Lookism - Wikipedia

Lookism is a term that describes the discriminatory treatment of people who are considered physically unattractive. It occurs in a variety of settings, ... Lookism FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Discriminationbasedonphysicalattractiveness Forthewebtoon,seeLookism(manhwa). TheexamplesandperspectiveinthisarticledealprimarilywiththeUnitedStatesanddonotrepresentaworldwideviewofthesubject.Youmayimprovethisarticle,discusstheissueonthetalkpage,orcreateanewarticle,asappropriate.(December2012)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) PartofaseriesonDiscrimination Forms Institutional Structural Attributes Age Disability Genetics(Haircolor,Hairtexture,Height,Looks,Size) Language Race /Ethnicity(Skincolor) Rank(Class,Caste) Religion Sex Sexualorientation Social Acephobia Adultism Anti-albinism Anti-autism Anti-drugaddicts Anti-homelessness Anti-intellectualism Anti-intersex Anti-lefthandedness Anti-Masonry Aporophobia Audism Biphobia Clannism Cronyism Elitism Ephebiphobia Fatphobia Gayphobia Gerontophobia Heterosexism HIV/AIDSstigma Homophobia Leprosystigma Lesbophobia Misandry Misogyny Nepotism Pedophobia Perpetualforeigner Pregnancy Sectarianism Supremacism Black White Transphobia Non-binary Transmisogyny Transmen Vegaphobia Xenophobia Religious Ahmadiyya Atheism BaháʼíFaith Buddhism Catholicism Christianity post–ColdWarera Druze FalunGong Hinduism Persecution Untouchability Islam Persecution Jehovah'sWitnesses Judaism Persecution LDSorMormon Neopaganism non-Muslims EasternOrthodox OrientalOrthodox Copts Protestantism Rastafari Sikhs Shi'ism Sufism Sunnism Zoroastrianism Ethnic/national African Albanian Arab Armenian Azerbaijani Catalan Chechen Chinese Croat Filipino Finnish Fulani Georgian Greek Haitian Hazara Hispanic Hungarian Igbo Indian CanadianandUSindigenouspeoples Iranian Irish Israeli Italian Japanese Jewish Korean Kurdish Malay Mexican MiddleEastern Mongolian Montenegrin Pakistani Palestinian Pashtun Polish Quebec Romani Romanian Russian Serb Slavic Somali Tatar Thai Tibetan Turkish Ukrainian Uyghur Venezuelan Vietnamese Manifestations Bloodlibel Bullying online Compulsorysterilization Correctiverape Counter-jihad Culturalgenocide Defamation Democide Disabilityhatecrime Dog-whistlepolitics Eliminationism Economic Education Employment Ethniccleansing Ethnicconflict Ethnichatred Ethnicjoke Ethnocide Forcedconversion Freakshow Gaybashing Gendercide Genitalmodificationandmutilation Genocide examples Glassceiling Hatecrime LGBT Hategroup Hatespeech online Homelessdumping Housing Indianrolling Lavenderscare Lynching Mortgage Murdermusic NativeAmericanmascots Occupationalsegregation Oppositiontoimmigration Persecution Pogrom Purge RedScare Religiouspersecution Religiousterrorism Religiousviolence Religiouswar Scapegoating Segregationacademy Sex-selectiveabortion Slavery Slut-shaming Transbashing Victimisation Violenceagainstmen Violenceagainstwomen Whiteflight Whitepowermusic Wifeselling Witch-hunt Policies Ageofcandidacy Bloodpurity Bloodquantum Crimeofapartheid Disabilities Catholic Jewish Ethnocracy Ethnopluralism Genderpaygap Genderroles Gerontocracy Gerrymandering Ghettobenches Internment Jewishquota JimCrowlaws KetuananMelayu LawforProtectionoftheNation McCarthyism MSMblooddonationrestrictions Nonpersons Numerusclausus(asreligiousorracialquota) NurembergLaws One-droprule Racialquota Racialsteering Redlining Same-sexmarriage(lawsandissuesprohibiting) Segregation age racial religious sexual Sodomylaw Stateatheism Statereligion Uglylaw Votersuppression WhiteAustraliapolicy Countermeasures Affirmativeaction Anti-discriminationlaw Culturalassimilation Culturalpluralism Diversitytraining Empowerment Feminism FightingDiscrimination Hatespeechlawsbycountry Humanrights Intersexrights LGBTrights Masculism Multiculturalism Nonviolence Racialintegration Reappropriation Self-determination Socialintegration Toleration Relatedtopics Allophilia Amatonormativity Anti-cultural,anti-national,andanti-ethnicterms Bias Christianprivilege Civilliberties Dehumanization Diversity Ethnicpenalty Eugenics Heteronormativity Internalizedoppression Intersectionality Maleprivilege Masculism Medicalmodelofdisability autism Multiculturalism Netbias Neurodiversity Oikophobia Oppression Policebrutality Politicalcorrectness Polyculturalism Powerdistance Prejudice Prisonerabuse Racialbiasincriminalnews Racismbycountry Religiousintolerance Reversediscrimination Reverseracism Second-generationgenderbias Snobbery Socialexclusion Socialmodelofdisability Socialstigma Speciesism Stereotype threat Thetalk Whiteprivilege Woke vte Lookismisatermthatdescribesthediscriminatorytreatmentofpeoplewhoareconsideredphysicallyunattractive.Itoccursinavarietyofsettings,includingdating,socialenvironments,andworkplaces.[1]Lookismhasreceivedlessculturalattentionthanotherformsofdiscrimination(suchasracismandsexism)andtypicallydoesnothavethelegalprotectionsthatotherformsoftenhave,butitisstillwidespreadandsignificantlyaffectspeople'sopportunitiesintermsofromanticrelationships,jobopportunities,andotherrealmsoflife.[2] Physicalattractivenessisassociatedwithpositivequalities;incontrast,physicalunattractivenessisassociatedwithnegativequalities.Manypeoplemakejudgmentsofothersbasedontheirphysicalappearancewhichinfluencehowtheyrespondtothesepeople.Researchonthe"whatisbeautifulisgood"stereotypeshowsthat,overall,thosewhoarephysicallyattractivebenefitfromtheirgoodlooks:physicallyattractiveindividualsareperceivedmorepositivelyandphysicalattractivenesshasastronginfluenceonjudgementofaperson'scompetence.[3]Furthermore,researchshowsthatonaverage,attractiveindividualshavemorefriends,bettersocialskills,andmoreactivesexlives.[4] Contents 1Lexicology 2Studies 3Empiricalsupport 3.1Ethics 4Politicallookism 5Law 5.1UnitedStates 5.2Belgium 6Seealso 6.1Animals 7References 8Furtherreading 9Externallinks Lexicology[edit] Thoughtheterm"lookism"isofrecentcoinage,culturesandtraditionsworldwidehaveoftenwarnedagainstplacingunduevalueonphysicalappearance:[5] TojudgebyappearancesistogetentangledintheVeilofMaya[inBuddhistthought]...Fromancienttimesuntilrelativelyrecently,therewaswidespreadworryaboutlookism,becausetheappearanceofothersmaydeceive,especiallyinromance,oritmaybepersonallyorpoliticallyimprudenttojudgeoractonappearances.Judgingbyappearanceswasprohibitedbymonotheisticreligions("nogravenimages")andcriticizedinancientandmedievalphilosophies.Skeptics,Stoics,Cynics,EpicureansandScholasticselaboratedvariousreasonstoavoidorsubordinatetheroleofappearances. Theterm"lookism"grewinpopularityinthe1970swithinthefatacceptancemovement.ItwasusedinTheWashingtonPostMagazinein1978,whichassertedthatthetermwascoinedbyfatpeoplewhocreatedthewordtoreferto"discriminationbasedonlooks."[6]ThewordappearsinseveralmajorEnglishlanguagedictionaries.[7]Thereissomeoverlapbetweenthetermsfatphobia,teratophobia,cacophobiaandlookism.[8][9] Inthe1990,theterm"lookism"wasusedbySmithCollege[10]towarnincomingstudentsof"lookism,aformofoppression,thatinvolvesputtingtoomuchstockinpersonalappearance."[11] Studies[edit] Lookismhasreceivedscholarlyattentionbothfromaculturalstudiesandaneconomicsperspective.Intheformercontext,lookismrelatestopreconceivednotionsofbeautyandculturalstereotypingbasedonappearanceaswellasgenderrolesandexpectations.Importanteconomicconsiderationsincludethequestionofincomegapsbasedonlooks,aswellasincreasedordecreasedproductivityfromworkersconsideredbeautifuloruglybytheirco-workers.Duetothis,newproblemsarisethataretiedtoothersocialissueslikeracismandageism(youngoverold).Theideaofbeautyisalsolinkeddirectlytosocialclassbecausepeoplewhohavemorefreetimeandmoneyhavetheabilitytoworkontheirappearance.Weightisalsolinkedtosocialclassbecausepeoplewhoareoverweightdonothavetheexerciseequipmentorthehealthyfoodchoicesthatwealthierpeopledo.Judgingpeopleonthebasisofattractivenessdecreasesaperson'sself-esteemleadingtoanegativeself-image.[12] Somewritershaveexaminedthisphenomenonamonggaymen.Accordingtotheblockquoteonpage117ofa2004workbyToddMorrison,[13]authorMichelangeloSignorile(ina1997overviewofcontemporarytrendsinthegaymalecommunity)described"bodyfascism"asthesettingofarigidsetofstandardsofphysicalbeautythatpressureseveryonewithinaparticulargrouptoconformtothem.Anypersonwhodoesn'tmeetthoseveryspecificstandardsisdeemedphysicallyunattractiveandsexuallyundesirable.Inacultureinwhichthephysicalbodyisheldinsuchhighesteemandgivensuchpower,bodyfascismthennotonlydeemsthosewhodon'torcan'tconformtobesexuallylessdesirable,butintheextreme–sometimesdubbed"looksism"–alsodeemsanindividualcompletelyworthlessasaperson,basedsolelyonhisexterior.Inthissenseitisnotunlikeracismorsexismorhomophobiaitself....(p.28)[14]InanOctober2020apaperfromUniversityofMemphis[15]examinedtheeffectsofinstructors'attractivenessonstudentevaluationsoftheirteaching.[16] A2021studyontheeffectsofthewearingoffacemasksinthehospitalityindustrycorroboratedexistingfindings[17]onthecorrelationbetweenperceivedphysicalattractivenessoffrontlineworkersandcustomersatisfaction.Thestudyfoundthatthewearingoffacemasksbyhospitalityemployeesminimizedtheeffectsoftheiractualattractivenessonreportedcustomersatisfaction,levelingofftheplayingfieldbetweenaverage-lookingemployeesandattractive-lookingemployees.[18] Empiricalsupport[edit] AccordingtoNancyEtcoff,apsychologistatMassachusettsGeneralHospital,"wefaceaworldwherelookismisoneofthemostpervasivebutdeniedprejudices".[19]Referringtoseveralstudies,AngelaStalcupwritesthat"TheevidenceclearlyindicatesthatnotonlyisthereapremiumforprettinessinWesternculture,thereisalsoapenaltyforplainness."[20]Whendiscriminationonthegroundsofaperson'sappearanceturnsintofearorconveyedaversion,itisreferredtoascacophobia.[8]Sometimescacophobiamaybeinternalizedandthusdirectedinwardsratherthantowardsothers.[21] Studiesonnewbornshavefoundthathumaninfantsasyoungas14hoursfrombirthprefertolookatattractivefacesratherthanunattractivefaces.[22][23]Thepreferencealsoextendstonon-humananimalssuchascats.[24]Thesefindingsindicatethatlookismisaninnateproductofhowthehumanvisualsystemfunctions.[25] ResearchbyDanArielyfoundthatAmericanwomenexhibitamarkedpreferencefordatingtallermenandthatforshortermentobejudgedattractivebywomen,theymustearnsubstantiallymoremoneythantallermen.[26]Someresearchhassuggestedthatthe"beautypremium"forajoblargelydependsonwhetherornotattractivenesscouldpotentiallyenhanceproductivity,suchasthosejobswhichrequiresubstantialinterpersonalinteraction,whilejobsthatdonotdemandthisseeminimalornobeautypremium.[27] Menshowastrongpreferenceforphysicalattractivenessoverintelligencewhenchoosingamate,asshowninastudyconductedoverdatafromaspeeddatingexperiment.[28]Inastudywith4,573adultparticipantsitwasshownthatphysicalattractivenessisthemostvaluedqualityinwomen,evenwhenconsideredoutsideofthecontextofmateselection.[29] Researchindicatesthatmoreattractiveindividualsareatgreaterriskofbeingavictimofcrimeduetobeinginvolvedinmoresocialinteraction,increasingtheirriskofexposure.However,greaterphysicalattractivenesscanalsoleadindividualstobeatgreaterriskofsexualabuse,regardlessofgender.[30] Ethics[edit] Inthearticle"IsLookismUnjust",LouisTietjeandStevenCresapdiscusswhendiscriminationbasedonlookscanlegitimatelybedescribedasunjust.[31]TietjeandCresapquoteevidencethatsuggeststhereexists"a7–to–9percent'penalty'forbeinginthelowest9percentoflooksamongallworkersanda5percent'premium'forbeinginthetop33percent".Whileacceptingthattheevidenceindicatesthatsuchdiscriminationdoesoccur,theauthorsarguethatithasbeenpervasivethroughouthistoryandthatjudgmentsofaestheticsappeartobeabiologicaladaptation(ratherthanculturallyconditioned)toaidreproduction,survival,andsocialinteraction,allowingpeopletodetermineviablemates(levelofattractivenessbeingindicativeofhealth)andthestatusofothersas"friendorenemy,threatoropportunity".Theauthorsalsoarguethatifphysicalattractivenesscanimproveacompany'ssuccess,thenawardingpeopleforitisjustifiable,asthetraitisthusrelevanttothejobanddiscriminationonlyoccurswhenirrelevanttraitsareused.Inaddition,theauthorsquestionthepracticalityofbothredressinganyinjusticesbasedonlookismandofdeterminingwhethersuchinjusticeshaveinfactoccurred.Thustheauthorsconcludethattherecanbenoclearmodelofinjusticeinsuchdiscrimination,norwouldlegislationtoaddressitbepracticable–"Wedonotseehowanypolicyinterventionstoredressbeautydiscriminationcanbejustified."[31] NancyEtcoff,authorofSurvivalofthePrettiest,arguesthathumanpreferenceforattractivenessisrootedinevolutionaryinstinctandthattryingtopreventitfrominfluencingpeoplewouldbe"tellingthemtostopenjoyingfoodorsexornoveltyorlove"andthusarguesthat"beingbeautifulandbeingprizedforitisnotasocialevil."[32] Politicallookism[edit] Lookismhasbeenanissueinpoliticsforcenturies,withalongtraditionintheUnitedKingdomof"mercilesslyexaggerat[ing]"thephysicalflawsofpoliticiansinnewspapercartoons.[33]Inthe1960USPresidentialracebetweenJohnF.KennedyandRichardNixon,itwasoftenbelievedthatKennedy'smoreconventionallyhandsomeappearancecontributedtohiswinningmoreapprovalintheirfirstteleviseddebate,[34]butsomeresearchershavechallengedthiswidespreadideaandarguedthatKennedy'sappearancehadlittleornoinfluence.[35]Morebroadly,researchincountriessuchasGermany,[36]Canada,[37]theUnitedStates,[38]andtheUnitedKingdom[39]hasfoundthatmoreattractivecandidatesbenefitfromtheirappearancebygettingmorevotesinelections,andbybeingmoreoftenforgivenforscandals.[40]Intermsofvotechoice,atleast,theeffectoflookismisnotevenacrossallcontexts.Rather,itappearstoprimarilymatterincaseswherevotershavelow-informationelectionswherevotersmayhavelittleothertobasetheirvoteon(suchasnon-partisanelectionswithlittlemediacoverage),[38]first-past-the-postelectionswherevoterschoseasinglecandidate,[41]andinelectionsthatarecandidate-centeredwithaweakpartysystem.[42] Thereareseveralvariablesthatmightcontributetotheobjectificationofmasculinityandfemininityinpolitics.ScholarCharlotteHooperarguedthat"genderintersectswithothersocialdivisionssuchasclass,raceandsexualitytoproducecomplexhierarchiesof(gendered)identities".[43]Hooperarguesthatinstitutionalpractices,suchasmilitarycombatinwar,havegreatlydefinedwhatitmeanstobeaman.Furthermore,thesymbolicdimension,whichincludessports,media,currentaffairs,etc.has"disseminate[d]awealthofpopulariconographywhichlinksWesternmasculinitiestothewiderworldbeyondthebordersofthestate".[44]ThisiswheretheideologyoflookismisfirmlyentrenchedaccordingtoHooper.Similarly,LauraShepherdsuggeststhatmenarerequiredtofitintothe"matrixofintelligibility"[45]byactingacertainway,dressingacertainway,andhaveamentalitythatisdevoidofemotionoranythingeffeminate;iftheyaresuccessfulinbecomingtheultimate"man'sman"thentheyarevirtuallyuntouchable.However,othershavesuggestedthatthereisonlyanexplicitinterestintheanalysisofmasculinitywithinthispoliticalsphere,itwillbeimpossibletodevelopareliableanalysisoffemininitywithinthissamesphere.[46] DrawingexamplesfromMadeleineAlbright'sTEDtalkin2010,"OnBeingaWomanandDiplomat",Albrightexpressedherfrustrationswithhowhermalecolleaguesandmediacommentatorswouldpickapartherappearance.BeingthefirstfemaleSecretaryofStatefortheUnitedStates,Albrightwasinthespotlightonthedomesticandinternationalstage;everythingfromherage,weight,hairstyle,andchoiceofdresswerescrutinized;yetironically,thepolicypositionsshebelievedtobehermostimportantaccomplishments(initiationoftheG7,attemptstopromotegenderequality,etc.)werehardlytakenintoaccount.[47]ThefactthatAlbright'sgeneralappearancedidn'tfitintothenarrowcategoryof"attractive"madeitevenmoredifficultforhertonavigatethespacebetweenbeingawomanandadiplomat.Albrightisnottheonlywomaninapositionofpower,orotherwise,thathasbeendiscriminatedagainstbecauseofherappearance.AnarticlepublishedinTheWashingtonPostin2005labelledSecretaryofStateCondoleezzaRiceasa"dominatrix"whenshesteppedoutinknee-highblack-heeledbootsduringavisittoWiesbadenMilitaryBaseinGermany.[48]AlthoughthearticlewasmeanttogivecredittoRicefor"challeng[ing]expectationsandassumptions",[48]some[who?]arguethatthearticlegaveherahyper-sexualizedimage,andfurtherremovedtheaudiencefromfocusingonthepurposeofhervisittothemilitaryplace.Similarly,mediacommentatorshaveoftenchosentoreportonHillaryClinton's"mansuits"andJuliaGillard'sshorthairstyle,insteadoffocusingonthesewomen'sprofessionalaccomplishments.[citationneeded]SarahPalin,formergovernorofAlaskaand2008RepublicanVice-Presidentialcandidate,wasthesubjectofmuchmediaattentionduetoherconventionallyattractiveappearance,[49]withPalinsuggestingthatthefocusonherappearanceignoredherprofessionalandpolicyaccomplishments.[50] Law[edit] UnitedStates[edit] Untilthe1970s,lookismintheUnitedStateswassometimescodifiedintolaw.Inmanyjurisdictions,so-called"uglylaws"barredpeoplefromappearinginpubliciftheyhaddiseasesordisfigurementsthatwereconsideredunsightly.[51][52]Today,theEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommissionconsidersextremeobesitytobeadisabilityprotectedbytheAmericanswithDisabilitiesAct,andafewcitiesprotectagainstdiscriminationbasedonappearance.[53]Otherwise,thereisnofederallawprotectingagainstdiscriminationbasedonphysicalappearance. Belgium[edit] IntheAntidiscriminatiewet/Loianti-discrimination(Anti-DiscriminationLaw)ofMay10,2007,thereisaprovisionthatsaysthatoneisnotallowedtodiscriminatepeoplebasedontheirphysicalorgeneticalcharacteristics.[54] Seealso[edit] Societyportal Attributionalambiguity Physicalattractivenessstereotype Colorism Egalitarianism Fatacceptancemovement Haloeffect Humanphysicalappearance Implicitbias Sexualcapital Sexualfield Sexualobjectification Sexualselection Socialstigma Stigma(sociologicaltheory) Ugliness Uglylaw Women-are-wonderfuleffect Animals[edit] Blackdogsyndrome References[edit] ^Lookism,TheFreeDictionary,retrievedSeptember30,2015 ^Hosoda,M.;Stone-Romero,E.F.;Coats,G.(2003)."Theeffectsofphysicalattractivenessonjob-relatedoutcomes:Ameta-analysisofexperimentalstudies".PersonnelPsychology.56(2):431–462.doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2003.tb00157.x. ^Eagly,Alice;Ashmore,Richard;Makhijani,MonaG.;Longo,LauraC.(1991)."Whatisbeautifulisgood,but".PsychologicalBulletin.110:109–128.doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.109. ^Rhodes,Gillian;Simmons,Leigh;Peters,Marianne(2005)."AttractivenessandSexualBehavior:DoesAttractivenessEnhanceMatingSuccess?".EvolutionandHumanBehavior.26(2):186–201.doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.08.014. ^LouisTietjeandStevenCresap(2005)."IsLookismUnjust?TheHistoryandEthicsofAestheticsandPublicPolicyImplications."JournalofLibertarianStudies,Vol.19No.2,Spring2005,pp.31–50 ^JohnAyto,20thCenturyWords,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1999.ISBN 978-0-19-860230-9 ^Bartleby.com—"LookismArchived2008-12-05attheWaybackMachine".TheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage:FourthEdition.2000. ^abScherer,Bee."Buddhismanddisability:towardasociallyengagedBuddhist‘theology’ofbodilyinclusiveness."JournaloftheInternationalAssociationofBuddhistUniversities(JIABU)9.1(2017):26–35. ^Narozny,W.A.L.D.E.M.A.R.,J.E.R.Z.Y.Kuczkowski,andB.O.G.U.S.L.A.W.Mikaszewski."Measuringseverityoftinnituswithavisualanalogscale."AmFamPhysician71.5(2005):855–856. ^Baird,AlbertCraig;Thonssen,Lester;Braden,WaldoWarder;Peterson,Owen(1942).RepresentativeAmericanSpeeches.H.W.WilsonCompany. ^Beck,Joan(1991-06-03)."ASPCTAKESHOLD,THELISTOF'ISMS'GROWSLONGANDSILLY".ChicagoTribune.Retrieved2020-08-25. ^Grollman,Dr.EricAnthony."PrejudiceAndAttraction:IsBeautyReallyInTheBeholder'sEye?".KinseyConfidential.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15September2018.Retrieved26October2015. ^Morrison,Todd(2004).EclecticViewsonGayMalePornography:Pornucopia.p. 117.ISBN 9781317972297.RetrievedApril30,2017. ^Morrison,ToddEclecticViewsonGayMalePornography:Pornucopia,Volume47,PsychologyPress,ISBN 9781560232919 ^JobuBabin,J.;Hussey,Andrew;Nikolsko-Rzhevskyy,Alex;Taylor,DavidA.(2020-10-01)."BeautyPremiumsAmongAcademics".EconomicsofEducationReview.78:102019.doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2020.102019.ISSN 0272-7757.S2CID 224846380. ^Warhurst,Christopher;Nickson,Dennis."Lookism:beautystilltrumpsbrainsintoomanyworkplaces".TheConversation.Retrieved2020-10-19. ^Kim,W.;Ok,C.(2010-01-13)."CustomerOrientationofServiceEmployeesandRapport:InfluencesOnService-OutcomeVariablesinFull-ServiceRestaurants".JournalofHospitality&TourismResearch.34:34–55.doi:10.1177/1096348009344234.S2CID 154408619. ^Wu,G.;Liang,L.;Gursoy,D.(2021-08-01)."EffectsofthenewCOVID-19normaloncustomersatisfaction:Canfacemaskslevelofftheplayingfieldbetweenaverage-lookingandattractive-lookingemployees?".InternationalJournalofHospitalityManagement.97:102996.doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102996.S2CID 236244843. ^WilliamSafire."TheWayWeLiveNow:8-27-00:OnLanguage;Lookism",NewYorkTimesMagazine,August27,2000. ^AngelaStalcup.ThePlainnessPenalty:LookisminWesternCulture. ^"Womansuesclinicafteritrefuseshercosmeticsurgery–TaipeiTimes".www.taipeitimes.com.28October2014. ^NewScientist,Babiesprefertogazeuponbeautifulfaces ^Slater,Alan;vonDerSchulenburg,Charlotte;Brown,Elizabeth;Badenoch,Marion;Butterworth,George;Parsons,Sonia;Samuels,Curtis(1998)."Newborninfantspreferattractivefaces".InfantBehaviorandDevelopment.21(2):345–354.doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(98)90011-X. ^Quinnetal.,Preferenceforattractivefacesinhumaninfantsextendsbeyondconspecifics ^AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,Prettyfaces:Easyonthebrain? ^"Arielyfoundthata5'4"manwouldneedtomake$229,000morethana6'mantohaveequalappeal;a5'6"manwouldneed$183,000more;a5'10"manwouldneed$32,000more."LoriGottlieb(2010).MarryHim:TheCaseforSettlingforMr.GoodEnough.Penguin,ISBN 9781101185209p.239 ^Stinebrickner,Ralph,ToddStinebrickner,andPaulSullivan."Beauty,jobtasks,andwages:Anewconclusionaboutemployertaste-baseddiscrimination."ReviewofEconomicsandStatistics101,no.4(2019):602-615. ^Karbowski,A.,Deja,D.,&Zawisza,M.(2016).Perceivedfemaleintelligenceaseconomicbadinpartnerchoice.PersonalityandIndividualDifferences,102,217–222.doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.006 ^"2.Americansseedifferentexpectationsformenandwomen".5December2017. ^Savolainen,Jukka;Brauer,JonathanR.;Ellonen,Noora(2020-01-01)."Beautyisintheeyeoftheoffender:Physicalattractivenessandadolescentvictimization".JournalofCriminalJustice.66:101652.doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2019.101652.ISSN 0047-2352. ^abLouisTietjeandStevenCresap.(2005)."IsLookismUnjust?:TheEthicsofAestheticsandPublicPolicyImplications".JournalofLibertarianStudies19(2):31–50. ^Etcoff,Nancy.Survivaloftheprettiest:Thescienceofbeauty.Anchor,2011. ^Jones,Johnathan(2012)."Canyoubetoouglyforpolitics?",TheGuardian10January2012;accessed19October2013 ^"THEKENNEDY-NIXONPRESIDENTIALDEBATES,1960–TheMuseumofBroadcastCommunications".TheMuseumofBroadcastCommunications(MBC).Retrieved2010-10-08. ^Vancil,DavidL.;Pendell,SueD.(1987)."Themythofviewer‐listenerdisagreementinthefirstKennedy‐Nixondebate".CentralStatesSpeechJournal.38:16–27.doi:10.1080/10510978709368226. ^Jäckle,Sebastian;Metz,Thomas(August2017)."BeautyContestRevisited:TheEffectsofPerceivedAttractiveness,Competence,andLikabilityontheElectoralSuccessofGermanMPs:BEAUTYCONTESTREVISITED".Politics&Policy.45(4):495–534.doi:10.1111/polp.12209. ^Efrain,MichaelG.(1974)."APAPsycNet".CanadianJournalofBehaviouralScienceRevueCanadiennedesSciencesduComportement.6(4):352–356.doi:10.1037/h0081881.Retrieved2021-01-05. ^abLev-On,Azi;Waismel-Manor,Israel(2016-12-01)."LooksThatMatter:TheEffectofPhysicalAttractivenessinLow-andHigh-InformationElections".AmericanBehavioralScientist.60(14):1756–1771.doi:10.1177/0002764216676249.ISSN 0002-7642.S2CID 151694489. ^Milazzo,Caitlin;Mattes,Kyle(2015-06-01)."LookingGoodForElectionDay:DoesAttractivenessPredictElectoralSuccessinBritain?".TheBritishJournalofPoliticsandInternationalRelations.18:161–178.doi:10.1111/1467-856x.12074.ISSN 1467-856X.S2CID 145138419. ^Stockemer,Daniel;Praino,Rodrigo(2019-09-01)."TheGood,theBadandtheUgly:DoAttractivePoliticiansGeta'Break'WhenTheyareInvolvedinScandals?".PoliticalBehavior.41(3):747–767.doi:10.1007/s11109-018-9469-1.ISSN 1573-6687. ^Stockemer,Daniel;Praino,Rodrigo(2017-05-01)."Physicalattractiveness,voterheuristicsandelectoralsystems:Theroleofcandidateattractivenessunderdifferentinstitutionaldesigns".TheBritishJournalofPoliticsandInternationalRelations.19(2):336–352.doi:10.1177/1369148116687533.ISSN 1369-1481.S2CID 157389662. ^Wigginton,Michael;Stockemer,Daniel(2021-04-01)."Thelimitsoftheattractivenesspremiuminelections".ElectoralStudies.70:102274.doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102274.ISSN 0261-3794.S2CID 233073202. ^Hooper,Charlotte(1999)."Masculinities,IRandthe'gendervariable':acost-benefitanalysisfor(sympathetic)gendersceptics".ReviewofInternationalStudies.25(3):475–480.doi:10.1017/s0260210599004751. ^Hooper,Charlotte(1999)."Masculinities,IRandthe'gendervariable':acost-benefitanalysisfor(sympathetic)gendersceptics".ReviewofInternationalStudies.25(3):475–580.doi:10.1017/s0260210599004751. ^Shepherd,LauraJ.(2010)."1".SexorGender?BodiesinWorldPoliticsandWhyGenderMatters.NewYork:Routledge. ^Enloe,Cynthia."'Gender'isnotenough:theneedforafeministconsciousness".InternationalAffairs:97. ^Albright,Madeleine."OnBeingaWomanandaDiplomat".TEDTalk.TEDwomen. ^abGivhan,Robin(February25,2005)."CondoleezzaRice'sCommandingClothes".TheWashingtonPost. ^Frick,Ali(2008).CNBChostpraisesPalinfor'puttingaskirton':'Iwantherlayingnexttomeinbed.',accessed19October2013 ^Orr,Jimmy(2009). Inthe2016presidentialrace,considerablementionwasmadeofDonaldTrump'schoiceofhairstyle,skintone,anddresssense.SarahPalinNewsweekcoversexist?Palinsaysyes,accessed19October2013 ^Brown,PatriciaLeigh."ViewingAhabandBarbieThroughtheLensofDisability."NewYorkTimes(August20,2000)asquotedbyhttp://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-29736932_ITM ^"AML-support.gale".www.accessmylibrary.com. ^Gomez,Evangeline(31January2012)."ShouldBusinessesWorryAboutAppearance-BasedDiscriminationintheWorkplace?".Forbes.Retrieved27February2013. ^"LOI-WET".www.ejustice.just.fgov.be.Retrieved15November2020. Furtherreading[edit] Albright,Madeleine."Onbeingawomanandadiplomat."TEDWomenRecordedDecember2010.TEDTalkFebruary2011.Web. Enloe,Cynthia."'Gender'isnotenough:theneedforafeministconsciousness."InternationalAffairs.:97. Givhan,Robin."CondoleezzaRice'sCommandingClothes."TheWashingtonPost,sec.FashionandBeauty,February25,2005.(accessedSeptember23,2013). Hooper,Charlotte."Masculinities,IRandthe'gendervariable':acost-benefitanalysisfor(sympathetic)genderskeptics."ReviewofInternationalStudies.(1999):475–480. Shepherd,LauraJ.SexorGender?BodiesinWorldPoliticsandWhyGenderMatters.NewYork:Routledge,2010. Externallinks[edit] LookupLookisminWiktionary,thefreedictionary. lookism.info–Germansiteonlookism,withEnglishtranslations abcnews.go.com–"TheUglyTruthAboutBeauty"–articleonlookism vteDiscriminationForms Institutional Structural Attributes Age Caste Class Dialect Disability Genetic Hairtexture Height Language Looks Mentaldisorder Race /Ethnicity Rank Sex Sexualorientation Species Size Skincolor Viewpoint Social Acephobia Adultism Anti-albinism Anti-autism Anti-communism TheHolocaust McCarthyism RedScare Anti-homelessness Anti-drugaddicts Anti-intellectualism Anti-intersex Anti-lefthandedness Anti-Masonry Antisemitism Aporophobia Audism Biphobia Clannism Cronyism Elitism Ephebiphobia Fatphobia Gayphobia Gerontophobia Heterosexism HIV/AIDSstigma Homophobia Leprosystigma Lesbophobia Misandry Misogyny Nepotism Pedophobia Perpetualforeigner Pregnancy Reverse Sectarianism Supremacism Black White Transphobia Non-binary Transmisogyny Vegaphobia Xenophobia Religious Ahmadiyya Atheism BaháʼíFaith Buddhism Catholicism Christianity post–ColdWarera FalunGong Hinduism Persecution Untouchability Islam Persecution Jehovah'sWitnesses Judaism Persecution LDSorMormon Neopaganism EasternOrthodox OrientalOrthodox Protestantism Rastafari Shi'ism Sufism Zoroastrianism Ethnic/National African Albanian Arab Armenian Asian France UnitedStates SouthAfrica Azerbaijani Blackpeople AfricanAmericans China SouthAfrica Bengali Catalan Chechen Chinese Croat Filipino Finnish Georgian Greek Haitian Hazara Hispanic Hungarian Igbo Indian Indigenouspeople Australia Canada UnitedStates Iranian Irish Israeli Italian Japanese Jewish Korean Kurdish Malay Mexican MiddleEastern Mongolian Pakistani Pashtun Polish Quebec Romani Romanian Russian Serb Slavic Somali Tatar Thai Turkish Ukrainian Uyghur Venezuelan Vietnamese Manifestations Bloodlibel Bullying Cancelculture Compulsorysterilization Correctiverape Counter-jihad Culturalgenocide Defamation Democide Disabilityhatecrime Dogwhistle Economic Education Employment Eliminationism Enemyofthepeople Ethniccleansing Ethnicconflict Ethnichatred Ethnicjoke Ethnocide Forcedconversion Freakshow Gaybashing Gendercide Genitalmodificationandmutilation Genocide examples Glassceiling Hatecrime LBGT Hategroup Hatespeech Homelessdumping Housing Indianrolling Intersectionality Lavenderscare Lynching Mortgage Murdermusic NativeAmericanmascotcontroversy Occupationalsegregation Persecution Pogrom Politicalrepression Purge Religiouspersecution Religiousterrorism Religiousviolence Religiouswar Scapegoating Segregationacademy Sex-selectiveabortion Slavery Slut-shaming Transbashing Victimisation Violenceagainstwomen Whiteflight Whitepowermusic Wifeselling Witch-hunt Discriminatorypolicies Ageofcandidacy Bloodpurity Bloodquantum Crimeofapartheid Disabilities Catholic Jewish Ethnocracy Ethnopluralism Genderpaygap Genderroles Gerontocracy Gerrymandering Ghettobenches Internment Jewishquota JimCrowlaws LawforProtectionoftheNation MSMblooddonationrestrictions Nonpersons Numerusclausus(asreligiousorracialquota) NurembergLaws One-droprule Racialquota Racialsteering Redlining Same-sexmarriage(lawsandissuesprohibiting) Segregation age racial religious sexual Socialexclusion Sodomylaw Stateatheism Statereligion Uglylaw Votersuppression Countermeasures Affirmativeaction Anti-discriminationlaw Culturalassimilation Culturalpluralism Diversitytraining Empowerment Fatacceptancemovement Feminism FightingDiscrimination Hatespeechlawsbycountry Humanrights Intersexhumanrights LGBTrights Masculism Multiculturalism Nonviolence Racialintegration Reappropriation Self-determination Socialintegration Toleration Relatedtopics Allophilia Amatonormativity Anti-cultural,anti-national,andanti-ethnicterms Bias Christianprivilege Civilliberties Dehumanization Diversity Ethnicpenalty Eugenics Heteronormativity Internalizedoppression Intersectionality Maleprivilege Masculism Medicalmodelofdisability autism Multiculturalism Netbias Neurodiversity Oikophobia Oppression Policebrutality Politicalcorrectness Polyculturalism Powerdistance Prejudice Prisonerabuse RacialbiasincriminalnewsintheUnitedStates Racismbycountry Religiousintolerance Second-generationgenderbias Snobbery Socialexclusion Socialmodelofdisability Socialstigma Speciesism Stereotype threat Thetalk Whiteprivilege Category Commons AuthoritycontrolNationallibraries UnitedStates Other FacetedApplicationofSubjectTerminology Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lookism&oldid=1095812069" Categories:AestheticsPrejudiceanddiscriminationbytypeUglinessHumansexualityPoliticalterminologyLinguisticcontroversiesPostmoderntheorySexualattraction1970sneologismsHiddencategories:WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataArticleswithlimitedgeographicscopefromDecember2012UnitedStates-centricAllarticleswithspecificallymarkedweasel-wordedphrasesArticleswithspecificallymarkedweasel-wordedphrasesfromOctober2013AllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromOctober2013ArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithFASTidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages العربيةDanskDeutschEestiEsperantoFrançais한국어BahasaIndonesiaItalianoLietuvių日本語PolskiPortuguêsРусскийSoomaaligaУкраїнська粵語中文 Editlinks