuntiltheirruleended. DuringtheMongolEmpireeratheYuandynastyviedwiththeChagataiKhanateforruleoftheregion,andthelattercontrolledmostofit.AftertheChagataiKhanatedividedintosmallerkhanatesduringthemid-14thcentury,thepolitically-fracturedregionwasruledbyanumberofPersianizedMongolKhans,includingthosefromMoghulistan(withtheassistanceoflocalDughlatemirs),Uigurstan(laterTurpan),andKashgaria.TheseleaderswarredwitheachotherandtheTimuridsofTransoxianatothewestandtheOiratstotheeast:thesuccessorChagatairegimebasedinMongoliaandChina.Duringthe17thcentury,theDzungarsestablishedanempireovermuchoftheregion. TheMongolianDzungarswerethecollectiveidentityofseveralOirattribeswhichformed,andmaintained,oneofthelastnomadicempires.TheDzungarKhanatecoveredDzungaria,extendingfromthewesternGreatWallofChinatopresent-dayeasternKazakhstanandfrompresent-daynorthernKyrgyzstantosouthernSiberia.Mostoftheregionwasrenamed"Xinjiang"bytheChineseafterthefalloftheDzungarEmpire,whichexistedfromtheearly17thtothemid-18thcentury. TheDzungar–QingWars,betweentheQingDynastyandtheDzungarKhanate ThesedentaryTurkicMuslimsoftheTarimBasinwereoriginallyruledbytheChagataiKhanate,andthenomadicBuddhistOiratMongolsinDzungariaruledtheDzungarKhanate.TheNaqshbandiSufiKhojas,descendantsofMuhammad,hadreplacedtheChagatayidKhansasrulersoftheTarimBasinduringtheearly17thcentury.TherewasastrugglebetweentwoKhojafactions:theAfaqi(WhiteMountain)andtheIshaqi(BlackMountain).TheIshaqidefeatedtheAfaqi,andtheAfaqKhojainvitedthe5thDalaiLama(theleaderoftheTibetans)tointerveneonhisbehalfin1677.TheDalaiLamathencalledonhisDzungarBuddhistfollowersintheDzungarKhanatetoactontheinvitation.TheDzungarKhanateconqueredtheTarimBasinin1680,settinguptheAfaqiKhojaastheirpuppetruler.AfterconvertingtoIslam,thedescendantsofthepreviously-BuddhistUyghursinTurfanbelievedthatthe"infidelKalmuks"(Dzungars)builtBuddhistmonumentsintheirregion.[55] Qingdynasty[edit] Mainarticle:XinjiangunderQingrule TheBattleofOroi-Jalatuin1756,betweentheManchuandOiratarmies TheQingEmpireca.1820 Scenefromthe1828QingcampaignagainstrebelsinAltishahr TheTurkicMuslimsoftheTurfanandKumuloasesthensubmittedtotheQingdynasty,andaskedChinatofreethemfromtheDzungars;theQingacceptedtheirrulersasvassals.TheywarredagainsttheDzungarsfordecadesbeforedefeatingthem;QingManchuBannermenthenconductedtheDzungargenocide,nearlyeradicatingthemanddepopulatingDzungaria.TheQingfreedtheAfaqiKhojaleaderBurhan-ud-dinandhisbrother,KhojaJihan,fromDzungarimprisonmentandappointedthemtoruletheTarimBasinasQingvassals.TheKhojabrothersrenegedontheagreement,declaringthemselvesindependentleadersoftheTarimBasin.TheQingandtheTurfanleaderEminKhojacrushedtheirrevolt,andby1759ChinacontrolledDzungariaandtheTarimBasin. TheManchuQingdynastygainedcontrolofeasternXinjiangasaresultofalongstrugglewiththeDzungarswhichbeganduringthe17thcentury.In1755,withthehelpoftheOiratnobleAmursana,theQingattackedGhuljaandcapturedtheDzungarkhan.AfterAmursana'srequesttobedeclaredDzungarkhanwentunanswered,heledarevoltagainsttheQing.QingarmiesdestroyedtheremnantsoftheDzungarKhanateoverthenexttwoyears,andmanyHanChineseandHuimovedintothepacifiedareas.[56] ThenativeDzungarOiratMongolssufferedgreatlyfromthebrutalcampaignsandasimultaneoussmallpoxepidemic.WriterWeiYuandescribedtheresultingdesolationinpresent-daynorthernXinjiangas"anemptyplainforseveralthousandli,withnoOiratyurtexceptthosesurrendered."[57]Ithasbeenestimatedthat80percentofthe600,000(ormore)Dzungarsdiedfromacombinationofdiseaseandwarfare,[58]andrecoverytookgenerations.[59] HanandHuimerchantswereinitiallyonlyallowedtotradeintheTarimBasin;theirsettlementintheTarimBasinwasbanneduntilthe1830MuhammadYusufKhojainvasion,whentheQingrewardedmerchantsforfightingoffKhojabyallowingthemtosettleinthebasin.[60]TheUyghurMuslimSayyidandNaqshbandiSufirebeloftheAfaqisuborder,JahangirKhojawasslicedtodeath(Lingchi)in1828bytheManchusforleadingarebellionagainsttheQing.AccordingtoRobertMontgomeryMartin,manyChinesewithavarietyofoccupationsweresettledinDzungariain1870;inTurkestan(theTarimBasin),however,onlyafewChinesemerchantsandgarrisonsoldierswereinterspersedwiththeMuslimpopulation.[61] The1765UshrebellionbytheUyghursagainsttheManchubeganafterUyghurwomenwererapedbytheservantsandsonofManchuofficialSu-cheng.[62]Itwassaidthat"UshMuslimshadlongwantedtosleepon[Suchengandson's]hidesandeattheirflesh"becauseofthemonths-longabuse.[63]TheManchuemperororderedthemassacreoftheUyghurrebeltown;QingforcesenslavedtheUyghurchildrenandwomen,andkilledtheUyghurmen.[64]SexualabuseofUyghurwomenbyManchusoldiersandofficialstriggereddeepUyghurhostilityagainstManchurule.[65] Yettishar[edit] Mainarticle:Yettishar YakubBeg,rulerofYettishar Bythe1860s,XinjianghadbeenunderQingruleforacentury.Theregionwascapturedin1759fromtheDzungarKhanate,[66]whosepopulation(theOirats)becamethetargetsofgenocide.Xinjiangwasprimarilysemi-aridordesertandunattractivetonon-tradingHansettlers,andothers(includingtheUyghurs)settledthere. TheDunganRevoltbytheMuslimHuiandotherMuslimethnicgroupswasfoughtinChina'sShaanxi,NingxiaandGansuprovincesandinXinjiangfrom1862to1877.Theconflictledtoareported20.77 milliondeathsduetomigrationandwar,withmanyrefugeesdyingofstarvation.[67][failedverification]ThousandsofMuslimrefugeesfromShaanxifledtoGansu;someformedbattalionsineasternGansu,intendingtoreconquertheirlandsinShaanxi.WhiletheHuirebelswerepreparingtoattackGansuandShaanxi,YaqubBeg(anUzbekorTajikcommanderoftheKokandKhanate)fledfromthekhanatein1865afterlosingTashkenttotheRussians.BegsettledinKashgar,andsooncontrolledXinjiang.Althoughheencouragedtrade,builtcaravansareis,canalsandotherirrigationsystems,hisregimewasconsideredharsh.TheChinesetookdecisiveactionagainstYettishar;anarmyunderGeneralZuoZongtangrapidlyapproachedKashgaria,reconqueringiton16May1877.[68] 19th-centuryKhotanUyghursinYettishar AfterreconqueringXinjianginthelate1870sfromYaqubBeg,[69]theQingdynastyestablishedXinjiang("newfrontier")asaprovincein1884[70] –makingitpartofChina,anddroppingtheoldnamesofZhunbu(準部,DzungarRegion)andHuijiang(Muslimland).[71][72] AfterXinjiangbecameaChineseprovince,theQinggovernmentencouragedtheUyghurstomigratefromsouthernXinjiangtootherareasoftheprovince(suchastheregionbetweenQitaiandthecapital,largelyinhabitedbyHanChinese,andÜrümqi,Tacheng(Tabarghatai),Yili,Jinghe,KurKaraUsu,Ruoqiang,LopNorandthelowerTarimRiver.[73] RepublicofChina[edit] Seealso:HistoryoftheRepublicofChina;XinjiangProvince,RepublicofChina;FirstEastTurkestanRepublic;andSecondEastTurkestanRepublic KuomintanginXinjiang,1942 In1912,theQingdynastywasreplacedbytheRepublicofChina.YuanDahua,thelastQinggovernorofXinjiang,fled.Oneofhissubordinates,YangZengxin,tookcontroloftheprovinceandaccededinnametotheRepublicofChinainMarchofthatyear.Balancingmixedethnicconstituencies,YangcontrolledXinjianguntilhis1928assassinationaftertheNorthernExpeditionoftheKuomintang.[74] GovernorShengShicairuledfrom1933to1944. TheKumulRebellionandothersbrokeoutthroughoutXinjiangduringtheearly1930sagainstJinShuren,Yang'ssuccessor,involvingUyghurs,otherTurkicgroupsandHui(Muslim)Chinese.JinenlistedWhiteRussianstocrushtherevolts.IntheKashgarregionon12November1933,theshort-livedFirstEastTurkestanRepublicwasself-proclaimedafterdebateaboutwhetheritshouldbecalled"EastTurkestan"or"Uyghuristan".[75][76]TheregionclaimedbytheETRencompassedtheKashgar,KhotanandAksuPrefecturesinsouthwesternXinjiang.[77]TheChineseMuslimKuomintang36thDivision(NationalRevolutionaryArmy)defeatedthearmyoftheFirstEastTurkestanRepublicinthe1934BattleofKashgar,endingtherepublicafterChineseMuslimsexecuteditstwoemirs:AbdullahBughraandNurAhmadJanBughra.TheSovietUnioninvadedtheprovince;itwasbroughtunderthecontrolofnortheastHanwarlordShengShicaiafterthe1937XinjiangWar.ShengruledXinjiangforthenextdecadewithsupportfromtheSovietUnion,manyofwhoseethnicandsecuritypoliciesheinstituted.TheSovietUnionmaintainedamilitarybaseintheprovinceanddeployedseveralmilitaryandeconomicadvisors.ShenginvitedagroupofChineseCommuniststoXinjiang(includingMaoZedong'sbrother,MaoZemin),butexecutedthemallin1943infearofaconspiracy.In1944,PresidentandPremierofChinaChiangKai-shek,informedbytheSovietUnionofShicai'sintentiontojoinit,transferredhimtoChongqingastheMinisterofAgricultureandForestrythefollowingyear.[78]DuringtheIliRebellion,theSovietUnionbackedUyghurseparatiststoformtheSecondEastTurkestanRepublic(2ndETR)intheIliregionwhilemostofXinjiangremainedunderKuomintangcontrol.[75] People'sRepublicofChina[edit] Seealso:IncorporationofXinjiangintothePeople'sRepublicofChinaandMigrationtoXinjiang TheSoviet-backedSecondEastTurkestanRepublicencompassedXinjiang'sIli,TarbagatayandAltaydistricts. ThePeople'sLiberationArmyenteredXinjiangin1949,whenKuomintangcommanderTaoZhiyueandgovernmentchairmanBurhanShahidisurrenderedtheprovincetothem.[76]FiveETRleaderswhoweretonegotiatewiththeChineseaboutETRsovereigntydiedinanaircrashthatyearintheKazakhSovietSocialistRepublic.[79] ThePRCautonomousregionwasestablishedon1October1955,replacingtheprovince;[76]thatyear(thefirstmoderncensusinChinawastakenin1953),Uyghurswere73percentofXinjiang'stotalpopulationof5.11million.[30]AlthoughXinjiangwasdesignateda"UygurAutonomousRegion"since1954,morethan50percentofitsareaisdesignatedautonomousareasfor13nativenon-Uyghurgroups.[80]ModernUyghursdevelopedethnogenesisin1955,whenthePRCrecognizedformerlyseparatelyself-identifiedoasispeoples.[81]Inthe1950sGeneralWangZhencoercedthousandsofHunanesewomenintosexualservitudeatPLAunitsinXinjiang.[82] SouthernXinjiangishometomostoftheUyghurpopulation,aboutninemillionpeople,outofatotalpopulationoftwentymillion;fifty-fivepercentoftheHanpopulation,mainlyurban,liveinnorthernXinjiang.[83][84]Thiscreatedaneconomicimbalance,sincethenorthernJungharbasin(Dzungaria)ismoredevelopedthanthesouth.[85] SinceChineseeconomicreformsincethelate1970shasexacerbatedunevenregionaldevelopment,moreUyghurshavemigratedtoXinjiang'scitiesandsomeHanhavemigratedtoXinjiangforeconomicadvancement.DengXiaopingmadeanine-dayvisittoXinjiangin1981anddescribedtheregionas"unsteady".[86]IncreasedethniccontactandlaborcompetitioncoincidedwithUyghurterrorismsincethe1990s,suchasthe1997Ürümqibusbombings.[87] In2000,Uyghurswere45percentofXinjiang'spopulationand13percentofÜrümqi'spopulation.WithninepercentofXinjiang'spopulation,Ürümqiaccountsfor25percentoftheregion'sGDP;manyruralUyghurshavemigratedtothecityforworkinitslight,heavyandpetrochemicalindustries.[88]HaninXinjiangareolder,better-educatedandworkinhigher-payingprofessionsthantheirUyghurcounterparts.HanaremorelikelytocitebusinessreasonsformovingtoÜrümqi,whilesomeUyghurscitelegaltroubleathomeandfamilyreasonsformovingtothecity.[89]HanandUyghursareequallyrepresentedinÜrümqi'sfloatingpopulation,whichworksprimarilyincommerce.Auto-segregationinthecityiswidespreadinresidentialconcentration,employmentrelationshipsandendogamy.[90]In2010,UyghurswereamajorityintheTarimBasinandapluralityinXinjiangasawhole.[91] Xinjianghas81publiclibrariesand23museums,comparedtononein1949.Ithas98newspapersin44languages,comparedwithfourin1952.Accordingtoofficialstatistics,theratioofdoctors,medicalworkers,clinicsandhospitalbedstothegeneralpopulationsurpassesthenationalaverage;theimmunizationratehasreached85percent%.[92] TheongoingXinjiangconflict[93][94]includesthe2007Xinjiangraid,[95]athwarted2008suicide-bombingattemptonaChinaSouthernAirlinesflight,[96]the2008Kashgarattackwhichkilled16policeofficersfourdaysbeforetheBeijingOlympics,[97][98]theAugust2009syringeattacks,[99]the2011Hotanattack,[100]the2014Kunmingattack,[101]theApril2014Ürümqiattack,[102]andtheMay2014Ürümqiattack.[103]SeveraloftheattackswereorchestratedbytheTurkistanIslamicParty(formerlytheEastTurkestanIslamicMovement),identifiedasaterroristgroupbyseveralentities(includingRussia,[104]Turkey,[105][106]theUnitedKingdom,[107]theUnitedStatesuntilOctober2020,[108][109]andtheUnitedNations).[110] In2014,ChineseCommunistParty(CCP)leadershipinXinjiangcommencedaPeople'sWaragainstthe"ThreeEvilForces"ofseparatism,terrorism,andextremism.TheydeployedtwohundredthousandpartycadrestoXinjiangandthelaunchedtheCivilServant-FamilyPairUpprogram.XiwasdissatisfiedwiththeinitialresultsofthePeople'sWarandreplacedZhangChunxianwithChenQuanguoin2016.FollowinghisappointmentChenoversawtherecruitmentoftensofthousandsofadditionalpoliceofficersandthedivisionofsocietyintothreecategories:trusted,average,untrustworthy.Heinstructedhissubordinatedto"Takethiscrackdownasthetopproject,"and"topreëmpttheenemy,tostrikeattheoutset."FollowingameetingwithXiinBeijingChenQuanguoheldarallyinÜrümqiwithtenthousandtroops,helicopters,andarmoredvehicles.Astheyparadedheannounceda"smashing,obliteratingoffensive,"anddeclaredthattheywould"burythecorpsesofterroristsandterrorgangsinthevastseaofthePeople'sWar."[111] ChineseauthoritieshaveoperatedinternmentcampstoindoctrinateUyghursandotherMuslimsaspartofthePeople'sWarsinceatleast2017.[112][113]Thecampshavebeencriticizedbyanumberofcountriesandhuman-rightsorganizationsforabuseandmistreatment,withsomeallegingUyghurgenocide.[114]In2020,CCPGeneralSecretaryXiJinpingsaid:"Practicehasproventhattheparty'sstrategyforgoverningXinjiangintheneweraiscompletelycorrect."[115] In2021thestandardUyghurlanguagetextbooksusedinXinjiangsincetheearly2000swereoutlawedandtheirauthorsandeditorssentencedtodeathorlifeimprisonment.Thetextbookshadbeencreatedandapprovedbyrelevantgovernmentofficials,howeveraccordingtotheAPin2021theChinesegovernmentsaidthatthe"2003and2009editionsofthetextbookscontained84passagespreachingethnicseparatism,violence,terrorismandreligiousextremismandthatseveralpeoplewereinspiredbythebookstoparticipateinabloodyanti-governmentriotintheregionalcapitalUrumqiin2009."ShirzatBawudun,theformerheadoftheXinjiangdepartmentofjustice,andSattarSawut,theformerheadoftheXinjiangeducationdepartment,weresentencedtodeathonterrorismandextremismcharges.[116]Threeothereducatorsandtwotextbookeditorsweregivenlessersentences.[117]ChenwasreplacedasCommunityPartySecretaryforXinjiangbyMaXingruiinDecember2021.[118] Administrativedivisions[edit] Foramorecomprehensivelist,seeListofadministrativedivisionsofXinjiangandListoftownship-leveldivisionsofXinjiang. Xinjiangisdividedintothirteenprefecture-leveldivisions:fourprefecture-levelcities,sixprefecturesandfiveautonomousprefectures(includingthesub-provincialautonomousprefectureofIli,whichinturnhastwoofthesevenprefectureswithinitsjurisdiction)forMongol,Kazakh,KyrgyzandHuiminorities.Attheendoftheyear2017,thetotalpopulationofXinjiangwas24.45million.[119] Thesearethendividedinto13districts,25county-levelcities,62countiesand6autonomouscounties.Tenofthecounty-levelcitiesdonotbelongtoanyprefectureandaredefactoadministeredbytheXinjiangProductionandConstructionCorps.Sub-leveldivisionsoftheXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegionisshownintheadjacentpictureanddescribedinthetablebelow: AdministrativedivisionsofXinjiang Ürümqi K a r a m a y Turpan Hami ChangjiHuiAP (Changji) BortalaMongolAP BayingolinMongolAP AksuPrefecture KizilsuKyrgyzAP KashgarPrefecture HotanPrefecture IliKazakhAP TachengPrefecture AltayPrefecture ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ⑪ ①Shihezi ②Aral ③Tumxuk ④Wujiaqu ⑤Beitun ⑥Tiemenguan ⑦Shuanghe ⑧Kokdala ⑨Kunyu ⑩Huyanghe ⑪Xinxing █XPCC/Bingtuanadministeredcounty-leveldivisions █SubordinatetoIliKazakhA.P. ☐DisputedareasclaimedbyIndiaandadministeredbyChina(seeSino-Indianborderdispute) Divisioncode[120] Division Areainkm2[121] Population2010[122] Seat Divisions[123] Districts Counties Aut.counties CLcities 650000 XinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion 1664900.00 21,813,334 Ürümqicity 13 61 6 27 650100 Ürümqicity 13787.90 3,110,280 TianshanDistrict 7 1 650200 Karamaycity 8654.08 391,008 KaramayDistrict 4 650400 Turpancity 67562.91 622,679 GaochangDistrict 1 2 650500 Hamicity 142094.88 572,400 YizhouDistrict 1 1 1 652300 ChangjiHuiAutonomousPrefecture 73139.75 1,428,592 Changjicity 4 1 2 652700 BortalaMongolAutonomousPrefecture 24934.33 443,680 Bolecity 2 2 652800 BayingolinMongolAutonomousPrefecture 470954.25 1,278,492 Korlacity 7 1 1 652900 AksuPrefecture 127144.91 2,370,887 Aksucity 7 2 653000 KizilsuKyrgyzAutonomousPrefecture 72468.08 525,599 Artuxcity 3 1 653100 KashgarPrefecture 137578.51 3,979,362 Kashicity 10 1 1 653200 HotanPrefecture 249146.59 2,014,365 Hotancity 7 1 654000 IliKazakhAutonomousPrefecture 56381.53* 2,482,627* Yiningcity 7* 1* 3* 654200 TachengPrefecture* 94698.18 1,219,212 Tachengcity 4 1 2 654300 AltayPrefecture* 117699.01 526,980 Altaycity 6 1 659000 XinjiangProductionandConstructionCorps 13055.57 1,481,165 Ürümqicity 11 659001 Shihezicity   (8thDivision) 456.84 635,582 HongshanSubdistrict 1 659002 Aralcity   (1stDivision) 5266.00 190,613 JinyinchuanRoadSubdistrict 1 659003 Tumxukcity   (3rdDivision) 2003.00 174,465 QiganqueleSubdistrict 1 659004 Wujiaqucity   (6thDivision) 742.00 90,205 RenminRoadSubdistrict 1 659005 Beituncity   (10thDivision) 910.50 86,300 XinchengSubdistrict 1 659006 Tiemenguancity   (2ndDivision) 590.27 50,000 ChengquSubdistrict 1 659007 Shuanghecity   (5thDivision) 742.18 53,800 Tasierhaitown 1 659008 Kokdalacity   (4thDivision) 979.71 75,000 JieliangziSubdistrict 1 659009 Kunyucity   (14thDivision) 687.13 45,200 Kunyutown 1 659010 Huyanghecity   (7thDivision) 677.94 80,000 Gongqingtown 1 659011 Xinxingcity   (13rdDivision) town 1   Sub-provincialprefecture  XinjiangProductionandConstructionCorpscities *–AltayPrefectureorTachengPrefecturearesubordinatetoIliPrefecture./ThepopulationorareafiguresofIlidonotincludeAltayPrefectureorTachengPrefecturewhicharesubordinatetoIliPrefecture. AdministrativedivisionsinUyghur,Chineseandvarietiesofromanizations English Uyghur SASM/GNCUyghurPinyin Chinese Pinyin XinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion شىنجاڭئۇيغۇرئاپتونومرايونى‎ XinjangUyĝurAptonomRayoni 新疆维吾尔自治区 XīnjiāngWéiwú'ěrZìzhìqū Ürümqicity ئۈرۈمچىشەھىرى‎ ÜrümqiXäĥiri 乌鲁木齐市 WūlǔmùqíShì Karamaycity قارامايشەھىرى‎ K̂aramayXäĥiri 克拉玛依市 KèlāmǎyīShì Turpancity تۇرپانشەھىرى‎ TurpanXäĥiri 吐鲁番市 TǔlǔfānShì Hamicity قۇمۇلشەھىرى‎ K̂umulXäĥiri 哈密市 HāmìShì ChangjiHuiAutonomousPrefecture سانجىخۇيزۇئاپتونومئوبلاستى‎ SanjiHuyzuAptonomOblasti 昌吉回族自治州 ChāngjíHuízúZìzhìzhōu BortalaMongolAutonomousPrefecture بۆرتالاموڭغۇلئاپتونومئوبلاستى‎ BörtalaMongĝulAptonomOblasti 博尔塔拉蒙古自治州 Bó'ěrtǎlāMěnggǔZìzhìzhōu BayingolinMongolAutonomousPrefecture بايىنغولىنموڭغۇلئاپتونومئوبلاستى‎ BayinĝolinMongĝulAptonomOblasti 巴音郭楞蒙古自治州 BāyīnguōlèngMěnggǔZìzhìzhōu AksuPrefecture ئاقسۇۋىلايىتى‎ Ak̂suVilayiti 阿克苏地区 ĀkèsūDìqū KizilsuKirghizAutonomousPrefecture قىزىلسۇقىرغىزئاپتونومئوبلاستى‎ K̂izilsuK̂irĝizAptonomOblasti 克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州 KèzīlèsūKē'ěrkèzīZìzhìzhōu KashiPrefecture قەشقەرۋىلايىتى‎ K̂äxk̂ärVilayiti 喀什地区 KāshíDìqū HotanPrefecture خوتەنۋىلايىتى‎ HotänVilayiti 和田地区 HétiánDìqū IliKazakhAutonomousPrefecture ئىلىقازاقئاپتونومئوبلاستى‎ IliK̂azak̂AptonomOblasti 伊犁哈萨克自治州 YīlíHāsàkèZìzhìzhōu TachengPrefecture تارباغاتايۋىلايىتى‎ TarbaĝatayVilayiti 塔城地区 TǎchéngDìqū AltayPrefecture ئالتايۋىلايىتى‎ AltayVilayiti 阿勒泰地区 ĀlètàiDìqū Shihezicity شىخەنزەشەھىرى‎ XihänzäXäĥiri 石河子市 ShíhézǐShì Aralcity ئارالشەھىرى‎ AralXäĥiri 阿拉尔市 Ālā'ěrShì Tumxukcity تۇمشۇقشەھىرى‎ Tumxuk̂Xäĥiri 图木舒克市 TúmùshūkèShì Wujiaqucity ۋۇجياچۈشەھىرى‎ VujyaqüXäĥiri 五家渠市 WǔjiāqúShì Beituncity بەيتۈنشەھىرى‎ BäatünXäĥiri 北屯市 BěitúnShì Tiemenguancity باشئەگىمشەھىرى‎ BaxägymXäĥiri 铁门关市 TiĕménguānShì Shuanghecity قوشئۆگۈزشەھىرى‎ K̂oxögüzXäĥiri 双河市 ShuānghéShì Kokdalacity كۆكدالاشەھىرى‎ KökdalaXäĥiri 可克达拉市 KěkèdálāShì Kunyucity قۇرۇمقاششەھىرى‎ KurumkaxXäĥiri 昆玉市 KūnyùShì Huyanghecity خۇياڭخېشەھىرى‎ HuyanghêXäĥiri 胡杨河市 HúyánghéShì Xinxingcity شىنشىڭشەھىرى‎ XinxingXäĥiri 新星市 XīnxīngShì Urbanareas[edit] Populationbyurbanareasofprefecture&countycities # City Urbanarea[124] Districtarea[124] Cityproper[124] Censusdate 1 Ürümqi 2,853,398 3,029,372 3,112,559 2010-11-01 2 Korla 425,182 549,324 partofBayingolinPrefecture 2010-11-01 3 Yining 368,813 515,082 partofIliPrefecture 2010-11-01 4 Karamay 353,299 391,008 391,008 2010-11-01 5 Shihezi 313,768 380,130 380,130 2010-11-01 6 Hami[i] 310,500 472,175 572,400 2010-11-01 7 Kashi 310,448 506,640 partofKashiPrefecture 2010-11-01 8 Changji 303,938 426,253 partofChangjiPrefecture 2010-11-01 9 Aksu 284,872 535,657 partofAksuPrefecture 2010-11-01 10 Usu 131,661 298,907 partofTachengPrefecture 2010-11-01 11 Bole 120,138 235,585 partofBortalaPrefecture 2010-11-01 12 Hotan 119,804 322,300 partofHotanPrefecture 2010-11-01 13 Altay 112,711 190,064 partofAltayPrefecture 2010-11-01 14 Turpan[ii] 89,719 273,385 622,903 2010-11-01 15 Tacheng 75,122 161,037 partofTachengPrefecture 2010-11-01 16 Wujiaqu 75,088 96,436 96,436 2010-11-01 17 Fukang 67,598 165,006 partofChangjiPrefecture 2010-11-01 18 Aral 65,175 158,593 158,593 2010-11-01 19 Artux 58,427 240,368 partofKizilsuPrefecture 2010-11-01 (–) Beitun[iii] 57,889 57,889 57,889 2010-11-01 (–) Kokdala[iv] 57,537 57,537 57,537 2010-11-01 (–) Shuanghe[v] 53,565 53,565 53,565 2010-11-01 (–) Korgas[vi] 51,462 51,462 partofIliPrefecture 2010-11-01 (–) Kunyu[vii] 36,399 36,399 36,399 2010-11-01 20 Tumxuk 34,808 135,727 135,727 2010-11-01 (–) Tiemenguan[viii] 30,244 30,244 30,244 2010-11-01 21 Kuytun 20,805 166,261 partofIliPrefecture 2010-11-01 (–) Alashankou[ix] 15,492 15,492 partofBortalaPrefecture 2010-11-01 ^HamiPrefectureiscurrentlyknownasHamiPLCaftercensus;HamiCLCiscurrentlyknownasYizhouaftercensus. ^TurpanPrefectureiscurrentlyknownasTurpanPLCaftercensus;TurpanCLCiscurrentlyknownasGaochangaftercensus. ^BeitunCLCwasestablishedfrompartsofAltayCLCaftercensus. ^KokdalaCLCwasestablishedfrompartsofHuochengCountyaftercensus. ^ShuangheCLCwasestablishedfrompartsofBoleCLCaftercensus. ^KorgasCLCwasestablishedfrompartsofHuochengCountyaftercensus. ^KunyuCLCwasestablishedfrompartsofHotanCounty,PishanCounty,MoyuCounty,&QiraCountyaftercensus. ^TiemenguanCLCwasestablishedfrompartsofKorlaCLCaftercensus. ^AlashankouCLCwasestablishedfrompartsofBoleCLC&JingheCountyaftercensus. Geographyandgeology[edit] ClosetoKarakoramHighwayinXinjiang. XinjiangisthelargestpoliticalsubdivisionofChina,accountingformorethanonesixthofChina'stotalterritoryandaquarterofitsboundarylength.Xinjiangismostlycoveredwithuninhabitabledesertsanddrygrasslands,withdottedoasesconducivetohabitationaccountingfor9.7%ofXinjiang'stotalareaby2015[15]atthefootofTianShan,KunlunMountainsandAltaiMountains,respectively. Mountainsystemsandbasins[edit] Thissectiondoesnotciteanysources.Pleasehelpimprovethissectionbyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(July2019)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) XinjiangissplitbytheTianShanmountainrange(تەڭرىتاغ‎,TengriTagh,ТәңриТағ),whichdividesitintotwolargebasins:theDzungarianBasininthenorthandtheTarimBasininthesouth.AsmallV-shapedwedgebetweenthesetwomajorbasins,limitedbytheTianShan'smainrangeinthesouthandtheBorohoroMountainsinthenorth,isthebasinoftheIliRiver,whichflowsintoKazakhstan'sLakeBalkhash;anevensmallerwedgefarthernorthistheEminValley. PamirMountainsandMuztaghAta. OthermajormountainrangesofXinjiangincludethePamirMountainsandKarakoraminthesouthwest,theKunlunMountainsinthesouth(alongtheborderwithTibet)andtheAltaiMountainsinthenortheast(sharedwithMongolia).Theregion'shighestpointisthemountainK2,aneight-thousanderlocated8,611meters(28,251 ft)abovesealevelintheKarakoramMountainsontheborderwithPakistan. TaklamakanDesert MuchoftheTarimBasinisdominatedbytheTaklamakanDesert.NorthofitistheTurpanDepression,whichcontainsthelowestpointinXinjiangandintheentirePRC,at155meters(509 ft)belowsealevel. TheDzungarianBasinisslightlycooler,andreceivessomewhatmoreprecipitation,thantheTarimBasin.Nonetheless,it,too,hasalargeGurbantünggütDesert(alsoknownasDzoosotoynElisen)initscenter. TheTianShanmountainrangemarkstheXinjiang-KyrgyzstanborderattheTorugartPass(3752m).TheKarakorumhighway(KKH)linksIslamabad,PakistanwithKashgarovertheKhunjerabPass. Mountainpasses[edit] Fromsouthtonorth,themountainpassesborderingXinjiangare: MountainpassesborderingXinjiang 山口 MountainPass Coordinate Elev. Appendix 喀喇昆仑山口 KarakoramPass 35°30′48″N77°49′23″E/35.513333°N77.823056°E/35.513333;77.823056 5540m - 图尔吉斯坦拉山口 TurkistanLaPass 35°39′24″N76°51′38″E/35.656667°N76.860556°E/35.656667;76.860556 - WindyGap WindyGap 35°52′23″N76°34′37″E/35.87318°N76.57692°E/35.87318;76.57692 6111m - 东木斯塔山口 MustaghPass 35°50′24″N76°15′00″E/35.840000°N76.250000°E/35.840000;76.250000 5422m - SarpoLaggoPass SarpoLaggoPass 35°49′24″N76°09′45″E/35.8234°N76.16249°E/35.8234;76.16249 6013m - WestMuztaghpass WestMuztaghpass 35°51′12″N76°08′33″E/35.8532°N76.1424°E/35.8532;76.1424 - 红其拉甫口岸 KhunjerabPass 36°51′00″N75°25′40″E/36.850000°N75.427778°E/36.850000;75.427778 4693m - ParpikPass ParpikPass 36°57′N75°21′E/36.95°N75.35°E/36.95;75.35 5467m - MutsjligaPass MutsjligaPass 36°58′25″N75°17′50″E/36.97374°N75.2973°E/36.97374;75.2973 5314m - 明铁盖达坂 MintakaPass 37°00′14″N74°51′04″E/37.0039°N74.8511°E/37.0039;74.8511 4709m - 克里克达坂 KilikPass 37°04′45″N74°40′20″E/37.0792°N74.6722°E/37.0792;74.6722 4827m - 瓦根基达坂 WakhjirPass 37°05′53″N74°29′05″E/37.098°N74.4848°E/37.098;74.4848 4837m - KaraJilgaPass KaraJilgaPass 37°15′16″N74°36′53″E/37.2545°N74.6147°E/37.2545;74.6147 5386m - 麦曼约里达坂 MihmanYoliPass 37°17′02″N74°43′58″E/37.28395°N74.7328°E/37.28395;74.7328 4937m - 托克满苏山口 TegermansuPass 37°13′25″N74°52′28″E/37.2236°N74.8744°E/37.2236;74.8744 5427m - 克克敖吊克达坂别伊克山口排依克山口 BeyikPass 37°18′N75°00′E/37.3°N75.0°E/37.3;75.0 4742m - 纳兹塔什山口奈扎塔什山隘 NezatashPass 37°35′22″N74°56′10″E/37.58944°N74.93611°E/37.58944;74.93611 4476m - AgachakPass AgachakPass 37°49′16″N74°56′42″E/37.82115°N74.94492°E/37.82115;74.94492 5127m - 卡拉苏口岸阔勒买口岸 KulmaPass 38°08′59″N74°48′14″E/38.1498°N74.8038°E/38.1498;74.8038 4362m - SaritoshPass SaritoshPass 38°16′37″N74°48′04″E/38.27694°N74.80111°E/38.27694;74.80111 4538m - QaratokhterakPass QaratokhterakPass 38°25′42″N74°52′02″E/38.42833°N74.86722°E/38.42833;74.86722 4877m - AromitiPass AromitiPass 38°37′42″N74°29′05″E/38.62833°N74.48472°E/38.62833;74.48472 4703m - BudabelPass BudabelPass 38°34′32″N74°04′20″E/38.57556°N74.07222°E/38.57556;74.07222 4251m - Kiyaz-Ashu Kiyaz-Ashu 38°32′00″N74°00′00″E/38.53333°N74.0°E/38.53333;74.0 4479m - 乌孜别里山口 Uzbel-Pass 38°39′14″N73°48′09″E/38.653806°N73.8023917°E/38.653806;73.8023917 5540m - QarazoqPass QarazoqPass 38°51′00″N73°42′43″E/38.85°N73.71194°E/38.85;73.71194 5217m - Uch-BelPass Uch-BelPass 37°49′16″N74°56′42″E/37.82115°N74.94492°E/37.82115;74.94492 5127m - TogocharPass TogocharPass 39°33′52″N73°54′52″E/39.56447°N73.91435°E/39.56447;73.91435 4361m - KarachaychatyPass KarachaychatyPass 39°35′40″N73°55′27″E/39.59439°N73.92407°E/39.59439;73.92407 4284m - 斯姆哈纳伊尔克什坦 Erkeshtam 39°43′02″N73°58′25″E/39.7172°N73.9735°E/39.7172;73.9735 3005m - KashetekPass KashetekPass 39°43′42″N73°54′52″E/39.72847°N73.91437°E/39.72847;73.91437 3120m - BezymyannyyPass BezymyannyyPass 39°44′49″N73°53′30″E/39.74686°N73.89173°E/39.74686;73.89173 3306m - TupikPass TupikPass 39°44′45″N73°53′03″E/39.74583°N73.88416°E/39.74583;73.88416 3299m - VorotaPass VorotaPass 39°45′24″N73°51′42″E/39.75665°N73.86167°E/39.75665;73.86167 3604m - Il'tykPass Il'tykPass 39°45′53″N73°50′20″E/39.7647°N73.8388°E/39.7647;73.8388 3836m - Kara-Bel'Pass Kara-Bel'Pass 39°51′55″N73°53′43″E/39.8652°N73.89535°E/39.8652;73.89535 3863m - ItykPass ItykPass 39°54′41″N73°54′38″E/39.9114°N73.91068°E/39.9114;73.91068 4133m - DunguramaPass DunguramaPass 40°00′51″N73°58′00″E/40.01417°N73.96673°E/40.01417;73.96673 4067m - KarachalsuPass KarachalsuPass 40°02′41″N73°58′43″E/40.04483°N73.97866°E/40.04483;73.97866 4201m - Muzbel'Pass Muzbel'Pass 40°05′03″N74°01′08″E/40.08405°N74.01892°E/40.08405;74.01892 4507m - AchiktashPass AchiktashPass 40°04′51″N74°03′57″E/40.0807°N74.0658°E/40.0807;74.0658 4191m - Kyz-DarPass Kyz-DarPass 40°06′23″N74°07′08″E/40.10652°N74.11892°E/40.10652;74.11892 4246m - KurumduPass KurumduPass 40°06′37″N74°07′43″E/40.11038°N74.1286°E/40.11038;74.1286 4369m - Tart-Kul'Pass Tart-Kul'Pass 40°06′48″N74°16′11″E/40.1134°N74.2698°E/40.1134;74.2698 3786m - Shuralu-DavanPass Shuralu-DavanPass 40°16′09″N74°34′55″E/40.26928°N74.58181°E/40.26928;74.58181 3875m - TataPass TataPass 40°08′09″N74°24′58″E/40.1359°N74.4161°E/40.1359;74.4161 4036m - SulyukturPass SulyukturPass 40°05′23″N74°05′41″E/40.08974°N74.09467°E/40.08974;74.09467 4086m - TalgyyPass TalgyyPass 40°13′11″N74°32′12″E/40.21973°N74.5368°E/40.21973;74.5368 3672m - Kalmak-AshuPass Kalmak-AshuPass 40°16′53″N74°36′59″E/40.28128°N74.61626°E/40.28128;74.61626 3581m - Tuz-AshuPass Tuz-AshuPass 40°16′21″N74°39′09″E/40.27238°N74.6524°E/40.27238;74.6524 3625m - DzhetimashuPass DzhetimashuPass 40°25′15″N74°48′54″E/40.42097°N74.81503°E/40.42097;74.81503 3838m - 苏约克山口 BorgunPass 40°28′04″N74°48′51″E/40.46778°N74.81406°E/40.46778;74.81406 3945m - 吐尔尕特山口 TorugartPass 40°33′06″N75°23′38″E/40.5517°N75.3939°E/40.5517;75.3939 3752m - UselekPass UselekPass 40°38′01″N75°31′15″E/40.63374°N75.5207°E/40.63374;75.5207 3638m - ChokolayPass ChokolayPass 40°35′59″N75°37′20″E/40.59985°N75.62223°E/40.59985;75.62223 3841m - SaryiymekPass SaryiymekPass 40°28′14″N75°43′20″E/40.47055°N75.72222°E/40.47055;75.72222 3820m - OrtosuPass OrtosuPass 40°19′34″N75°49′14″E/40.3261°N75.82059°E/40.3261;75.82059 3903m - TerektyPass TerektyPass 40°18′35″N75°51′18″E/40.30978°N75.85505°E/40.30978;75.85505 3908m - Kurpe-Bel'Pass Kurpe-Bel'Pass 40°22′34″N75°57′57″E/40.37611°N75.96578°E/40.37611;75.96578 3667m - BuzaygyrPass BuzaygyrPass 40°21′59″N76°00′09″E/40.36648°N76.00256°E/40.36648;76.00256 3783m - KhodzhentPass KhodzhentPass 40°24′39″N76°16′55″E/40.41093°N76.282°E/40.41093;76.282 3955m - YertekePass YertekePass 40°20′46″N76°19′52″E/40.34612°N76.33113°E/40.34612;76.33113 3780m - TuyukkhodzhentPass TuyukkhodzhentPass 40°22′55″N76°22′10″E/40.38185°N76.36949°E/40.38185;76.36949 3780m - KurumdukPass KurumdukPass 40°24′43″N76°27′33″E/40.41196°N76.45904°E/40.41196;76.45904 3822m - Karabel'PervyyPass Karabel'PervyyPass 40°25′45″N76°30′11″E/40.42914°N76.50312°E/40.42914;76.50312 4091m - Karabel'VtoroyPass Karabel'VtoroyPass 40°28′41″N76°32′13″E/40.47805°N76.53704°E/40.47805;76.53704 4083m - Aksaybel'Pass Aksaybel'Pass 40°33′40″N76°34′11″E/40.56114°N76.56965°E/40.56114;76.56965 4186m - Tuyukbel'Pass Tuyukbel'Pass 40°38′30″N76°38′59″E/40.64156°N76.6497°E/40.64156;76.6497 4091m - 别迭里山口 BedelPass 41°24′41″N78°24′47″E/41.4114°N78.4131°E/41.4114;78.4131 4284m - ChonterenPass ChonterenPass 42°02′58″N80°12′39″E/42.04934°N80.21078°E/42.04934;80.21078 5331m - BysokiyPass BysokiyPass 42°04′13″N80°12′36″E/42.07022°N80.21003°E/42.07022;80.21003 5435m - 阿拉山口市 Alashankou 45°12′N82°36′E/45.2°N82.6°E/45.2;82.6 291m -Border Geology[edit] Xinjiangisgeologicallyyoung.CollisionoftheIndianandtheEurasianplatesformedtheTianShan,KunlunShan,andPamirmountainranges;saidtectonicsrenderitaveryactiveearthquakezone.Oldergeologicalformationsarelocatedinthefarnorth,wheretheJunggarBlockisgeologicallypartofKazakhstan,andintheeast,whereispartoftheNorthChinaCraton.[citationneeded] Centerofthecontinent[edit] Xinjianghaswithinitsborders,intheDzoosotoynElisenDesert,thelocationinEurasiathatisfurthestfromtheseainanydirection(acontinentalpoleofinaccessibility):46°16.8′N86°40.2′E/46.2800°N86.6700°E/46.2800;86.6700(Eurasianpoleofinaccessibility).Itisatleast2,647 km(1,645 mi)(straight-linedistance)fromanycoastline. In1992,localgeographersdeterminedanotherpointwithinXinjiang –43°40′52″N87°19′52″E/43.68111°N87.33111°E/43.68111;87.33111inthesouthwesternsuburbsofÜrümqi,ÜrümqiCounty –tobethe"centerpointofAsia".Amonumenttothiseffectwasthenerectedthereandthesitehasbecomealocaltouristattraction.[125] Riversandlakes[edit] TianchiLake BlackIrtyshriverinBurqinCountyisafamousspotforsightseeing. Havinghotsummerandlowprecipitation,mostofXinjiangisendorheic.Itsriverseitherdisappearinthedesert,orterminateinsaltlakes(withinXinjiangitself,orinneighboringKazakhstan),insteadofrunningtowardsanocean.Thenorthernmostpartoftheregion,withtheIrtyshRiverrisingintheAltaiMountains,thatflows(viaKazakhstanandRussia)towardtheArcticOcean,istheonlyexception.Butevenso,asignificantpartoftheIrtysh'swaterswereartificiallydivertedviatheIrtysh–Karamay–ÜrümqiCanaltothedrierregionsofsouthernDzungarianBasin. KanasLake Elsewhere,mostofXinjiang'sriversarecomparativelyshortstreamsfedbythesnowsoftheseveralrangesoftheTianShan.Oncetheyenterthepopulatedareasinthemountains'foothills,theirwatersareextensivelyusedforirrigation,sothattheriveroftendisappearsinthedesertinsteadofreachingthelaketowhosebasinitnominallybelongs.ThisisthecaseevenwiththemainriveroftheTarimBasin,theTarim,whichhasbeendammedatanumberoflocationsalongitscourse,andwhosewatershavebeencompletelydivertedbeforetheycanreachtheLopLake.IntheDzungarianbasin,asimilarsituationoccurswithmostriversthathistoricallyflowedintoLakeManas.Someofthesaltlakes,havinglostmuchoftheirfreshwaterinflow,arenowextensivelyusefortheproductionofmineralsalts(usede.g.,inthemanufacturingofpotassiumfertilizers);thisincludestheLopLakeandtheManasLake. Time[edit] Mainarticles:XinjiangTimeandTimeinChina§ Xinjiang XinjiangisinthesametimezoneastherestofChina,Beijingtime,UTC+8.ButwhileXinjiangbeingabouttwotimezoneswestofBeijing,someresidents,localorganizationsandgovernmentswatchanothertimestandardknownasXinjiangTime,UTC+6.[126]HanpeopletendtouseBeijingTime,whileUyghurstendtouseXinjiangTimeasaformofresistancetoBeijing.[127]But,regardlessofthetimestandardpreferences,mostbusinesses,schoolsopenandclosetwohourslaterthanintheotherregionsofChina.[128] Deserts[edit] Desertsinclude: GurbantünggütDesert,alsoknownasDzoosotoynElisen TaklamakanDesert KumtagDesert,eastofTaklamakan Majorcities[edit] Duetowaterscarcity,mostofXinjiang'spopulationliveswithinfairlynarrowbeltsthatarestretchedalongthefoothillsoftheregion'smountainrangesinareasconducivetoirrigatedagriculture.Itisinthesebeltswheremostoftheregion'scitiesarefound. LargestcitiesandtownsofXinjiang Ürümqi Turpan Kashgar Karamay Ghulja Shihezi Hotan Atush Aksu Korla Climate[edit] Asemiaridordesertclimate(KöppenBSkorBWk,respectively)prevailsinXinjiang.Theentireregionhasgreatseasonaldifferencesintemperaturewithcoldwinters.TheTurpanDepressionrecordedthehottesttemperaturesnationwideinsummer,[129]withairtemperatureseasilyexceeding40 °C(104 °F).Wintertemperaturesregularlyfallbelow−20 °C(−4 °F)inthefarnorthandhighestmountainelevations. ContinuouspermafrostistypicallyfoundintheTianShanstartingattheelevationofabout3,500–3,700mabovesealevel.Discontinuousalpinepermafrostusuallyoccursdownto2,700–3,300m,butincertainlocations,duetothepeculiarityoftheaspectandthemicroclimate,itcanbefoundatelevationsaslowas2,000m.[130] Politics[edit] Furtherinformation:ListofcurrentChineseprovincialleaders StatueofMaoZedonginKashgar SecretariesoftheCCPXinjiangCommittee 1949–1952WangZhen(王震) 1952–1967WangEnmao(王恩茂) 1970–1972LongShujin(龙书金) 1972–1978SaifuddinAzizi(赛福鼎·艾则孜;سەيپىدىنئەزىزى) 1978–1981WangFeng(汪锋) 1981–1985WangEnmao(王恩茂) 1985–1994SongHanliang(宋汉良) 1994–2010WangLequan(王乐泉) 2010–2016ZhangChunxian(张春贤) 2016–2021ChenQuanguo(陈全国) 2021–presentMaXingrui(马兴瑞) ChairmenoftheXinjiangGovernment NurBekri,ChairmanoftheXinjiangGovernmentbetween2007and2015 1949–1955BurhanShahidi(包尔汉·沙希迪;بۇرھانشەھىدى) 1955–1967SaifuddinAzizi(赛福鼎·艾则孜;سەيپىدىنئەزىزى) 1968–1972LongShujin(龙书金) 1972–1978SaifuddinAzizi(赛福鼎·艾则孜;سەيپىدىنئەزىزى) 1978–1979WangFeng(汪锋) 1979–1985IsmailAmat(司马义·艾买提;ئىسمائىلئەھمەد) 1985–1993TömürDawamat(铁木尔·达瓦买提;تۆمۈرداۋامەت) 1993–2003Abdul'ahatAbdulrixit(阿不来提·阿不都热西提;ئابلەتئابدۇرىشىت) 2003–2007IsmailTiliwaldi(司马义·铁力瓦尔地;ئىسمائىلتىلىۋالدى) 2007–2015NurBekri(努尔·白克力;نۇربەكرى) 2015–2021ShohratZakir(雪克来提·扎克尔;شۆھرەتزاكىر) 2021-presentErkinTuniyaz(艾尔肯·吐尼亚孜;ئەركىنتۇنىياز) Humanrightsabuses[edit] Mainarticles:HumanrightsinChina,Xinjianginternmentcamps,andUyghurgenocide Seealso:LawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina HumanRightsWatchhasdocumentedthedenialofduelegalprocessandfairtrialsandfailuretoholdgenuinelyopentrialsasmandatedbylawe.g.tosuspectsarrestedfollowingethnicviolenceinthecityofÜrümqi's2009riots.[131] AccordingtotheRadioFreeAsiaandHumanRightsWatch,atleast120,000membersofKashgar'sMuslimUyghurminorityhavebeendetainedininternmentcamps,aimedatchangingthepoliticalthinkingofdetainees,theiridentitiesandtheirreligiousbeliefs.[132][112][133]ReportsfromtheWorldUyghurCongresssubmittedtotheUnitedNationsinJuly2018suggestthatatleast1millionUyghursarecurrentlybeingheldininternmentcamps.ThecampswereestablishedunderCCPGeneralSecretaryXiJinping'sadministration.[134][135] AnOctober2018exposébytheBBCNewsclaimedbasedonanalysisofsatelliteimagerycollectedovertimethathundredsofthousandsofUyghursmustbeinternedinthecamps,andtheyarerapidlybeingexpanded.[136]In2019,TheArtNewspaperreportedthat"hundreds"ofwriters,artists,andacademicshadbeenimprisoned,inwhatthemagazinequalifiedasanattemptto"punishanyformofreligiousorculturalexpression"amongUyghurs.[137] InJuly2019,22countries—Australia,Austria,Belgium,Canada,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Iceland,Ireland,Japan,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,theNetherlands,NewZealand,Norway,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,andtheUK—sentalettertotheUNHumanRightsCouncil,criticizingChinaforitsmassarbitrarydetentionsandotherviolationsagainstMuslimsinChina'sXinjiangregion.However,on12July,agroupof37countriessubmittedasimilarletterindefenseofChina'spolicies:Algeria,Angola,Bahrain,Belarus,Bolivia,BurkinaFaso,Burundi,Cambodia,Cameroon,Comoros,Congo,Cuba,DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,Egypt,Eritrea,Gabon,Kuwait,Laos,Myanmar,Nigeria,NorthKorea,Oman,Pakistan,Philippines,Qatar,Russia,SaudiArabia,Somalia,SouthSudan,Sudan,Syria,Tajikistan,Togo,Turkmenistan,UnitedArabEmirates,Venezuela,andZimbabwe.[138][139]However,inAugust2019,Qatarwithdrewitssignaturefor12Julyletter,withQatariAmbassadortotheUNAliAl-Mansouriquotedas:"co-authorizingtheaforementionedletterwouldcompromiseourforeignpolicykeypriorities".[140][141] On28June2020,theAssociatedPresspublishedaninvestigativereportwhichstatesthattheChinesegovernmentistakingdraconianmeasurestoslashbirthratesamongUyghursandotherminoritiesaspartofasweepingcampaigntocurbitsMuslimpopulation,evenasitencouragessomeofthecountry'sHanmajoritytohavemorechildren.[142]Whileindividualwomenhavespokenoutbeforeaboutforcedbirthcontrol,thepracticeisfarmorewidespreadandsystematicthanpreviouslyknown,accordingtoanAPinvestigationbasedongovernmentstatistics,statedocumentsandinterviewswith30ex-detainees,familymembersandaformerdetentioncampinstructor.ThecampaignoverthepastfouryearsinthefarwestregionofXinjiangisleadingtowhatsomeexpertsarecallingaformof"demographicgenocide."[142] On28July2020,acoalitionofover180organizationscalledoutdozensofclothingbrandsandretailerstore-examineandcutanytiestheymighthavetoXinjiangregion,whereallegationsofhumanrightsviolationshaverunrampantforyears.Thecoalitioncited"credibleinvestigationsandreports"bymediaoutlets,nonprofitgroups,governmentagenciesandthinktankstosupportitsclaims.[143] InSeptember2020,thestate-runXinhuaNewsAgencyreportedXiJinping'spositionasthefollowing:"practicehasprovedthattheparty'sstrategyforgoverningXinjiangintheneweraiscompletelycorrectandmustbeadheredtoforalongtime."[144] InFebruary2021,theDutchgovernmentpassedamotionstatingthatthetreatmentoftheUyghurminorityinChinaamountstogenocide.[145] Economy[edit] Thisarticleneedstobeupdated.Pleasehelpupdatethisarticletoreflectrecenteventsornewlyavailableinformation.(March2019) DevelopmentofGDP Year GDPinbillionsofYuan 1995 82 2000 136 2005 260 2010 544 2015 932 2020 1,380 Source:[146] ThedistributionmapofXinjiang'sGDPperperson(2011) ÜrümqiisamajorindustrialcenterwithinXinjiang. WindfarminXinjiang SundaymarketinKhotan Xinjianghastraditionallybeenanagriculturalregion,butisalsorichinmineralsandoil. NominalGDPwasabout932.4billionRMB(US$140billion)asof2015withanaverageannualincreaseof10.4%forthepastfouryears,[147]duetodiscoveryoftheabundantreservesofcoal,oil,gasaswellastheChinaWesternDevelopmentpolicyintroducedbytheStateCounciltoboosteconomicdevelopmentinWesternChina.[148]ItspercapitaGDPfor2009was19,798RMB(US$2,898),withagrowthrateof1.7%.[148]SouthernXinjiang,with95%non-Hanpopulation,hasanaveragepercapitaincomehalfthatofXinjiangasawhole.[149] InJuly2010,statemediaoutletChinaDailyreportedthat: LocalgovernmentsinChina's19provincesandmunicipalities,includingBeijing,Shanghai,Guangdong,ZhejiangandLiaoning,areengagedinthecommitmentof"pairingassistance"supportprojectsinXinjiangtopromotethedevelopmentofagriculture,industry,technology,educationandhealthservicesintheregion.[150] Xinjiangisamajorproducerofsolarpanelcomponentsduetoitslargeproductionofthebasematerialpolysilicon.In202045%ofglobalproductionofsolar-gradepolysiliconoccurredinXinjiang.ConcernshavebeenraisedbothwithinthesolarindustryandoutsideitthatforcedlabormayoccurintheXinjiangpartofthesupplychain.[151]Theglobalsolarpanelindustryareunderpressuretomovesourcingawayfromtheregionduetohumanrightsandliabilityconcerns.[152]China'ssolarassociationclaimedtheallegationswerebaselessandunfairlystigmatizedfirmswithoperationsthere.[153]A2021investigationintheUnitedKingdom(UK)foundthat40%ofsolarfarmsintheUKhadbeenbuiltusingpanelsfromChinesecompanieslinkedtoforcedlaborinXinjiang.[154] Agricultureandfishing[edit] Mainareaisofirrigatedagriculture.By2015,theagriculturallandareaoftheregionis631thousandkm2or63.1millionha,ofwhich6.1millionhaisarableland.[155]In2016,thetotalcultivatedlandroseto6.2millionha,withthecropproductionreaching15.1milliontons.[156]Wheatwasthemainstaplecropoftheregion,maizegrownaswell,milletfoundinthesouth,whileonlyafewareas(inparticular,Aksu)grewrice.[157] Cottonbecameanimportantcropinseveraloases,notablyKhotan,YarkandandTurpanbythelate19thcentury.[157]Sericultureisalsopracticed.[158]TheXinjiangcottonindustryistheworld'slargestcottonexporter,producing84%ofChinesecottonwhilethecountryprovides26%ofglobalcottonexport.[159]Xinjiangalsoproducespeppersandpepperpigmentsusedincosmeticssuchlipstickforexport.[160] Xinjiangisfamousforitsgrapes,melons,pears,walnuts,particularlyHamimelonsandTurpanraisins.[citationneeded]Theregionisalsoaleadingsourcefortomatopaste,whichitsuppliesforinternationalbrands.[159] Themainlivestockoftheregionhavetraditionallybeensheep.Muchoftheregion'spasturelandisinitsnorthernpart,wheremoreprecipitationisavailable,[161]buttherearemountainpasturesthroughouttheregion.[citationneeded] Duetothelackofaccesstotheoceanandlimitedamountofinlandwater,Xinjiang'sfishresourcesaresomewhatlimited.Nonetheless,thereisasignificantamountoffishinginLakeUlungurandLakeBostenandintheIrtyshRiver.Alargenumberoffishpondshavebeenconstructedsincethe1970s,theirtotalsurfaceexceeding10,000hectaresbythe1990s.In2000,thetotalof58,835tonsoffishwasproducedinXinjiang,85%ofwhichcamefromaquaculture.[162]TheSayramLakeisboththelargestalpinelakeandhighestaltitudelakeinXinjiang,andisthelocationofamajorcold-waterfishery.[citationneeded]OriginallySayramhadnofishbutin1998,northernwhitefish(Coregonuspeled)fromRussiawereintroducedandinvestmentinbreedinginfrastructureandtechnologyhasconsequentlymadeSayramintothecountry'slargestexporterofnorthernwhitefishwithanannualoutputofover400metrictons.[163][better source needed] Miningandminerals[edit] Xinjiangwasknownforproducingsalt,soda,borax,gold,jadeinthe19thcentury.[164] TheLopLakewasoncealargebrackishlakeduringtheendofthePleistocenebuthasslowlydriedupintheHolocenewhereaverageannualprecipitationintheareahasdeclinedtojust31.2millimeters(1.2inches),andexperiencesannualevaporationrateof2,901millimeters(114inches).TheareaisrichinbrinePotash,akeyingredientinfertilizerandisthesecond-largestsourceofpotashinthecountry.Discoveryofpotashinthemid-1990s,hastransformedLopNurintoamajorPotashminingindustry.[165] TheoilandgasextractionindustryinAksuandKaramayisgrowing,withtheWest–EastGasPipelinelinkingtoShanghai.Theoilandpetrochemicalsectorgetupto60percentofXinjiang'seconomy.[166]TheregioncontainsoverafifthofChina'shydrocarbonresourcesandhasthehighestconcentrationoffossilfuelreservesofanyregioninthecountry.[167]Theregionisrichincoalandcontains40percentofthecountry'scoalreservesoraround2.2trilliontonnes,whichisenoughtosupplyChina'sthermalcoaldemandformorethan100yearsevenifonly15percentoftheestimatedcoalreserveproverecoverable.[168][169] Tarimbasinisthelargestoilandgasbearingareainthecountrywithabout16billiontonnesofoilandgasreservesdiscovered.[170]Theareaisstillactivelyexploredandin2021,ChinaNationalPetroleumCorporationfoundanewoilfieldreserveof1billiontons(about907milliontonnes).Thatfindisregardedasbeingthelargestoneinrecentdecades.Asof2021,thebasinproduceshydrocarbonsatanannualrateof2milliontons,upfrom1.52milliontonsfrom2020.[171] Foreigntrade[edit] Xinjiang'sexportsamountedtoUS$19.3billion,whileimportsturnedouttobeUS$2.9billionin2008.Mostoftheoverallimport/exportvolumeinXinjiangwasdirectedtoandfromKazakhstanthroughAlaPass.China'sfirstborderfreetradezone(HorgosFreeTradeZone)waslocatedattheXinjiang-KazakhstanbordercityofHorgos.[172]Horgosisthelargest"landport"inChina'swesternregionandithaseasyaccesstotheCentralAsianmarket.XinjiangalsoopeneditssecondbordertrademarkettoKazakhstaninMarch2006,theJeminayBorderTradeZone.[173] EconomicandTechnologicalDevelopmentZones[edit] Seealso:ListofChineseadministrativedivisionsbyGDPpercapita BoleBorderEconomicCooperationArea[174] ShiheziBorderEconomicCooperationArea[175] TachengBorderEconomicCooperationArea[176] ÜrümqiDiwopuInternationalAirport ÜrümqiEconomic&TechnologicalDevelopmentZoneisnorthwestofÜrümqi.Itwasapprovedin1994bytheStateCouncilasanationalleveleconomicandtechnologicaldevelopmentzones.Itis1.5 km(0.93 mi)fromtheÜrümqiInternationalAirport,2 km(1.2 mi)fromtheNorthRailwayStationand10 km(6.2 mi)fromthecitycenter.WuChangExpresswayand312NationalRoadpassesthroughthezone.Thedevelopmenthasuniqueresourcesandgeographicaladvantages.Xinjiang'svastland,richinresources,borderseightcountries.Astheleadingeconomiczone,itbringstogethertheresourcesofXinjiang'sindustrialdevelopment,capital,technology,information,personnelandotherfactorsofproduction.[177] ÜrümqiExportProcessingZoneisinUrumuqiEconomicandTechnologyDevelopmentZone.Itwasestablishedin2007asastate-levelexportprocessingzone.[178] ÜrümqiNew&Hi-TechIndustrialDevelopmentZonewasestablishedin1992anditistheonlyhigh-techdevelopmentzoneinXinjiang,China.Therearemorethan3470enterprisesinthezone,ofwhich23areFortune500companies.Ithasaplannedareaof9.8 km2(3.8 sq mi)anditisdividedintofourzones.Thereareplanstoexpandthezone.[179] YiningBorderEconomicCooperationArea[180] Culture[edit] Furtherinformation:XinjiangcuisineandMajornationalhistoricalandculturalsites(Xinjiang) Thissectionneedsexpansion.Youcanhelpbyaddingtoit.(December2020) Media[edit] TheXinjiangNetworkingTransmissionLimitedoperatestheUrumqiPeople'sBroadcastingStationandtheXinjiangPeopleBroadcastingStation,broadcastinginMandarin,Uyghur,KazakhandMongolian. In1995[update],therewere50minority-languagenewspaperspublishedinXinjiang,includingtheQapqalNews,theworld'sonlyXibelanguagenewspaper.[181]TheXinjiangEconomicDailyisconsideredoneofChina'smostdynamicnewspapers.[182] ForatimeaftertheJuly2009riots,authoritiesplacedrestrictionsontheinternetandtextmessaging,graduallypermittingaccesstostate-controlledwebsiteslikeXinhua's,[183]untilrestoringInternettothesamelevelastherestofChinaon14May2010.[184][185][186] AsreportedbytheBBCNews,"ChinastrictlycontrolsmediaaccesstoXinjiangsoreportsaredifficulttoverify."[187] Demographics[edit] Furtherinformation:MigrationtoXinjiangandIslamizationandTurkificationofXinjiang DistributionofethnicUyghursinXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion ThelanguagesofXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion UyghurgirlinKashgar ThreeUyghurgirlsataSundaymarketintheoasiscityKhotan. HistoricalpopulationYearPop.±%1912[188]2,098,000—    1928[189]2,552,000+21.6%1936–37[190]4,360,000+70.8%1947[191]4,047,000−7.2%1954[192]4,873,608+20.4%1964[193]7,270,067+49.2%1982[194]13,081,681+79.9%1990[195]15,155,778+15.9%2000[196]18,459,511+21.8%2010[197]21,813,334+18.2%2020[198]25,852,345+18.5% County-levelethnicitymapofXinjiangasof2018 TheearliestTarimmummies,datedto1800BC,areofaCaucasoidphysicaltype.[199]EastAsianmigrantsarrivedintheeasternportionsoftheTarimBasinabout3000yearsagoandtheUyghurpeoplesappearedafterthecollapseoftheOrkonUyghurKingdom,basedinmodern-dayMongolia,around842AD.[200][201] TheIslamizationofXinjiangstartedaround1000ADbyeliminatingBuddhism.[202]XinjiangMuslimTurkicpeoplescontainUyghurs,Kazaks,Kyrgyz,Tatars,Uzbeks;MuslimIranianpeoplescompriseTajiks,Sarikolis/Wakhis(oftenconflatedasTajiks);MuslimSino-TibetanpeoplesaresuchastheHui.OtherethnicgroupsintheregionareHans,Mongols(Oirats,Daurs,Dongxiangs),Russians,Xibes,Manchus.Around70,000RussianimmigrantswerelivinginXinjiangin1945.[203] TheHanChineseofXinjiangarrivedatdifferenttimesfromdifferentdirectionsandsocialbackgrounds.TherearenowdescendantsofcriminalsandofficialswhohadbeenexiledfromChinaduringthesecondhalfofthe18thandthefirsthalfofthe19thcenturies;descendantsoffamiliesofmilitaryandcivilofficersfromHunan,Yunnan,GansuandManchuria;descendantsofmerchantsfromShanxi,Tianjin,HubeiandHunan;anddescendantsofpeasantswhostartedimmigratingintotheregionin1776.[204] SomeUyghurscholarsclaimdescentfromboththeTurkicUyghursandthepre-TurkicTocharians(orTokharians,whoselanguagewasIndo-European);also,Uyghursoftenhaverelatively-fairskin,hairandeyesandotherCaucasoidphysicaltraits. In2002,therewere9,632,600males(growthrateof1.0%)and9,419,300females(growthrateof2.2%).Thepopulationoverallgrowthratewas1.09%,with1.63%ofbirthrateand0.54%mortalityrate. TheQingbeganaprocessofsettlingHan,Hui,andUyghursettlersintoNorthernXinjiang(Dzungaria)inthe18thcentury.Atthestartofthe19thcentury,40yearsaftertheQingreconquest,therewerearound155,000HanandHuiChineseinnorthernXinjiangandsomewhatmorethantwicethatnumberofUyghursinSouthernXinjiang.[205]AcensusofXinjiangunderQingruleintheearly19thcenturytabulatedethnicsharesofthepopulationas30%Hanand60%Turkicanditdramaticallyshiftedto6%Hanand75%Uyghurinthe1953census.However,asituationsimilartotheQingera'sdemographicswithalargenumberofHanhadbeenrestoredby2000,with40.57%Hanand45.21%Uyghur.[206]ProfessorStanleyW.Toopsnotedthattoday'sdemographicsituationissimilartothatoftheearlyQingperiodinXinjiang.[207]Before1831,onlyafewhundredChinesemerchantslivedinSouthernXinjiangoases(TarimBasin),andonlyafewUyghurslivedinNorthernXinjiang(Dzungaria).[208]After1831,theQingencouragedHanChinesemigrationintotheTarimBasin,insouthernXinjiang,butwithverylittlesuccess,andpermanenttroopswerestationedonthelandthereaswell.[209]Politicalkillingsandexpulsionsofnon-Uyghurpopulationsduringtheuprisingsinthe1860s[209]andthe1930ssawthemexperienceasharpdeclineasapercentageofthetotalpopulation[210]thoughtheyroseonceagainintheperiodsofstabilityfrom1880,whichsawXinjiangincreaseitspopulationfrom1.2million,[211][212]to1949.Fromalowof7%in1953,theHanbegantoreturntoXinjiangbetweenthenand1964,wheretheycomprised33%ofthepopulation(54%Uyghur),likeinQingtimes.Adecadelater,atthebeginningoftheChineseeconomicreformin1978,thedemographicbalancewas46%Uyghurand40%Han,[206]whichdidnotchangedrasticallyuntilthe2000Census,whentheUyghurpopulationhadreducedto42%.[213]In2010,thepopulationofXinjiangwas45.84%Uyghurand40.48%Han.The2020CensusshowedtheUyghurpopulationdeclineslightlyto44.96%,andtheHanpopulationriseto42.24%[214][215] MilitarypersonnelarenotcountedandnationalminoritiesareundercountedintheChinesecensus,asinmostothercensuses.[216]WhilesomeoftheshifthasbeenattributedtoanincreasedHanpresence,[10]UyghurshavealsoemigratedtootherpartsofChina,wheretheirnumbershaveincreasedsteadily.UyghurindependenceactivistsexpressconcernovertheHanpopulationchangingtheUyghurcharacteroftheregionthoughtheHanandHuiChinesemostlyliveinNorthernXinjiangDzungariaandareseparatedfromareasofhistoricUyghurdominancesouthoftheTianShanmountains(SouthwesternXinjiang),whereUyghursaccountforabout90%ofthepopulation.[217] Ingeneral,UyghursarethemajorityinSouthwesternXinjiang,includingtheprefecturesofKashgar,Khotan,KizilsuandAksu(about80%ofXinjiang'sUyghursliveinthosefourprefectures)aswellasTurpanPrefecture,inEasternXinjiang.TheHanarethemajorityinEasternandNorthernXinjiang(Dzungaria),includingthecitiesofÜrümqi,Karamay,ShiheziandtheprefecturesofChangjyi,Bortala,Bayin'gholin,Ili(especiallythecitiesofKuitun)andKumul.KazakhsaremostlyconcentratedinIliPrefectureinNorthernXinjiang.KazakhsarethemajorityinthenorthernmostpartofXinjiang. EthnicgroupsinXinjiang 根据2015年底人口抽查统计 [218] 2018governmentdata[219] Nationality Population Percentage Population Percentage Uyghur 11,303,300 46.42% 11,678,646 51.145% Han 8,611,000 38.99% 7,857,370 34.410% Kazakh 1,591,200 7.02% 1,574,930 6.897% Hui 1,015,800 4.54% 1,015,700 4.448% Kirghiz 202,200 0.88% 208,346 0.912% Mongols 180,600 0.83% 178,993 0.784% Tajiks 50,100 0.21% 51,355 0.225% Xibe 43,200 0.20% 42,772 0.187% Manchu 27,515 0.11% 27,372 0.120% Tujia 15,787 0.086% N/A N/A Uzbek 18,769 0.066% 19,652 0.086% Russian 11,800 0.048% 11,604 0.051% Miao 7,006 0.038% N/A N/A Daur N/A N/A 6,793 0.030% Tibetan 6,153 0.033% N/A N/A Zhuang 5,642 0.031% N/A N/A Tatar 5,183 0.024% 5,019 0.022% Salar 3,762 0.020% N/A N/A Other 129,190 0.600% 156,024 0.683% MajorethnicgroupsinXinjiangbyregion(2018data)[I]P=Prefecture;AP=Autonomousprefecture;PLC=Prefecture-levelcity;DACLC=Directlyadministeredcounty-levelcity.[219] Uyghurs(%) Han(%) Kazakhs(%) others(%) Xinjiang 51.14 34.41 6.90 7.55 ÜrümqiPLC 12.85 71.21 2.77 13.16 KaramayPLC 15.59 74.67 4.05 5.69 TurpanPrefecture 76.96 16.84 0.05 6.15 KumulPrefecture 20.01 65.49 10.04 4.46 ChangjiAP 4.89 72.28 10.34 12.49 BortalaAP 14.76 63.27 10.41 11.56 Bayin'gholinAP 36.38 53.31 0.11 10.20 AksuPrefecture 80.08 18.56 0.01 1.36 KizilsuAP 66.24 6.29 0.03 27.44 KashgarPrefecture 92.56 6.01 <0.005 1.42 KhotanPrefecture 96.96 2.85 <0.005 0.19 IliAP[note3] 17.95 40.09 27.16 14.80 –formerIliPrefecture 26.30 35.21 21.57 16.91 –TachengPrefecture 4.25 54.66 26.66 14.43 –AltayPrefecture 1.42 39.85 52.76 5.97 ShiheziDACLC 1.09 94.13 0.63 4.15 AralDACLC 3.66 91.96 <0.005 4.38 TumushukeDACLC 67.49 31.73 <0.005 0.78 WujiaquDACLC 0.05 96.29 0.10 3.55 TiemenguanDACLC 0.07 95.96 0.00 3.97 ^DoesnotincludemembersofthePeople'sLiberationArmyinactiveservice. Vitalstatistics[edit] Year[220] Population Livebirths Deaths Naturalchange Crudebirthrate(per1000) Crudedeathrate(per1000) Naturalchange(per1000) 2011 22,090,000 14.99 4.42 10.57 2012 22,330,000 15.32 4.48 10.84 2013 22,640,000 15.84 4.92 10.92 2014 22,980,000 16.44 4.97 11.47 2015 23,600,000 15.59 4.51 11.08 2016 23,980,000 15.34 4.26 11.08 2017 24,450,000 15.88 4.48 11.40 2018 24,870,000 10.69 4.56 6.13 2019 25,230,000 8.14 4.45 3.69 Religion[edit] ReligioninXinjiang(around2010)   Islam[221](58%)  Buddhism(32%)  Taoism(9%)  Christianity(1%) ThemajorreligionsinXinjiangareIslam,amongtheUyghursandtheHuiChineseminority,whilemanyoftheHanChinesepracticeChinesefolkreligions,Confucianism,TaoismandBuddhism.Accordingtoademographicanalysisoftheyear2010,Muslimsform58%oftheprovince'spopulation.[221]In1950,therewere29,000mosquesand54,000imamsinXinjiang,whichfellto14,000mosquesand29,000imamsby1966.FollowingtheCulturalRevolution,therewereonlyabout1,400remainingmosques.Bythemid-1980's,thenumberofmosqueshadreturnedto1950levels.[222]Accordingtoa2020reportbytheAustralianStrategicPolicyInstitute,since2017,Chineseauthoritieshavedestroyedordamaged16,000mosquesinXinjiang–65%oftheregion'stotal.[223][224]ChristianityinXinjiangisthereligionof1%ofthepopulationaccordingtotheChineseGeneralSocialSurveyof2009.[225] AmajorityoftheUyghurMuslimsadheretoSunniIslamoftheHanafischoolofjurisprudenceormadhab.AminorityofShias,almostexclusivelyoftheNizariIsmaili(Seveners)ritesarelocatedinthehighermountainsofTajikandTianShan.Inthewesternmountains(theTajiks),almosttheentirepopulationofTajiks(SarikolisandWakhis),areNizariIsmailiShia.[10]Inthenorth,intheTianShan,theKazakhsandKyrgyzareSunni. AfaqKhojaMausoleumandIdKahMosqueinKashgararemostimportantIslamicXinjiangsites.EminMinaretinTurfanisakeyIslamicsite.BezeklikThousandBuddhaCavesisanoticeableBuddhistsite. "HeroicGestureofBodhisattvatheBodhisattva",exampleof6th-7th-centuryterracottaGreco-Buddhistart(localpopulationswereBuddhist)fromTumxuk,Xinjiang SogdiandonorstotheBuddha,8thcenturyfresco(withdetail),Bezeklik,EasternTarimBasin AmosqueinÜrümqi PeopleengaginginsnowsportsbyastatueofbodhisattvaGuanyininWujiaqu TempleoftheGreatBuddhainMidong,Ürümqi TaoistTempleofFortuneandLongevityattheHeavenlyLakeofTianshaninFukang,ChangjiHuiAutonomousPrefecture EminMinaret IdKahmosqueinKashgar,largestmosqueinChina Sports[edit] XinjiangishometotheXinjiangGuanghuiFlyingTigersprofessionalbasketballteamoftheChineseBasketballAssociation,andtoXinjiangTianshanLeopardF.C.,afootballteamthatplaysinChinaLeagueOne. Thecapital,Ürümqi,ishometotheXinjiangUniversitybaseballteam,anintegratedUyghurandHangroupprofiledinthedocumentaryfilmDiamondintheDunes. Transportation[edit] Roads[edit] Karakorumhighway In2008,accordingtotheXinjiangTransportationNetworkPlan,thegovernmenthasfocusedconstructiononStateRoad314,Alar-HotanDesertHighway,StateRoad218,QingshuiRiverLine-YiningHighwayandStateRoad217,aswellasotherroads. TheconstructionofthefirstexpresswayinthemountainousareaofXinjiangbegananewstageinitsconstructionon24July2007.The56 km(35 mi)highwaylinkingSayramLakeandGuoziValleyinNorthernXinjiangareahadcost2.39billionyuan.Theexpresswayisdesignedtoimprovethespeedofnationalhighway312innorthernXinjiang.TheprojectstartedinAugust2006andseveralstageshavebeenfullyoperationalsinceMarch2007.Over3,000constructionworkershavebeeninvolved.The700m-longGuoziValleyCableBridgeovertheexpresswayisnowcurrentlybeingconstructed,withthe24mainpilefoundationsalreadycompleted.Highway312nationalhighwayXinjiangsection,connectsXinjiangwithChina'seastcoast,CentralandWestAsia,plussomepartsofEurope.ItisakeyfactorinXinjiang'seconomicdevelopment.Thepopulationitcoversisaround40%oftheoverallinXinjiang,whocontributehalfoftheGDPinthearea. TheheadoftheTransportDepartmentwasquotedassayingthat24,800,000,000RMBhadbeeninvestedintoXinjiang'sroadnetworkin2010aloneand,bythistime,theroadscoveredapproximately152,000 km(94,000 mi).[226] Rail[edit] ÜrümqiSouthrailwaystationKashgarrailwaystationLanzhou-XinjiangRailwaySouthernXinjiangRailway Xinjiang'srailhubisÜrümqi.Totheeast,aconventionalandahigh-speedraillinerunsthroughTurpanandHamitoLanzhouinGansuProvince.AthirdoutlettotheeastconnectsHamiandInnerMongolia. Tothewest,theNorthernXinjiangrunsalongthenorthernfootslopesoftheTianShanrangethroughChangji,Shihezi,KuytunandJinghetotheKazakhborderatAlashankou,whereitlinksupwiththeTurkestan–SiberiaRailway.Together,theNorthernXinjiangandtheLanzhou-XinjianglinesformpartoftheTrans-EurasianContinentalRailway,whichextendsfromRotterdam,ontheNorthSea,toLianyungang,ontheEastChinaSea.TheSecondÜrümqi-JingheRailwayprovidesadditionalrailtransportcapacitytoJinghe,fromwhichtheJinghe-Yining-HorgosRailwayheadsintotheIliRiverValleytoYining,HuochengandKhorgos,asecondrailbordercrossingwithKazakhstan.TheKuytun-BeitunRailwayrunsfromKuytunnorthintotheJunggarBasintoKaramayandBeitun,nearAltay. Inthesouth,theSouthernXinjiangLinefromTurpanrunssouthwestalongthesouthernfootslopesoftheTianShanintotheTarimBasin,withstopsatYanqi,Korla,Kuqa,Aksu,Maralbexi(Bachu),ArtuxandKashgar.FromKashgar,theKashgar–Hotanrailway,followsthesouthernrimoftheTarimtoHotan,withstopsatShule,Akto,Yengisar,Shache(Yarkant),Yecheng(Karghilik),Moyu(Karakax). TheÜrümqi-DzungariaRailwayconnectsÜrümqiwithcoalfieldsintheeasternJunggarBasin.TheHami–LopNurRailwayconnectsHamiwithpotassiumsaltminesinandaroundLopNur.TheGolmud-KorlaRailway,openedin2020,providesanoutlettoQinghai.Planningisunderwayonadditionalintercityrailways.[227]RailwaystoPakistanandKyrgyzstanhavebeenproposed.[citationneeded] EastTurkestanindependencemovement[edit] Mainarticles:Xinjiangconflict,EastTurkestanindependencemovement,Xinjianginternmentcamps,andUyghurs Thisflag(KökBayraq)hasbecomeasymboloftheEastTurkestanindependencemovement. SomefactionsinXinjiangprovinceadvocateestablishinganindependentcountry,whichhasledtotensionandethnicstrifeintheregion.[228][229]AutonomousregionsinChinaputativelyhavealegalrighttoseparatefromthenation,howeverinpracticethisrightcannotbeexercised.[230]TheXinjiangconflict[231]isanongoing[232]separatistconflictinthenorthwesternpartofChina.Theseparatistmovementclaimsthattheregion,whichtheyviewastheirhomelandandrefertoasEastTurkestan,isnotpartofChina,butwasinvadedbytheCCPin1949andhasbeenunderoccupationsincethen.ChinesegovernmentassertsthattheregionhasbeenpartofChinasinceancienttimes.[233]TheseparatistmovementisledbyethnicallyUyghurMuslimundergroundorganizations,mostnotablytheEastTurkestanindependencemovementandtheSalafistTurkistanIslamicParty,againsttheChinesegovernment.AccordingtotheAsia-PacificCenterforSecurityStudies,thetwomainsourcesforseparatismintheXinjiangProvincearereligionandethnicity.Religiously,theUyghurpeoplesofXinjiangfollowIslam;inthelargecitiesofHanChinamanyareBuddhist,TaoistandConfucian,althoughmanyfollowIslamaswell,suchastheHuiethnicsubgroupoftheHanethnicity,comprisingsome10millionpeople.Thus,themajordifferenceandsourceoffrictionwitheasternChinaisethnicityandreligiousdoctrinaldifferencesthatdifferentiatethempoliticallyfromotherMuslimminoritieselsewhereinthecountry.BecauseofturkificationfromtheturkificatedTocharians,thewesternUyghursbecamelinguisticallyandculturallyTurkicinthe10thcentury,adistinctionfromtheHanthatarethemajorityintheeasternandcentralregionsofXinjiang,althoughmanyotherTurkicethnicitiesliveinNorthwestChinasuchastheSalarpeople,theChineseTatarsandtheYugur.Ironically,thecapitalofXinjiang,Ürümqi,wasoriginallyaHanandHui(Tungan)citywithfewUyghurpeoplebeforerecentUyghurmigrationtothecity.[234]Since1996,Chinahasengagedin"strikehard"campaignstargetedatseparatists.[235]On5June2014,Chinasentencedninepeopletodeathforterroristattacks.TheywereallegedtobeseekingtooverthrowthegovernmentinXinjiangandbuildanindependentUyghurstateofEastTurkestan.[236] Seealso[edit] Chinaportal AffirmativeactioninChina AdministrativedivisionsofChina ChinaCottonAssociation ListofuniversitiesandcollegesinXinjiang Xinjiangcoins XinjiangWars Notes[edit] ^Uighur:شىنجاڭ,SASM/GNC:Xinjang;Chinese:新疆;pinyin:Xīnjiāng;alternatelyromanizedasSinkiang ^Theimperial-eraChinesewordgui歸isnotdescriptive,butnormative:Itisatermwhichseekstojustifynewconquestsbypresentingthemasanaturallyappropriate"return."Itdoesnotindicatethattheterritoryalreadyhadbeenconqueredearlier.[27] ^IliKazakhAutonomousPrefectureiscomposedofKuitunDACLC,TachengPrefecture,AletaiPrefecture,andtheformerIliPrefecture.IliPrefecturehasbeendisbandedanditsformerareaisnowdirectlyadministeredbyIliAP. 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Westad,OddArne(2012).RestlessEmpire:ChinaandtheWorldSince1750.BasicBooks.ISBN 978-0-465-02936-5. Wong,John;Zheng,Yongnian,eds.(2002).China'sPost-JiangLeadershipSuccession:ProblemsandPerspectives.WorldScientific.ISBN 978-981-270-650-8. Zhao,Gang(2006)."ReinventingChinaImperialQingIdeologyandtheRiseofModernChineseNationalIdentityintheEarlyTwentiethCentury".ModernChina.32(1):3–30.doi:10.1177/0097700405282349.JSTOR 20062627.S2CID 144587815. Znamenski,Andrei(2011).RedShambhala:Magic,Prophecy,andGeopoliticsintheHeartofAsia(illustrated ed.).QuestBooks.ISBN 978-0-8356-0891-6. Furtherreading[edit] LibraryresourcesaboutXinjiang Resourcesinyourlibrary Resourcesinotherlibraries Côté,Isabelle(2011)."Politicalmobilizationofaregionalminority:HanChinesesettlersinXinjiang".EthnicandRacialStudies.34(11):1855–1873.doi:10.1080/01419870.2010.543692.S2CID 144071415. Croner,Don(2009)."FalseLama–TheLifeandDeathofDambijantsan"(PDF).dambijantsan.doncroner.com.UlaanBaatar:DonCroner.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on3September2014. Croner,Don(2010)."JaLama–TheLifeandDeathofDambijantsan"(PDF).dambijantsan.doncroner.com.UlaanBaatar:DonCroner.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on3September2014. Hierman,Brent."ThePacificationofXinjiang:UighurProtestandtheChineseState,1988–2002."ProblemsofPost-Communism,May/June2007,Vol.54Issue3,pp. 48–62. Kim,Hodong(2004).HolyWarinChina:TheMuslimRebellionandStateinChineseCentralAsia,1864-1877.StanfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-8047-6723-1. Kim,Kwangmin(2008).SaintlyBrokers:UyghurMuslims,Trade,andtheMakingofQingCentralAsia,1696–1814.UniversityofCalifornia.ISBN 978-1-109-10126-3. Nan,SusanAllen;Mampilly,ZachariahCherian;Bartoli,Andrea,eds.(2011).Peacemaking:FromPracticetoTheory.ABC-CLIO.ISBN 978-0-313-37576-7.OCLC 715288234.ISBN 978-0-3133-7576-7(set);ISBN 978-0-3133-7578-1(v.1);ISBN 978-0-3133-7580-4(v.2);ISBN 978-0-3133-7577-4(ebk.). Norins,MartinR.GatewaytoAsia :Sinkiang,FrontieroftheChineseFarWest(1944) Yap,JosephP.(2009).WarsWithTheXiongnu–AtranslationFromZizhiTongjian.AuthorHouse.ISBN 978-1-4490-0604-4 Yellinek,Roie(5March2019)."IslamicCountriesEngagewithChinaAgainsttheBackgroundofRepressioninXinjiang".ChinaBrief.Vol. 19,no. 5.JamestownFoundation.Retrieved8May2020. AsiatischeForschungen,Volumes73-75.UniversitätBonn.OstasiatischeSeminar(inGerman).O.Harrassowitz.1982.ISBN 978-3-447-02237-8. BulletindelaSectiondegéographie(inFrench).Vol. 10.Comitédestravauxhistoriquesetscientifiques.Sectiondegéographie.Paris:IMPRIMERIENATIONALE.1895.{{citebook}}:CS1maint:others(link) EthnologicalInformationonChina:ACollection;ArticlesfromVariousIssuesofSovetskai͡aĖtnografii͡a(Moscow).CCMInformationCorporation.1969. InnerAsia,Volume4,Issues1–2.MongoliaandInnerAsiaStudiesUnitattheUniversityofCambridge.TheWhiteHorsePress.2002.ISBN 978-0-8047-2933-8.{{citebook}}:CS1maint:others(link) "RadiowaraimsatChinaMoslems".TheMontrealGazette.UPI.22September1981.p. 11–viaGoogleNews. Externallinks[edit] MediarelatedtoXinjiangatWikimediaCommons ThedictionarydefinitionofSinkiangatWiktionary XinjiangtravelguidefromWikivoyage XinjiangTravelInformationWebsite XinjiangGovernmentwebsite(inChinese)andanadditionalgovernmentsite EconomicprofileforXinjiangatHKTDC "Xinjiang:autonomousregion,China".EncyclopædiaBritannica. GeneralAtlasofXinjiang XinjiangVideoProject PlacesadjacenttoXinjiang EastKazakhstanandAlmatyProvinces, Kazakhstan  AltaiRepublic, Russia  Bayan-Ölgii, Khovdand Govi-AltaiProvinces, Mongolia IssykKul,NarynandOshRegions, KyrgyzstanGorno-BadakhshanAutonomousProvince, TajikistanBadakhshanProvince, Afghanistan Xinjiang Gansu  Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan JammuandKashmir, IndiaDisputedregionofAksaiChin TibetAutonomousRegion Qinghai vteXinjiangtopicsÜrümqi(capital)History Tocharians Yuezhi Xiongnu Handynasty ProtectorateoftheWesternRegions KingdomofKhotan SixteenKingdoms Gaochang Göktürks:First,Western,EasternandSecond Tangdynasty ProtectorateGeneraltoPacifytheWest FourGarrisonsofAnxi BeitingProtectorate TibetanEmpire UyghurKhaganate KingdomofQocho Kara-KhanidKhanate TurkicsettlementoftheTarimBasin QaraKhitai MongolEmpire Yuandynasty ChagataiKhanate Moghulistan KaraDel YarkentKhanate DzungarKhanate DzungarconquestofAltishahr Dzungar–QingWar Dzungargenocide KumulKhanate Qingdynasty Qingrule RevoltoftheAltishahrKhojas ĀfāqīKhojaHolyWar HolyWaroftheSevenKhojas GeneralofIli ReconquestofXinjiang RepublicofChina XinjiangWars FirstEastTurkestanRepublic SecondEastTurkestanRepublic IliRebellion People'sRepublicofChina PRCincorporation Uyghurgenocide Geography Cities TianShan DzungarianBasin TarimBasin GurbantünggütDesert KumtagDesert TaklimakanDesert TurpanDepression KarakoramMountains AltaiMountains KunlunShan PamirMountains TorugartPass IrkeshtamPass KarakoramPass Lanzhou–XinjiangRailway Education XinjiangUniversity XinjiangAgriculturalUniversity XinjiangMedicalUniversity Culture DoppaFestival Music Meshrepgathering Muqam Cuisine Dapanji Nan Sangza Samsa Youtazi Pamirdin Xurpa Tunurkawab ChineseIslamiccuisine Economy Cottonindustry XinjiangProductionandConstructionCorps Visitorattractions ApakKhojaandXiangFeiTomb FlamingMountains JiaoheRuins Gaochang GrandBazaar,Ürümqi IdKahMosque KarakulLake KizilCaves RuinsofNiya Xinjiangconflict 1989Ürümqiunrest BarenTownshipconflict 1992Ürümqibombings Ghuljaincident 1997Ürümqibusbombings Xinjiangraid 2008Uyghurunrest 2008Kashgarattack Shaoguanincident July2009Ürümqiriots September2009Xinjiangunrest 2010Aksubombing 2011Hotanattack 2011Kashgarattacks Pishanhostagecrisis 2012Yechengattack TianjinAirlinesFlight7554 April2013Bachuunrest June2013Shanshanriots 2013TiananmenSquareattack 2014Kunmingattack 2014China–Vietnambordershootout April2014Ürümqiattack May2014Ürümqiattack AssassinationofJumaTayir Xinjianginternmentcamps Uyghurgenocide People Amursana Mingrui JahangirKhoja YaqubBeg ZuoZongtang YangZengxin JinShuren SabitDamolla ShengShicai EhmetjanQasim WangZhen SaifuddinAzizi RebiyaKadeer NurBekri LiZhi WangLequan ZhangChunxian IlhamTohti SalihHudayar SattarSawut ShirzatBawudun GhulamOsmanYaghma RahileDawut Related Uyghurpeople MigrationtoXinjiang EastTurkestan EastTurkistanGovernmentinExile EastTurkistanNationalAwakeningMovement Independencemovement WorldUyghurCongress China–Kazakhstanrelations China–Kyrgyzstanrelations China–Pakistanrelations China–Turkeyrelations Category Commons vteCounty-leveldivisionsofXinjiangUyghurAutonomousRegionÜrümqi(capital)Prefecture-levelcitiesÜrümqi TianshanDistrict SaybagDistrict XinshiDistrict ShuimogouDistrict ToutunheDistrict DabanchengDistrict MidongDistrict ÜrümqiCounty Karamay KaramayDistrict DushanziDistrict BaijiantanDistrict OrkuDistrict Turpan GaochangDistrict ToksunCounty ShanshanCounty Kumul/Hami YizhouDistrict YiwuCounty BarkolKazakhCounty Sub-provincialautonomousprefectureIliKazakh Yiningcity Korgascity Kuytuncity YiningCounty HuochengCounty GongliuCounty XinyuanCounty ZhaosuCounty TekesCounty NilkaCounty QapqalXibeCounty Tacheng1 Tachengcity Usucity Shawancity EminCounty YuminCounty ToliCounty HoboksarMongolCounty Altay1 Altaycity QingheCounty JeminayCounty FuyunCounty BurqinCounty FuhaiCounty HabaheCounty PrefecturesAksu Aksucity Kuqacity WensuCounty XayarCounty BaichengCounty AwatCounty KalpinCounty XinheCounty WushiCounty Kashgar/Kashi Kashgar/Kashicity Maralbexi/BachuCounty Poskam/ZepuCounty Payzawat/Jiashi Kargilik/YechengCounty Yopurga/YuepuhuCounty Yengixahar/ShuleCounty Makit/MaigaitiCounty Yengisar/YingjishaCounty Yarkant/ShacheCounty Konaxahar/ShufuCounty TashkurganTajikCounty Hotan/Hetian Hotancity HotanCounty Lop/LuopuCounty Niya/MinfengCounty Gumar/PishanCounty Qira/CeleCounty Keriya/YutianCounty Karakax/MoyuCounty AutonomousprefecturesChangjiHui Changjicity Fukangcity QitaiCounty ManasCounty JimsarCounty HutubiCounty MoriCounty BortalaMongol Bolecity Alashankoucity JingheCounty WenquanCounty BayingholinMongol Korlacity HejingCounty YuliCounty HoxudCounty QiemoCounty BohuCounty LuntaiCounty RuoqiangCounty YanqiCounty KizilsuKyrgyz Artuxcity AkqiCounty WuqiaCounty AktoCounty XPCCadministeredCounty-levelcities Aralcity Beituncity Huyanghecity Kokdalacity Kunyucity Shihezicity Shuanghecity Tiemenguancity Tumxukcity Wujiaqucity Xinxingcity 1TachengandAltayareprefectureswithinandundertheadministrationoftheIliPrefecture. 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