Electrical substation - Wikipedia

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, ... Electricalsubstation FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Partofanelectricalgeneration,transmission,anddistributionsystem Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Electricalsubstation" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(May2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) ElementsofasubstationPrimarypowerlines'sideSecondarypowerlines'sidePrimarypowerlinesGroundwireOverheadlinesTransformerformeasurementofelectricvoltageDisconnectswitchCircuitbreakerCurrenttransformerLightningarresterMaintransformerControlbuildingSecurityfenceSecondarypowerlines A50 HzelectricalsubstationinMelbourne,Australia,showingthreeofthefive220 kV/66 kVtransformers,aswellashigh-voltagetransformerfirebarriers,eachwithacapacityof150MVA.Thissubstationusessteellatticestructurestosupportstrainbuswiresandapparatus.[1] A115 kVto41.6/12.47 kV5 MVA60 Hzsubstationwithcircuitswitcher,regulators,reclosersandcontrolbuildingatWarren,Minnesota.Itshowselementsoflow-profileconstruction,withapparatusmountedonindividualcolumns. Asubstationisapartofanelectricalgeneration,transmission,anddistributionsystem.Substationstransformvoltagefromhightolow,orthereverse,orperformanyofseveralotherimportantfunctions.Betweenthegeneratingstationandconsumer,electricpowermayflowthroughseveralsubstationsatdifferentvoltagelevels.Asubstationmayincludetransformerstochangevoltagelevelsbetweenhightransmissionvoltagesandlowerdistributionvoltages,orattheinterconnectionoftwodifferenttransmissionvoltages. Substationsmaybeownedandoperatedbyanelectricalutility,ormaybeownedbyalargeindustrialorcommercialcustomer.Generallysubstationsareunattended,relyingonSCADAforremotesupervisionandcontrol. Thewordsubstationcomesfromthedaysbeforethedistributionsystembecameagrid.Ascentralgenerationstationsbecamelarger,smallergeneratingplantswereconvertedtodistributionstations,receivingtheirenergysupplyfromalargerplantinsteadofusingtheirowngenerators.Thefirstsubstationswereconnectedtoonlyonepowerstation,wherethegeneratorswerehoused,andweresubsidiariesofthatpowerstation. 220 kV/110 kV/20 kVstationinGermany Contents 1Types 1.1Transmissionsubstation 1.2Distributionsubstation 1.3Collectorsubstation 1.4Convertersubstations 1.5Switchingstation 1.6Railways 1.7Mobilesubstation 2Design 2.1Elementsofasubstation 2.2Locationselection 2.3Designdiagrams 2.4Automation 2.5Insulation 2.6Structure 3Seealso 4References 5Furtherreading Types[edit] High-voltagesubstationinKaanaa,Pori,Finland Substationsmaybedescribedbytheirvoltageclass,theirapplicationswithinthepowersystem,themethodusedtoinsulatemostconnections,andbythestyleandmaterialsofthestructuresused.Thesecategoriesarenotdisjointed;forexample,tosolveaparticularproblem,atransmissionsubstationmayincludesignificantdistributionfunctions. SubstationinRussia Transmissionsubstation[edit] Atransmissionsubstationconnectstwoormoretransmissionlines.[2]Thesimplestcaseiswherealltransmissionlineshavethesamevoltage.Insuchcases,substationcontainshigh-voltageswitchesthatallowlinestobeconnectedorisolatedforfaultclearanceormaintenance.Atransmissionstationmayhavetransformerstoconvertbetweentwotransmissionvoltages,voltagecontrol/powerfactorcorrectiondevicessuchascapacitors,reactorsorstaticVARcompensatorsandequipmentsuchasphaseshiftingtransformerstocontrolpowerflowbetweentwoadjacentpowersystems. MinimalHVstationinGermany Transmissionsubstationscanrangefromsimpletocomplex.Asmall"switchingstation"maybelittlemorethanabusplussomecircuitbreakers.Thelargesttransmissionsubstationscancoveralargearea(severalacres/hectares)withmultiplevoltagelevels,manycircuitbreakers,andalargeamountofprotectionandcontrolequipment(voltageandcurrenttransformers,relaysandSCADAsystems).ModernsubstationsmaybeimplementedusinginternationalstandardssuchasIECStandard61850. Distributionsubstation[edit] TransformertowerinGermany.Mediumvoltagesupplyatthefront,lowvoltageoutputontheside. AdistributionsubstationinScarborough,Ontariodisguisedasahouse,completewithadriveway,frontwalkandamownlawnandshrubsinthefrontyard.Awarningnoticecanbeclearlyseenonthe"frontdoor".Disguisesforsubstationsarecommoninmanycities.[3] Adistributionsubstationtransferspowerfromthetransmissionsystemtothedistributionsystemofanarea.[2]Itisuneconomicaltodirectlyconnectelectricityconsumerstothemaintransmissionnetwork,unlesstheyuselargeamountsofpower,sothedistributionstationreducesvoltagetoalevelsuitableforlocaldistribution. Theinputforadistributionsubstationistypicallyatleasttwotransmissionorsub-transmissionlines.Inputvoltagemaybe,forexample,115 kV,orwhateveriscommoninthearea.Theoutputisanumberoffeeders.Distributionvoltagesaretypicallymediumvoltage,between2.4 kVand33 kV,dependingonthesizeoftheareaservedandthepracticesofthelocalutility.Thefeedersrunalongstreetsoverhead(orunderground,insomecases)andpowerthedistributiontransformersatornearthecustomerpremises. Inadditiontotransformingvoltage,distributionsubstationsalsoisolatefaultsineitherthetransmissionordistributionsystems.Distributionsubstationsaretypicallythepointsofvoltageregulation,althoughonlongdistributioncircuits(ofseveralmiles/kilometers),voltageregulationequipmentmayalsobeinstalledalongtheline. Thedowntownareasoflargecitiesfeaturecomplicateddistributionsubstations,withhigh-voltageswitching,andswitchingandbackupsystemsonthelow-voltageside.Moretypicaldistributionsubstationshaveaswitch,onetransformer,andminimalfacilitiesonthelow-voltageside. Collectorsubstation[edit] Indistributedgenerationprojectssuchasawindfarmorphotovoltaicpowerstation,acollectorsubstationmayberequired.Itresemblesadistributionsubstationalthoughpowerflowisintheoppositedirection,frommanywindturbinesorinvertersupintothetransmissiongrid.Usuallyforeconomyofconstructionthecollectorsystemoperatesaround35 kV,althoughsomecollectorsystemsare12kV,andthecollectorsubstationstepsupvoltagetoatransmissionvoltageforthegrid.Thecollectorsubstationcanalsoprovidepowerfactorcorrectionifitisneeded,metering,andcontrolofthewindfarm.InsomespecialcasesacollectorsubstationcanalsocontainanHVDCconverterstation. Collectorsubstationsalsoexistwheremultiplethermalorhydroelectricpowerplantsofcomparableoutputpowerareinproximity.ExamplesforsuchsubstationsareBrauweilerinGermanyandHradecintheCzechRepublic,wherepoweriscollectedfromnearbylignite-firedpowerplants.Ifnotransformersarerequiredforincreasingthevoltagetotransmissionlevel,thesubstationisaswitchingstation. Convertersubstations[edit] ConvertersubstationsmaybeassociatedwithHVDCconverterplants,tractioncurrent,orinterconnectednon-synchronousnetworks.Thesestationscontainpowerelectronicdevicestochangethefrequencyofcurrent,orelseconvertfromalternatingtodirectcurrentorthereverse.Formerlyrotaryconverterschangedfrequencytointerconnecttwosystems;nowadayssuchsubstationsarerare. Switchingstation[edit] Aswitchingstationisasubstationwithouttransformersandoperatingonlyatasinglevoltagelevel.Switchingstationsaresometimesusedascollectoranddistributionstations.Sometimestheyareusedforswitchingthecurrenttoback-uplinesorforparallelizingcircuitsincaseoffailure.AnexampleistheswitchingstationsfortheHVDCInga–Shabatransmissionline. Aswitchingstationmayalsobeknownasaswitchyard,andthesearecommonlylocateddirectlyadjacenttoornearbyapowerstation.Inthiscasethegeneratorsfromthepowerstationsupplytheirpowerintotheyardontothegeneratorbusononesideoftheyard,andthetransmissionlinestaketheirpowerfromaFeederBusontheothersideoftheyard. Animportantfunctionperformedbyasubstationisswitching,whichistheconnectinganddisconnectingoftransmissionlinesorothercomponentstoandfromthesystem.Switchingeventsmaybeplannedorunplanned.Atransmissionlineorothercomponentmayneedtobede-energizedformaintenanceorfornewconstruction,forexample,addingorremovingatransmissionlineoratransformer.Tomaintainreliabilityofsupply,companiesaimatkeepingthesystemupandrunningwhileperformingmaintenance.Allworktobeperformed,fromroutinetestingtoaddingentirelynewsubstations,shouldbedonewhilekeepingthewholesystemrunning. SwitchyardatGrandCouleeDam,UnitedStates,2006.Thisisa500kVswitchyard. Formerhigh-voltagesubstationinStuttgart,Germany,now110 kVswitchingstation.The220 kVleveliseliminatedforgridsimplification. Unplannedswitchingeventsarecausedbyafaultinatransmissionlineoranyothercomponent,forexample: alineishitbylightninganddevelopsanarc, atowerisblowndownbyhighwind. Thefunctionoftheswitchingstationistoisolatethefaultyportionofthesystemintheshortestpossibletime.De-energizingfaultyequipmentprotectsitfromfurtherdamage,andisolatingafaulthelpskeeptherestoftheelectricalgridoperatingwithstability.[4] Railways[edit] Mainarticle:Tractionsubstation Electrifiedrailwaysalsousesubstations,oftendistributionsubstations.Insomecasesaconversionofthecurrenttypetakesplace,commonlywithrectifiersfordirectcurrent(DC)trains,orrotaryconvertersfortrainsusingalternatingcurrent(AC)atfrequenciesotherthanthatofthepublicgrid.Sometimestheyarealsotransmissionsubstationsorcollectorsubstationsiftherailwaynetworkalsooperatesitsowngridandgeneratorstosupplytheotherstations. Mobilesubstation[edit] Amobilesubstationisasubstationonwheels,containingatransformer,breakersandbusworkmountedonaself-containedsemi-trailer,meanttobepulledbyatruck.Theyaredesignedtobecompactfortravelonpublicroads,andareusedfortemporarybackupintimesofnaturaldisasterorwar.Mobilesubstationsareusuallyratedmuchlowerthanpermanentinstallations,andmaybebuiltinseveralunitstomeetroadtravellimitations.[5] Design[edit] TheAdélard-GodboutsubstationinOldMontrealisCanada'soldestsubstation,incontinuousoperationsince1901.Ithasafacadeinclaybrickwithgreystoneornaments,toblendintoitsdowntownenvironment. Substationinacastle-likebuildingfromthe1910s,servesasdistributionpointnexttotheLésnadam,oneofseveralhydroelectricalstationsatBóbrriver. 15kV/400VdistributiontowerinPoland Elementsofasubstation[edit] Substationsgenerallyhaveswitching,protectionandcontrolequipment,andtransformers.Inalargesubstation,circuitbreakersareusedtointerruptanyshortcircuitsoroverloadcurrentsthatmayoccuronthenetwork.Smallerdistributionstationsmayusereclosercircuitbreakersorfusesforprotectionofdistributioncircuits.Substationsthemselvesdonotusuallyhavegenerators,althoughapowerplantmayhaveasubstationnearby.Otherdevicessuchascapacitors,voltageregulators,andreactorsmayalsobelocatedatasubstation. Substationsmaybeonthesurfaceinfencedenclosures,underground,orlocatedinspecial-purposebuildings.High-risebuildingsmayhaveseveralindoorsubstations.Indoorsubstationsareusuallyfoundinurbanareastoreducethenoisefromthetransformers,forreasonsofappearance,ortoprotectswitchgearfromextremeclimateorpollutionconditions. Agrounding(earthing)systemmustbedesigned.Thetotalgroundpotentialrise,andthegradientsinpotentialduringafault(calledtouchandsteppotentials),[6]mustbecalculatedtoprotectpassers-byduringashortcircuitinthetransmissionsystem.Earthfaultsatasubstationcancauseagroundpotentialrise.CurrentsflowingintheEarth'ssurfaceduringafaultcancausemetalobjectstohaveasignificantlydifferentvoltagethanthegroundunderaperson'sfeet;thistouchpotentialpresentsahazardofelectrocution.Whereasubstationhasametallicfence,itmustbeproperlygroundedtoprotectpeoplefromthishazard. Themainissuesfacingapowerengineerarereliabilityandcost.Agooddesignattemptstostrikeabalancebetweenthesetwo,toachievereliabilitywithoutexcessivecost.Thedesignshouldalsoallowexpansionofthestation,whenrequired.[7] Locationselection[edit] Selectionofthelocationofasubstationmustconsidermanyfactors.Sufficientlandareaisrequiredforinstallationofequipmentwithnecessaryclearancesforelectricalsafety,andforaccesstomaintainlargeapparatussuchastransformers. Wherelandiscostly,suchasinurbanareas,gasinsulatedswitchgearmaysavemoneyoverall.Substationslocatedincoastalareasaffectedbyfloodingandtropicalstormsmayoftenrequireanelevatedstructuretokeepequipmentsensitivetosurgeshardenedagainsttheseelements.[8]Thesitemusthaveroomforexpansionduetoloadgrowthorplannedtransmissionadditions.Environmentaleffectsofthesubstationmustbeconsidered,suchasdrainage,noiseandroadtrafficeffects. Thesubstationsitemustbereasonablycentraltothedistributionareatobeserved.Thesitemustbesecurefromintrusionbypassers-by,bothtoprotectpeoplefrominjurybyelectricshockorarcs,andtoprotecttheelectricalsystemfrommisoperationduetovandalism. Designdiagrams[edit] TottenhamSubstation,setinwildparklandinNorthLondon. Thefirststepinplanningasubstationlayoutisthepreparationofaone-linediagram,whichshowsinsimplifiedformtheswitchingandprotectionarrangementrequired,aswellastheincomingsupplylinesandoutgoingfeedersortransmissionlines.Itisausualpracticebymanyelectricalutilitiestoprepareone-linediagramswithprincipalelements(lines,switches,circuitbreakers,transformers)arrangedonthepagesimilarlytothewaytheapparatuswouldbelaidoutintheactualstation.[2] Inacommondesign,incominglineshaveadisconnectswitchandacircuitbreaker.Insomecases,thelineswillnothaveboth,witheitheraswitchoracircuitbreakerbeingallthatisconsiderednecessary.Adisconnectswitchisusedtoprovideisolation,sinceitcannotinterruptloadcurrent.Acircuitbreakerisusedasaprotectiondevicetointerruptfaultcurrentsautomatically,andmaybeusedtoswitchloadsonandoff,ortocutoffalinewhenpowerisflowinginthe'wrong'direction.Whenalargefaultcurrentflowsthroughthecircuitbreaker,thisisdetectedthroughtheuseofcurrenttransformers.Themagnitudeofthecurrenttransformeroutputsmaybeusedtotripthecircuitbreakerresultinginadisconnectionoftheloadsuppliedbythecircuitbreakfromthefeedingpoint.Thisseekstoisolatethefaultpointfromtherestofthesystem,andallowtherestofthesystemtocontinueoperatingwithminimalimpact.Bothswitchesandcircuitbreakersmaybeoperatedlocally(withinthesubstation)orremotelyfromasupervisorycontrolcenter. Withoverheadtransmissionlines,thepropagationoflightningandswitchingsurgescancauseinsulationfailuresintosubstationequipment.Lineentrancesurgearrestorsareusedtoprotectsubstationequipmentaccordingly.InsulationCoordinationstudiesarecarriedoutextensivelytoensureequipmentfailure(andassociatedoutages)isminimal. Oncepasttheswitchingcomponents,thelinesofagivenvoltageconnecttooneormorebuses.Thesearesetsofbusbars,usuallyinmultiplesofthree,sincethree-phaseelectricalpowerdistributionislargelyuniversalaroundtheworld. Thearrangementofswitches,circuitbreakers,andbusesusedaffectsthecostandreliabilityofthesubstation.Forimportantsubstationsaringbus,doublebus,orso-called"breakerandahalf"setupcanbeused,sothatthefailureofanyonecircuitbreakerdoesnotinterruptpowertoothercircuits,andsothatpartsofthesubstationmaybede-energizedformaintenanceandrepairs.Substationsfeedingonlyasingleindustrialloadmayhaveminimalswitchingprovisions,especiallyforsmallinstallations.[7]Thissingle-linediagramillustratesthebreaker-and-a-halfconfigurationoftenusedinswitchyardsofsmallutilities.Inlargeutilitiesthedouble-bus-double-breakerconfigurationisoftenpreferred. Oncehavingestablishedbusesforthevariousvoltagelevels,transformersmaybeconnectedbetweenthevoltagelevels.Thesewillagainhaveacircuitbreaker,muchliketransmissionlines,incaseatransformerhasafault(commonlycalleda"shortcircuit"). Alongwiththis,asubstationalwayshascontrolcircuitryneededtocommandthevariouscircuitbreakerstoopenincaseofthefailureofsomecomponent. Automation[edit] Mainarticle:Power-systemautomation Earlyelectricalsubstationsrequiredmanualswitchingoradjustmentofequipment,andmanualcollectionofdataforload,energyconsumption,andabnormalevents.Asthecomplexityofdistributionnetworksgrew,itbecameeconomicallynecessarytoautomatesupervisionandcontrolofsubstationsfromacentrallyattendedpoint,toallowoverallcoordinationincaseofemergenciesandtoreduceoperatingcosts.Earlyeffortstoremotecontrolsubstationsuseddedicatedcommunicationwires,oftenrunalongsidepowercircuits.Power-linecarrier,microwaveradio,fiberopticcablesaswellasdedicatedwiredremotecontrolcircuitshaveallbeenappliedtoSupervisoryControlandDataAcquisition(SCADA)forsubstations.Thedevelopmentofthemicroprocessormadeforanexponentialincreaseinthenumberofpointsthatcouldbeeconomicallycontrolledandmonitored.Today,standardizedcommunicationprotocolssuchasDNP3,IEC61850andModbus,tolistafew,areusedtoallowmultipleintelligentelectronicdevicestocommunicatewitheachotherandsupervisorycontrolcenters.Distributedautomaticcontrolatsubstationsisoneelementoftheso-calledsmartgrid. Insulation[edit] Switches,circuitbreakers,transformersandotherapparatusmaybeinterconnectedbyair-insulatedbareconductorsstrungonsupportstructures.Theairspacerequiredincreaseswithsystemvoltageandwiththelightningsurgevoltagerating.Formedium-voltagedistributionsubstations,metal-enclosedswitchgearmaybeusedandnoliveconductorsexposedtotheenvironmentatall.Forhighervoltages,gas-insulatedswitchgear,inagasinsulatedsubstation(GIS)reducesthespacerequiredaroundlivebuses.Insteadofbareconductors,busesandapparatussuchasswitchgeararebuiltintopressurizedtubularcontainersfilledwithsulfurhexafluoride(SF6),oranalternativegas.Thisgashasahigherinsulatingvaluethanair,allowingthedimensionsoftheapparatustobereduced.InadditiontoairorSF6gas,apparatuswilluseotherinsulationmaterialssuchastransformeroil,paper,porcelain,andpolymerinsulators. Structure[edit] Outdoor,above-groundsubstationstructuresincludewoodpole,latticemetaltower,andtubularmetalstructures,althoughothervariantsareavailable.Wherespaceisplentifulandappearanceofthestationisnotafactor,steellatticetowersprovidelow-costsupportsfortransmissionlinesandapparatus.Low-profilesubstationsmaybespecifiedinsuburbanareaswhereappearanceismorecritical.Indoorsubstationsmaybegasinsulatedsubstations(GIS)(athighvoltages,withgasinsulatedswitchgear),orusemetal-enclosedormetal-cladswitchgearatlowervoltages.Urbanandsuburbanindoorsubstationsmaybefinishedontheoutsidesoastoblendinwithotherbuildingsinthearea. Acompactsubstationisgenerallyanoutdoorsubstationbuiltinametalenclosure,inwhicheachitemoftheelectricalequipmentislocatedveryneartoeachothertocreatearelativelysmallerfootprintsizeofthesubstation. Seealso[edit] Anchorportal Electricpowertransmission Power-linecommunication HVDCconverterstation Tractionsubstation High-voltagetransformerfirebarriers References[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoElectricalsubstation. ^"JointConsultationPaper:WesternMetropolitanMelbourneTransmissionConnectionandSubtransmissionCapacity".Jemena.PowercorAustralia,Jemena,AustralianEnergyMarketOperator.Retrieved4February2016. ^abcStockton,Blaine."DesignGuideforRuralSubstations"(PDF).USDARuralDevelopment.UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture.Retrieved4February2016. ^Steinberg,Neil(13December2013)."LightsOnbutNobodyHome:BehindtheFakeBuildingsthatPowerChicago".Retrieved14December2013. ^"TransformerFireVideo".metacafe.UserEagleEye.Retrieved4February2016. ^Boyd,Dan;Rampaul,Glen."MobileSubstations"(PDF).IEEEWinnipegPESChapter.IEEEPowerandEnergySociety.Retrieved11October2017. ^John,Alvin."EE35T-SubstationDesignandLayout".TheUniversityOfTheWestIndiesatSt.Augustine,TrinidadAndTobago.Archivedfromtheoriginalon21July2011.Retrieved4February2016. ^abDonaldG.Fink,H.WayneBeattyStandardHandbookforElectricalEngineersEleventhEdition,McGrawHill1978ISBN 0-07-020974-XChapter17SubstationDesign ^Baker,JosephW."EliminatingHurricaneInducedStormSurgeDamageToElectricUtilitiesViaIn-placeElevationOfSubstationStructuresAndEquipment"(PDF).DIS-TRANPackagedSubstations.CrestIndustries.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on5February2016.Retrieved4February2016. Furtherreading[edit] R.M.S.deOliveiraandC.L.S.S.Sobrinho(2009)."ComputationalEnvironmentforSimulatingLightningStrokesinaPowerSubstationbyFinite-DifferenceTime-DomainMethod".IEEETransactionsonElectromagneticCompatibility.51(4):995–1000.doi:10.1109/TEMC.2009.2028879. vteElectricitydeliveryConcepts Automaticgenerationcontrol Backfeeding Baseload Demandfactor Droopspeedcontrol Economicdispatch Electricpower Demandmanagement Energyreturnoninvestment Electricalfault Homeenergystorage Gridstorage Gridcode Gridstrength Load-following Meritorder Nameplatecapacity Peakdemand Powerfactor Powerquality Power-flowstudy Repowering Utilityfrequency Variability Vehicle-to-grid SourcesNon-renewable Coal Fossilfuelpowerstation Naturalgas Petroleum Nuclear Oilshale Renewable Biogas Biofuel Biomass Geothermal Hydro Marine Current Osmotic Thermal Tidal Wave Solar Sustainablebiofuel Wind Generation ACpower Cogeneration Combinedcycle Coolingtower Inductiongenerator MicroCHP Microgeneration Rankinecycle Three-phaseelectricpower Virtualpowerplant Transmissionanddistribution Demandresponse Distributedgeneration Dynamicdemand Electricpowerdistribution Electricityretailing Electricalbusbarsystem Electricpowersystem Electricpowertransmission Electricalgrid Electricalinterconnector High-voltagedirectcurrent High-voltageshoreconnection Loadmanagement Mainselectricitybycountry Powerline Powerstation Pumpedhydro Smartgrid Substation Single-wireearthreturn Supergrid Transformer Transmissionsystemoperator(TSO) Transmissiontower Utilitypole Failuremodes Blackout(Rollingblackout) Brownout Blackstart Cascadingfailure Protectivedevices Arc-faultcircuitinterrupter Circuitbreaker Earth-leakagecircuitbreaker Residual-currentdevice(GFI) Powersystemprotection Protectiverelay Numericalrelay Sulfurhexafluoridecircuitbreaker Economicsandpolicies Availabilityfactor Capacityfactor Carbonoffset Costofelectricitybysource Ecotax Energysubsidies Feed-intariff Fossilfuelphase-out Loadfactor Netmetering Pigoviantax RenewableEnergyCertificates Renewableenergypayments Renewableenergypolicy Spark/Dark/Quark/Barkspread Statisticsandproduction Listofelectricitysectors Electricenergyconsumption Categories Electricpowerdistribution Electricityeconomics Powerstationtechnology Portals Energy Renewableenergy Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries Japan Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical_substation&oldid=1105692141" Categories:ElectricalsubstationsHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromMay2021AllarticlesneedingadditionalreferencesCommonslinkisonWikidataArticleswithNDLidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages العربيةAzərbaycancaবাংলাБеларускаяБългарскиCatalàČeštinaDanskDeutschEestiEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançais한국어Հայերենहिन्दीBahasaIndonesiaItalianoעבריתKiswahiliമലയാളംमराठीBahasaMelayuNederlands日本語NorskbokmålOccitanPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSvenskaTürkçeУкраїнська粵語中文 Editlinks