Brazilian Carnival - Wikipedia

The Carnival of Brazil (Portuguese: Carnaval do Brasil, IPA: [kaʁnaˈvaw]) is an annual Brazilian festival held the Friday afternoon before Ash Wednesday at ... BrazilianCarnival FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch AnnualfestivalinBrazil BrazilianCarnivalRio'scarnivalisthelargestintheworldaccordingtoGuinnessWorldRecords.[1]AlsocalledCarnavalObserved byBrazilians,communitiesworldwideTypeCultural,Religious(RomanCatholicism)(AfroCandomblé)SignificanceCelebrationpriortofastingseasonofLent.BeginsFridaybeforeAshWednesday(51daystoEaster)EndsAshWednesdaymidday(46daysbeforeEaster)2021 dateAfternoon,February12–midday,February172022 dateAfternoon,February25–midday,March2(cancelled)2023 dateAfternoon,February17–midday,February222024 dateAfternoon,February9–midday,February14FrequencyannualRelated toCarnival,MardiGras,AshWednesday,Lent TheCarnivalofBrazil(Portuguese:CarnavaldoBrasil,IPA: [kaʁnaˈvaw])isanannualBrazilianfestivalheldtheFridayafternoonbeforeAshWednesdayatnoon,whichmarksthebeginningofLent,theforty-dayperiodbeforeEaster.DuringLent,RomanCatholicsandsomeotherChristianstraditionallyabstainedfromtheconsumptionofmeatandpoultry,hencetheterm"carnival",fromcarnelevare,"toremove(literally,"raise")meat."[2] Rhythm,participation,andcostumesvaryfromoneregionofBraziltoanother.InthesoutheasterncitiesofRiodeJaneiro,SãoPaulo,andVitória,hugeorganizedparadesareledbysambaschools.Thoseofficialparadesaremeanttobewatchedbythepublic,whileminorparades(blocos)allowingpublicparticipationcanbefoundinothercities,likeBeloHorizonte,[3]alsointhesoutheasternregion.ThenortheasterncitiesofRecife,Olinda,Salvador,andPortoSegurohaveorganizedgroupsparadingthroughstreets,andpublicinteractsdirectlywiththem.Itisasix-daypartywherecrowdsfollowthetrioselétricosthroughthecitystreets,dancingandsinging.Alsoinnortheast,Olindacarnivalfeaturesuniquecharacteristics,heavilyinfluencedbylocalfolkloreandculturalmanifestations,suchasFrevoandMaracatu. ThetypicalgenresofmusicofBraziliancarnivalare,intheSoutheastRegioningeneral,mostlycitiesofRiodeJaneiroandSãoPaulo:thesamba-enredo,thesambadebloco,thesambadeembaloandthemarchinha;andintheNortheastRegionincludingPernambuco(mostlycitiesofOlindaandRecife):frevoandmaracatu,andBahia(mostlythecityofSalvador):samba-reggae,pagode(alsoatypeofSamba)andthemaingenreaxémusic.TheserhythmsweremainlydevelopedbyAfro-brazliansandPardos,incorporatingandadaptingmanyculturalinfluences,fromthepercussionbeatsofAfricatothemilitaryfanfaresofEuropeandiberianmusicintheuseofinstrumentslikepandeiroandcavaquinho. CarnivalisthemostpopularholidayinBrazilandhasbecomeaneventofhugeproportions.[4][5][6][7]Exceptforindustrialproduction,retailestablishmentssuchasmalls,andcarnival-relatedbusinesses,thecountryunifiescompletelyforalmostaweekandfestivitiesareintense,dayandnight,mainlyincoastalcities.[8]RiodeJaneiro'scarnivalalonedrew4.9millionpeoplein2011,with400,000beingforeigners.[9] BraziliancarnivalinessenceisasynthesisofEuropean,indigenous,andAfro-Brazilianculturalinfluences,eachgrouphasplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofthestructureandaestheticoftheBraziliancarnivaloftoday.Forinstance,themainrhythmsusedincarnivalcelebrationsweredevelopedbyAfro-BraziliansandmakeuseofEuropeaninstrumentslikethecavaquinhoandpandeirotocreatemelodiesandarrangements,alsothefantasiesandcostumesintheBraziliancarnivalborrowconceptsfromtheclothingofthenatives,liketheuseoffeathersandthetendencytouselighterpiecesofclothing.HistoricallyitsoriginscanbetracedtothePortugueseAgeofDiscoverieswhentheircaravelspassedregularlythroughMadeira,aterritorywhichalreadycelebratedemphaticallyitscarnivalseason,andwheretheywereloadedwithgoodsbutalsopeopleandtheirludicandculturalexpressions.[10][11] Contents 1Disruptions 2Byregion 2.1RiodeJaneiro 2.2Bahia 2.3Pernambuco 2.4SãoPaulo 2.5EspíritoSanto 2.6MinasGerais 2.7Others 3Sambódromo 4Music 4.1Samba 4.2Frevo 4.3Axé 5TVbroadcasting 6Twinning 7Seealso 8References 9Externallinks Disruptions[edit] TheCarnivalwasfirstsuspendedin1912,followingthedeathoftheBaronofRioBranco,atthetimeBrazilianMinisterofExternalRelations.ThemayorofRioreportedlypostponedalllicensesfortheCarnivalassociations,butdespitethismanyresidentsstillpartiedinthestreetsanyway.[12]TheCarnivalwentonasscheduleddespiteWorldWarIandWorldWarII,besidesduringBrazil'smilitarydictatorship,despitestrictregulations. ThefirstdisruptiontotheCarnivalin108yearstookplaceinlateSeptember2020amidtheCOVID-19pandemicinBrazil,whenthe2021festivalwascancelled.[13][14]Thenextfestivalisscheduledfor26February-2March2022,dependingontheevolutionoftheepidemiologicalsituationinthecountry.[15] Byregion[edit] RiodeJaneiro[edit] Mainarticle:RioCarnival CrowdswatchtheCarnavalparadeintheSambadromeMarquêsdeSapucaí,inRiodeJaneiro. Inthelate18thcentury,the"cordões"(literally"cords",lacesorstringsinPortuguese)combinedwiththe"dançadococo"(literally"coconutdance"anAfro-Braziliandancetroupeform)wereintroducedinRiodeJaneiro.Thesewerepageantgroupsthatparadedthroughcityavenuesperformingoninstrumentsanddancing.TodaytheyareknownasCarnavalblocos(blocks),consistingofagroupofpeoplewhodressincostumesorspecialT-shirtswiththemesand/orlogos.Blocosaregenerallyassociatedwithparticularneighbourhoods;theyincludebothapercussionormusicgroupandanentourageofrevelers.Theyeventuallybecamethe"fathers"ofwhateveryonetodayknowsasthefamousandinternationallyrenownedsamba-schoolsinBrazil.Samba-schools(notonlyinRiodeJaneiro,butinSãoPauloandseveralothercities)aretheculturalepicenteroftheBraziliancarnival,intermsofthe"paradingstyle".Thefirstregisteredsamba-schoolwascalled"Deixa-falar",butdisappearedlaterandthefirstofficialsamba-schoolcontesthappenedin1929,withonlythreegroups,and"OswaldoCruz"groupwonthecompetition,withasambawrittenbyHeitordosPrazeres.GRESEstaçãoPrimeiradeMangueiraSamba-School,representedbyCartola,andEstáciodeSásambaSchool,representedbyIsmaelSilva,weretheother2contestants.Eventually,"OswaldoCruz"becamePortelaSambaSchool,thegreatestwinnerofRio'sCarnivalwith22Titles.AlthoughmanyBrazilianstendnowtofavorotherformsofnationalmusicculturetothatofRio'ssambaschools,thecarnivalofRiodeJaneiroremainsthenationalfestivalparexcellence,andthesambaofRiodeJaneirocontinuestobeanagentofnationalunification.[16] AtypicalperformerofSambadance Carnavalblocos,alsoknownasBlocosdeRua("StreetBlocks")occurinnearlyeveryneighborhoodthroughoutthecityandmetropolitanareas,butthemostfamousaretheonesinCopacabana,Ipanema,Leblon,Lagoa,JardimBotânico,andindowntownRio.Organizersoftencomposetheirownmusicthemesthatareaddedtotheperformanceandsingingofclassic"marchinhas"andsambapopularsongs."Cordãodobolapreta"("PolkaDotBloco"),thatgoesthroughtheheartofRio'shistoricalcenter,and"SuvacodoCristo"('ArmpitofChristtheRedeemer',referringtotheangleofthestatueseenfromtheneighborhood),neartheBotanicalGarden,aresomeofthemostfamousgroups.Monoblocohasbecomesofamousthatitplaysallyearroundatpartiesandsmallconcerts. CarnivalqueenofRiodeJaneiro Theformalizedsambaschoolsareverysmallgroupsofperformers,financedbyrespectedorganizations(aswellaslegalgamblinggroups),whoworkyear-roundinpreparationforCarnival.SambaSchoolsperformintheSambadrome,whichrunsfourentirenightsandisoverseenbyLIESA.[17]Theyarepartofanofficialcompetition,dividedintosevendivisions,inwhichasingleschoolisdeclaredthewinner,accordingtotenjudgingcategories[18]thatincludecostume,flow,theme,andbandmusicqualityandperformance.Somesambaschoolsalsoholdstreetpartiesintheirneighborhoods,throughwhichtheyparadealongwiththeirfollowers. AllperformersattheSambadromehavetowearacostume.Somehonoredmembersoftheschoolorcommunitymayreceiveoneforfree,butnormally,mostwillhavetopayfortheirown.[19]Touristscanhavethesameexperienceonthe"CommercialArea"ofsomeSambaSchoolsbutneedtobuytheirowncostumefromtheschool,orthroughanagent,eitherofwhichcanbequitecostly.[20] Bahia[edit] Mainarticle:BahianCarnival CircuitBarra-Ondina,themostfamouslineofBrazilwhereattractionssingabovethetrioelétricointhecityofSalvador,Bahia ThereareseveralmajordifferencesbetweenCarnivalinthestateofBahiainNortheasternBrazilandCarnivalinRiodeJaneiro.Themusicalstylesaredifferentateachcarnival;inBahiatherearemanyrhythms,includingsamba,samba-reggae,axé,etc.,whileinRiothereisthemultitudeofsambastyles:the"samba-enredo",the"sambadebloco",the"sambadeembalo",the"funk-samba",aswellasthefamous"marchinhas"playedbythe"bandas"inthestreets. CarnivalcircuitofthecityofSalvador. Inthe1880s,theblackpopulationcommemoratedthedaysofCarnivalinitsownway,highlymarkedbyYorubacharacteristics,dancinginthestreetsplayinginstruments.Thisformwasthoughtofas"primitive"bytheupper-classwhiteelite,andthegroupswerebannedfromparticipatingintheofficialBahiaCarnival,dominatedbythelocalconservativeelite.Thegroupsdefiedthebanandcontinuedtodotheirdances. Bythe1970s,fourmaintypesofcarnivalgroupsdevelopedinBahia:Afoxês,TriosElétricos,"Amerindian"groups,andBlocosAfros.AfoxêsusetherhythmsoftheAfricaninspiredreligion,Candomblé.TheyalsoworshipthegodsofCandomblé,calledorixás.AnElectricTrioischaracterizedbyatruckequippedwithgiantspeakersandaplatformwheremusiciansplaysongsoflocalgenressuchasaxé.Peoplefollowthetruckssinginganddancing.The"Amerindian"groupswereinspiredbyWesternmoviesfromtheUnitedStates.ThegroupsdressupasNativeAmericansandtakeonNativeAmericannames.BlocosAfros,orAfrogroups,wereinfluencedbytheBlackPrideMovementintheUnitedStates,independencemovementsinAfrica,andreggaemusicthatdenouncedracismandoppression.ThegroupsinspiredarenewedprideinAfricanheritage.[21] Today,Bahia'scarnivalconsistsmostlyofTriosElétricos,buttherearestillBlocosAfrosandAfoxês.Everyyear,abouthalfamilliontouristsareattractedtoSalvador.ItisalsopossibletowatcheverythingfromtheCamarotes(ringsideseats)spreadoutalongtheway,offeringmorecomforttothevisitors. Pernambuco[edit] RecifeCarnival,inthecapitalcityoftheStateofPernambuco,Recife ThenortheaststateofPernambucohasuniqueCarnivalsinitspresentcapitalRecifeandinitscolonialcapitalOlinda.Theirmainrhythmsarethefrevoandthemaracatu.GalodaMadrugadaisthebiggestcarnivalparadeintheworld,consideringthenumberofparticipants,accordingTheGuinnessBookofWorldRecords.Itmeans"dawn'srooster"andparades,asthenamesuggests,inthemorningonly.FrevoisPernambucan-styledancewithAfricanandacrobaticinfluences,asitisfastandelectrifying,oftenusinganopenumbrellaandfrequentlegsandarmsmovements. UnlikeSalvadorandRio,thefestivitiesinRecife,OlindaandItamaracadonotincludegroupcompetitions.Instead,groupsdanceandplayinstrumentssidebyside.Troçasandmaracatus,mostlyofAfricaninfluence,beginoneweekbeforeCarnivalandendaweeklater. SãoPaulo[edit] CarnivalparadeinSãoPaulo,GaviõesdaFielTorcidaSambaSchool. Mainarticle:CarnivalofSãoPaulo OneofthemostpopularandinexpensivecostumesattheBrazilianCarnaval-BlocoDoFraldão ThecarnivalinSãoPaulotakesplaceintheAnhembiSambadromeontheFridayandSaturdaynightoftheweekofCarnival,asopposedtoRio'sCarnival,whichisheldonSundayandMondaynight. Various"sambaschools"competeinahugeparade.Eachschoolpresentsadifferenttheme,whichtheyexposethroughtheircostumes,dance,music,andtheallegoricalcarsor"carrosalegóricos",hugevehiclesdecoratedaccordingtothethemedesignedspecificallyfortheparade.Theschoolsareresponsibleforchoosingtheirownthemes,whichusuallyrevolvearoundhistoricalhappeningsorsomesortofculturalorpoliticalmovement. Vai-VaiistheoldestschoolandhasbeentheSpecialGroupchampionmosttimes(15total,includingthe2015championship).Italsoisthemostpopular,forithasalargerfanbaseandmanysupportersamongthepeopleofthecity. SãoPaulohasusurpedRiodeJaneiroastheBraziliancitywiththelargestandmostdiverseCarnivalinBrazil.[22]ItisalsothemostLGBTQ+friendlyCarnivalinBrazil.[23]In2017,theSexualDiversityMuseumofSãoPauloformeditsownCarnivalgrouptoprovidethemessageofinclusion,peace,andrespectforallLGBTpeople.[23]In2020,SãoPauloCarnivalhasfeaturedCamillaPrins,thefirsttransgenderwomantoleadasambaschoolinanyCarnivaleventinBrazil.[24] EspíritoSanto[edit] TheCarnivalinVitóriaareperformedoneweekbeforeCarnival,morepreciselyinSambãodoPovo.Theschoolsareresponsibleforchoosingtheirownthemes,whichusuallyrevolvearoundhistoricalhappeningsorsomesortofculturalorpoliticalmovement. Morethanthetraditionalschoolparade,thecarnivalinEspiritoSantosincludesalargesetofattractions,especiallyinthebeachareasofthestate,fromnorthtosouth. MinasGerais[edit] CarnivalparadeofOuroPreto,MinasGerais. CarnivalinMinasGeraisisoftencharacterizedbyblocoscarnavalescoswithvaryingthemesandcostumestyles,typicallyaccompaniedbyabrassanddrumsband.ThecarnivalhasbeenheavilyinfluencedbytheRiodeJaneiroCarnival,andseveralcitiesholdparadeswithsambaschools.Morerecently,AxégroupsfromBahiacometoplayinthestate. ThemosttraditionalcarnivalparadeshappeninthehistoriccitiesofOuroPreto,Mariana,SãoJoãodelRei,andDiamantina. Sincethe2010s,thecarnivalinthestatecapitalBeloHorizontehasincreasedheavilyinpopularity, Othercitiesinthestate,suchasJuizdeFora,Abaeté,Pompéu,andTrêsPontas,alsohavepopularparades. OuroPretoispopularamongcollegestudents.Thecityhasalargeproportionofstudents,whoduringtheyearliveinplacescalledRepúblicas(aBrazilianequivalenttoafrathouse).Duringcarnival,theRepúblicasturntoaffordableaccommodationforbothresidentsandvisitorscomingfromalloverthecountry.Thecityhills,narrowstreets,andstonepavementpreventtrafficofheavysoundtrucks.[25] ZéPereiradosLacaios,theoldestcarnivalblockinBrazilwithmorethan150years,paradeinthecity. ThefirstcarnivalpartyinBeloHorizontehappenedin1897,evenbeforetheinaugurationofthecity.[citationneeded] Still,fordecadesthecarnivalinthecitywasnotaspopularasinhistoricalcities. Onlyinthe2010sthesituationhaschanged,andthecarnivalstartedgainingincreasingpopularity. In2017,BeloHorizontehadthelargestcarnivalinitshistoryandthethird-largestinBrazil.Thereweremorethanthreemillionpeopleonthestreets,withabout500,00tourists.[26]TheBaianasOzadasblockhitarecordaudienceof500,000people. JuizdeForahadoneofthethreelargestcarnivalsinBrazilinthe1980s.Butithasbeensteadilylosingpopularity.Adeadlockbetweentheleagueoflocalsambaschools(LIESJUF)andthemunicipality'scultureagency(Funalfa)[27]preventedparadesinthecitysince2016.Asatemporarysolution,theparadeshavebeenheldatIntendenteMagalhães.[28] Others[edit] SomeSoutherncitiessuchasUruguaiana,Florianópolis,andPortoAlegrehavesmallersambaschoolgroupsorblocos,butlikeSãoPaulostatetowns,theyseemtopreferballstostreetdancing.CuritibahostsmodestcarnivalcelebrationssimilartothoseofotherBraziliancitiesandeventssuchasCuritibaRockFestivalandacarnivalZombieWalk,allsupportedbyCulturalFoundationofCuritibawhichoperatesundersupervisionofgovernmentofCuritiba.[29][30][31][32] Sambódromo[edit] TheSambódromoofRio TheCarnivalparadesinRiodeJaneiroandSãoPaulotakeplaceintheirsambódromos,locatedclosetothecitycenter.IntheRioSambódromo,theparadesstartat20:00or21:00(dependingonthedate)andendaround5:00inthemorning.[33]TheRiodeJaneiroMetrooperates24hoursduringthemainparadedays.[33] Music[edit] Samba[edit] Mainarticles:SambaandSamba(Braziliandance) SingerCarmenMirandaledsambatotheworldinherfilms. OriginatedinRiodeJaneirobetweentheendofthe19thcenturyandthefirstyearsofthe20thcentury,thesambaisstilloneofthemostpopularmusicstylesofBrazil.Fromintimatesamba-canções(sambasongs)sunginbarstoexplosivedrumparadesperformedduringcarnival,sambaalwaysevokesawarmandvibrantmood.Inthe1930s,agroupofmusiciansledbyIsmaelSilvafoundedintheneighborhoodofEstáciodeSáthefirstsambaschool,DeixaFalar.Theytransformedthemusicalgenretomakeitfitbetterthecarnivalparade.Inthisdecade,theradiospreadthegenre'spopularityallaroundthecountry,andwiththesupportofthenationalistdictatorshipofGetúlioVargas,sambabecameBrazil's"officialmusic." Inthefollowingyears,sambahasdevelopedinseveraldirections,fromthegentlesamba-cançãotothedrumorchestraswhichmakethesoundtrackofcarnivalparade.Oneofthesenewstyleswasbossanova,amusicalmovementinitiallyspearheadedbyyoungmusiciansandcollegestudentsfromRiodeJaneiro.Itgotincreasinglypopularovertime,withtheworksofJoãoGilbertoandAntonioCarlosJobim.Inthesixties,Brazilwaspoliticallydivided,andtheleftistmusiciansofbossanovastartedtodrawattentiontothemusicmadeinthefavelas.Manypopularartistswerediscoveredatthistime.NameslikeCartola,NelsonCavaquinho,VelhaGuardadaPortela,ZéKeti,andClementinadeJesusrecordedtheirfirstalbums.Intheseventies,thesambagotbacktoradio.ComposersandsingerslikeMartinhodaVila,ClaraNunes,andBethCarvalhodominatedthehitparade. Inthebeginningoftheeighties,afterhavingbeensenttotheundergroundduetostyleslikediscoandBrazilianrock,SambareappearedinthemediawithamusicalmovementcreatedinthesuburbsofRiodeJaneiro.Itwasthepagode,arenewedsamba,withnewinstruments,likethebanjoandthetantan,andanewlanguage,morepopular,filledwithslang.ThemostpopularnameswereZecaPagodinho,AlmirGuineto,GrupoFundodeQuintal,JorgeAragão,andJovelinaPérolaNegra.VarioussambaschoolshavebeenfoundedthroughoutBrazil.Asambaschoolcombinesthedancingandpartyfunofanightclubwiththegatheringplaceofasocialclubandthecommunityfeelingofavolunteergroup.DuringthespectacularRioCarnival,famoussambaschoolsparadeintheSambódromo.[34] Frevo[edit] Frevodancers.TheFrevowasincludedontheUNESCO'slistofintangibleheritage.[35] FrevoisawiderangeofmusicalstylesoriginatingfromRecifeandOlinda,Pernambuco,Brazil,allofwhicharetraditionallyassociatedwithBrazilianCarnival.Thewordfrevoissaidtocomefromfrever,amisspeakingofthePortuguesewordferver(toboil).Itissaidthatthesoundofthefrevowillmakelistenersanddancerstofeelastheyareboilingontheground.Thewordfrevoisnormallyusedinterchangeablyeithertomeanthefrevomusicorthefrevodance. Thefrevomusiccamefirst.Bytheendofthe19thcentury,bandsfromtheBrazilianArmyregimentsbasedinthecityofRecifestartedatraditionofparadingduringtheCarnival.SincetheCarnivalisoriginallylinkedtoreligion,theyplayedreligiousprocessionmarchesandmartialmusic,aswell.Acoupleofregimentshadfamousbandsthatattractedmanyfollowersanditwasjustamatteroftimetopeoplestarttocompareonetoanotherandcheerfortheirfavoritebands.ThetwomostfamousbandsweretheEspanha(meaningSpain),whoseconductorwasofSpanishorigin,andthe14,fromthe14thregiment.Thebandsstartedtocompetewitheachotherandalsostartedplayingfasterandfaster,louderandlouder. Axé[edit] TheBrazilianaxésingerDanielaMercury. Axéisnotexactlyaboutastyleormusicalmovement,butratheraboutausefulbrandnamegiventoartistsfromSalvadorwhomademusicuponnortheasternBrazilian,Caribbean,andAfricanrhythmswithapop-rocktwist,whichhelpedthemtakeovertheBrazilianhitparadessince1992.AxéisaritualgreetingusedinCandombléandUmbandareligions,andmeans"goodvibration."ThewordmusicwasattachedtoAxé,usedasslangwithinthelocalmusicbiz,byajournalistwhointendedtocreateaderogatorytermforthepretentiousdance-drivenstyle. AssingerDanielaMercurybeganherrisetostardominRioandSãoPaulo,anythingcomingfromSalvadorwouldbelabeledAxéMusic.Soon,theartistsbecameoblivioustothederogatoryoriginsofthetermandstartedtakingadvantageofit.Withthemediapushingitforward,thesoundtrackofCarnivalinSalvadorquicklyspreadoverthecountry(throughoff-seasonCarnivalshindigs),strengtheningitsindustrialpotentialsandproducingyear-roundhitsalongthe90s. TestedwithintheheightofCarnivalheat,AxésongshavebeencommerciallysuccessfulinBrazilthroughoutthepastdecade.Theyear1998wasparticularlyfortunatefortheartistsfromBahia:together,DanielaMercury,ClaudiaLeitte,IveteSangalo,AsadeAguia,ChicletecomBanana,Araketu,CheirodeAmor,andÉoTchansoldover3.4 millionrecords.[36] TVbroadcasting[edit] TheBrazilianCarnivalParadeswerefirstbroadcastinthelate1960sontelevisiononRedeGlobo,whichbroughttheRiocelebrationslive,bringingthecelebrationstomorepeoplealloverthenation.Bythe1970s,colorbroadcastingandsatellitetransmissionsmadethebroadcaststobebeamedtootherpartsofthenationinreal-time,bythenfeaturingthetopschoolsunder,since1984theLigaIndependentedasEscolasdeSambadoRiodeJaneiro-alsoknownastheSpecialGroup(since1990),andformerlyundertheAssociaçãodasEscolasdeSambadaCidadedoRiodeJaneiro.Thenow-defunctRedeManchetebroadcasttheeventonseveraloccasionsandmountedajointbroadcastwithGloboforthe1987event. Since1991,Globo'sbroadcastoftheparades,nowdubbedGlobeleza,attheSambodromeinRioandSãoPaulohavebecomethecenterofnationalandinternationalattention.Until2017,fansofthesambaschoolsonparadealsoexpectedtowatchashortpreviewoftheperformancesoftheschoolsinvolvedtobebroadcastduringthedurationoftheevent.By2018lyricvideostyleadvertsappearedintheirplace,completewiththecoloursofthecompetingschoolsinattendance,featuringthelyricsofthesongstobeperformedbytheschools. GloboacquiredalsotherightstoairtheparadeofsambaschoolsofSãoPauloin1990,andvictoryparadestherewerelaterairedinotherlocalTVchannels.ParadesbelongingtotheAccessGroup(5thDivision)andtheBSeriesschoolsinRiowerealsobroadcastonseveralTVstationsandarestillthecasetoday(in2015RedeRecordandNGTairedtheparadesofthelower-levelschools).Since2014,GloboalsohasfullrightstotheASeries(Rio)andPaulistaparades,whichwereco-sharedwiththeVivaChannelbeforeitsclosurein2015(whichairedlower-levelparadesandthevictoryparadesofthetwocities'winningschoolsfortheyear)andregionally,RBSairstheCarnivalsofFlorianopólisandPortoAlegre,andsince2015,cablechannelTVCOMdisplaythegauchoparadesinthesouth.TheRioparadecanalsobeheardonradioandseenviaonlinestreamingaswell(thruTVGRioandfrom2015inG1,whichoffersanonlinelivestreamingofthevictoryparade). TheCarnivalsofRecifeandSalvadorareshownbyBandsincetheearly2000s,andBandalsoholdsbroadcastrightsforthevictoryparade.BothfallundertheBandFoliabrand.ThisisalsothecaseforSBTwhichalsobroadcaststheeventsundertheSBTFoliabannerandisalso,sincerecently,seenvialivestreamingonYouTube.Since2008,GloboalsohasitsownbroadcastteamandcrewforthebroadcastsofthelatenightGalodaMadrugadainRecife. Twinning[edit] SantaCruzdeTenerife,Spain;Since1984,RiodeJaneiroistwinnedwiththecityofSantaCruzdeTenerifeforthespeciallinkbetweentheCarnivalofRioandtheCarnivalofSantaCruzdeTenerife.[37][38][39] Seealso[edit] Micareta,anoff-seasoncelebrationsimilartoCarnival References[edit] ^"Largestcarnival".GuinnessWorldRecords.1January2004.Retrieved11February2016. ^"Carnival".OnlineEtymologyDictionary. ^"CarnavaldeBeloHorizonteterápúblicorecorde,menosrecursoemaisrestrições-23/01/2016".Em.com.br. ^"Topic:CarnivalinBrazil".Statista.Retrieved4December2020.Carnivalis,withoutadoubt,thebiggestnationalfestivityinBrazil.Forfivedayseachyear,theentirecountryunitesinonebigstreetparty,whereeveryoneisinvited.ButCarnivalisnotonlyabigpartofthecountry’sculture,itisalsoanimportanteventfortheBrazilianeconomy. ^NewsPaper,TheBrasilians(6February2018)."Carnival,theMostBelovedTraditionofBrazil".TheBrasilians.Retrieved4December2020. ^"Rio'sCarnival-GeneralInfo".www.brazilao.com.Retrieved4December2020. ^"BrazilHolidaysandFestivals".www.iexplore.com.Retrieved4December2020.Undoubtedly,Carnivalisthecountry’smostfamousgathering.ThroughoutmanyofBrazil’smetropolises,Carnivalbringsanenergythatisunrivaledacrosstheglobe. ^"CarnivalinBrazil".Topics-mag.com.7October2008.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28June2011.Retrieved4June2011. ^"Folha.com-Cotidiano-Apósrecordedepúblico,RiolimitablocosnoCarnaval2012-14/03/2011".Folha.uol.com.br.14March2011.Retrieved11February2016. ^"CarnavaldaMadeirapoderáterinfluenciadofestividadesnoBrasil|Sociedade|DiárioDigital".Diariodigital.sapo.pt.Archivedfromtheoriginalon8March2016.Retrieved11February2016. ^"SICNotícias-Cultura".Sicnoticias.sapo.pt.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28August2018.Retrieved11February2016. ^deSousa,Marcelo(24September2020)."VirusdisruptingRio'sCarnivalforfirsttimeinacentury".AssociatedPress.Retrieved13October2021. ^"GlobalCovidreport:RiocancelsCarnivalforfirsttimeinacenturyasglobaldeathsnear1m".TheGuardian.25September2020.Retrieved13October2021. ^"RíodeJaneirosuspendeelcarnavalporprimeravezen108años"(inSpanish).LaRadio1029.com.ar.1October2020.Retrieved9July2021. ^"ConfirmancarnavaldeRíodeJaneiroparafebrerodel2022"(inSpanish).ElComercioEC.8July2021.Retrieved9July2021. ^ViannaH,TheMysteryofSamba:PopularMusicandNationalIdentityinBrazil,UniversidadeFederaldoRiodeJaneiro1995,trans.ChasteenJ,UniversityofNorthCarolinaPress1999.p.107. ^"LIESA-LigaIndependentedasEscolasdeSambadoRiodeJaneiro".Liesa.globo.com.Retrieved11February2016. ^"MapadeNotas".Retrieved20November2013.[deadlink] ^"OPortaldeNotíciasdaParaíba,NordesteeBrasil".WSCOM.com.br.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19December2014.Retrieved11February2016. ^"BuyyourCostumesfortheBrazilianCostumeParadeinRio".Riocostumes.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28May2013.Retrieved11February2016. ^Collins,JohnF.(2015).RevoltoftheSaints:MemoryandRedemptionintheTwilightofBrazilianRacialDemocracy.Durham,NC:DukeUniversitypress.ISBN 978-0-8223-5320-1. ^Pasqualin,VeradaCunha(2019)."TheStreetCarnivalofSãoPauloreflectingthepolarisedBraziliansocietyin2019"(PDF).Emotions,PopulismandPolarisedPolitics,MediaandCulture–viaConference"Emotions,PopulismandPolarisedPolitics,MediaandCulture",UniversityofHelsinki,August2019. ^abAlface,Felipe(7February2018)."TheLGBTsideofCarnivalinBrazil".TheWashingtonBlade.Retrieved31October2020. ^Savarese,Mauricio(22February2020)."BraziliantransgenderdancershattersCarnivalparadetaboo".APNews.Retrieved31October2020. ^"CarnivalofOuroPreto,MinasGerais".V-brazil.com.Retrieved4June2011. ^"CarnavaldeBHbaterecordecomtrêsmilhõesdepessoasnasruas". ^"Ligadasescolasdesambacanceladesfilecompetitivode2018emJuizdeFora".G1.10October2017.Retrieved27February2018. ^"LiesbauxiliaránareestruturaçãodoCarnavaldeJuizdeFora".SRZD.27January2018.Retrieved27February2018. ^"Curitiba'scarnival".GazetadoPovo.Retrieved11February2016. ^Greene,Stephen(5March2014)."CarnivalinCuritiba:ZombieWalk".TheHeadoftheHeard.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28April2016.Retrieved11February2016. ^"CarnavaldeCuritibaabreespaçoparaorockezumbis-Notícia-FundaçãoCulturaldeCuritiba".Fundacaoculturaldecuritiba.com.br.Retrieved11February2016. ^"GoogleTradutor".Translate.google.com(inPortuguese).Retrieved11February2016. ^ab"SambódromoInformation".Bolerio.com.Retrieved4June2011. ^"SambainRiodeJaneiro".Travel-amazing-southamerica.com.7August1942.Retrieved4June2011. ^Source:UNESCOOfficeinBrasiliaUNESCOOfficeinBrasilia(7December2012)."BrazilianfrevodanceisinscribedontheUNESCOListofIntangibleCulturalHeritageofHumanity|UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization".Unesco.org.Retrieved11February2016. ^"AxéMusicinSalvador".Allbrazilianmusic.com.Retrieved4June2011. ^"Tenerife-ABC". ^"FiestasdeEspaña.ElCarnavaldeTenerife".Archivedfromtheoriginalon21September2010.Retrieved21February2020. ^"ElCarnavaldeTenerife". Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoCarnivalsofBrazil. 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