Generation, Transmission & Distribution of Electricity

What is an Electric Power System? TypicalElectricPowerSupplySystemsScheme(Generation,Transmission&DistributionofElectricalEnergy)&ElementsofDistributionSystem TableofContents WhatisanElectricPowerSystem?GenerationorGeneratingStationPrimaryTransmissionSecondaryTransmissionPrimaryDistributionSecondaryDistributionCombinedProcessofPowerSystemElementsofaDistributionSystemFeedersDistributorsServiceLinesorServiceMains WhatisanElectricPowerSystem? Anelectricpowersystemorelectricgridisknownasalargenetworkofpowergeneratingplantswhichconnectedtotheconsumerloads. As,itiswellknownthat“Energycannotbecreatednorbedestroyedbutcanonlybeconvertedfromoneformofenergytoanotherformofenergy”.Electricalenergyisaformofenergywherewetransferthisenergyintheformofflowofelectron.So,electricalenergyisobtainedbyconvertingvariousotherformsofenergy.Historically,wehavedoneitfromchemicalenergyusingcellsorbatteries. RelatedPosts: ClassificationofElectricPowerDistributionNetworkSystems WhyElectricPowerTransmissionisMultipleof11i.e11kV,22kV,66kVetc? However,astheinventionofgeneratorhadoccurred,itbecamethetechniquetofirstconvertsomeformofenergyintomechanicalformofenergyandthenconvertingitintoelectricalformofenergyusinggenerator.GeneratorsproducetwotypeofpowerACandDC.Nevertheless,99%ofthepresentpowersystemsuseACgenerators. Electricalenergyhasgrownimmenselyovertwocenturiesbecausetheflexibilityitprovidesforitsuse.Thevarietyofusehasleditsdemandtoincreasemonotonously.However,astheloadordemandhasincreasedpracticallyonerequirementisconsistent.Thatis,wemustgeneratetheamountrequiredbytheloadatthatveryinstantbecausethislargeamountcannotbestoredfordeliveringthishighamountofdemand. RelatedPost:PowerSystemRestoration–Outage,VoltageCollapse&SwitchingPrograms Therefore,thegenerationofelectricalenergyishappeningsimultaneouslyasweuseit.Inaddition,ourdemandisalwaysvarying.Therefore,thegenerationisalsovaryingwithit.Apartfromvaryingdemand,thetypeofcurrentweconsumealsovaries.Thesevariationsputmanyconstraintsandconditions.Thisisthereasonofthecomplexandbigcontrolroomsacrossthewholepowersystem. ThelinesnetworkbetweenGeneratingStation(PowerStation)andconsumerofelectricpowercanbedividedintotwoparts. TransmissionSystem DistributionSystem Wecanexplorethesesystemsinmorecategoriessuchasprimarytransmissionandsecondarytransmissionaswellasprimarydistributionandsecondarydistribution.Thisisshowninthefig1below(onelineorsinglelinediagramoftypicalACpowersystemsscheme). Itisnotnecessarythattheentirestepswhicharesownintheblowfig1mustbeincludedintheotherpowerschemes.Theremaybedifference.Forexample,thereisnosecondarytransmissioninmanyschemes,inother (small)schemesofpowersystem,thereisnopower transmission,butonlydistribution. AlsoRead:NuclearPower.WhyisItTheLastOptioninMostCountries? Themainobjectiveofanelectricpowersystemistoobtainelectricalenergyandmakeitreachablesafelytotheloadpointwhereitisbeingusedinusableform.Thisisdoneinfivestagesnamely GeneratingStation PrimaryTransmission SecondaryTransmission PrimaryDistribution SecondaryDistribution Thefollowingpartsofatypicalpowersupplyschemeareshowninfigure1. Fig2:TypicalACElectricPowerSupplySystemsScheme(Generation,Transmission&Distribution) Afterthesefivelevels,theenergymustbeavailableasthestatedformintermsofvoltagemagnitudes,frequencyandconsistency.Generationmeanstheconversionofaformofenergyintoelectricalenergy.Transmissionimpliesthetransportofthisenergytoverylongdistancewithveryhighamountofvoltagemagnitude.Moreover,distributionisfulfillingthedemandoftheconsumersatcertifiedvoltagelevelanditisdoneintermsoffeeders.Feedersarethesmall-smallchunksofloaddistributedatdifferentplaces,physically. RelatedPosts: WhatExactlyIsASmartGrid?SmartGridApplications IntegrationofRenewableEnergywithGridSystem Let’sexplainalloftheabovelevelsonebyone. GenerationorGeneratingStation Theplacewhereelectricpowerproducedbytheparallelconnectedthreephasealternators/generatorsiscalledGeneratingStation(i.e.powerplant). Theordinarypowerplantcapacityandgeneratingvoltagemaybe11kV,11.5kV12kVor13kV.Buteconomically,itisgoodtostepuptheproducedvoltagefrom(11kV,11.5kVOr12kV)to132kV,220kVor500kVormore(insomecountries,upto1500kV)byStepuptransformer(powerTransformer). Generationisthepartofpowersystemwhereweconvertsomeformofenergyintoelectricalenergy.Thisisthesourceofenergyinthepowersystem.Itkeepsrunningallthetime.Itgeneratespoweratdifferentvoltageandpowerlevelsdependinguponthetypeofstationandthegeneratorsused.Themaximumnumberofgeneratorsgeneratethepoweratvoltagelevelaround11kV-20kV.Theincreasedvoltagelevelleadstogreatersizeofgeneratorrequiredandhencethecostinvolved. Presentlythegeneratingstationsweemploymainlyovertheworldarefollowing:- Thermalpowerplant Hydelpowerplant(Hydro-electric) Nuclearpowerplant Dieselpowerplant Gaspowerplant Solarpowerplant Tidalpowerplant Windpowerplant.Etc RelatedPost:WhyPowerPlantCapacityRatedinMWandnotinMVA? Wegenerateelectricenergythroughthesepowerplantsatdifferentvoltagelevelsandatdifferentlocationsdependinguponthetypeoftheplant.Theyareusedfordifferentpurposesviz. Baseloadplant:-Whentheplantisusedtohandlethebaseloaddemandonthesystem Peakloadplant:-Whentheplantismadetohandlethepeakloaddemandonthesystem Accordingly,theplantismadetohandletheload.Thiscategorizationisimportantforthequalityofpowerisbeingdeveloped.Itisalsoimportantforthefactthatthepowermustbegeneratedatthesameinstantwhentheloadistakingupthepower.So,asweknowthetypeofloadandapproximateamountofloadatthestation,differenttypeofgeneratingstationischosen. Forexample;Thermalplant,Hydelplant,Nuclearplant,Solarplant,WindplantandTidalplantarechosentohandlethebaseloadonthesystemwhereasGasplants,Dieselplantsareusedtohandlepeakloaddemand.Thisismainlygovernedbythenatureofthetimetheytakeintheprocessofstartingthedeliveryofpower.Baseloadplantstakemoretimeindeliveringthepowerwhereaspeakloadplantsmuststartveryfasttosupplythedemand. RelatedPost:WhyPowerTransmissionCables&LinesareLooseonElectricPoles&TransmissionTowers? PrimaryTransmission Theelectricsupply(in132kV,220kV,500kVorgreater)istransmittedtoloadcenterbythreephasethreewire(3Phase–3WiresalsoknownasDeltaconnection)overheadtransmissionsystem. Asthevoltagelevelwhichisgeneratedisaround(11-20)kVandthedemandisatvariouslevelsofvoltageandatveryfarawayplacesfromthegeneratingstation.Forexample,thegeneratingstationcanbegeneratingvoltageat11kv,buttheloadcenteris1000kmapartandatthelevelof440V. Therefore,forthedeliveryofelectricalenergyatsuchalongdistance,anarrangementmustbetheretomakeitpossible.Hence,thetransmissionsystemisessentialforthedeliveryofelectricalenergy.Thisismadepossiblebyusingthetransmissionlinesofdifferentlength.Theseareoverheadtransmissionlinesinalmosteverycases.Someexceptionsoccurwhenitisneededtocrossanocean.Thenthereisacompulsiontouseundergroundcables. But,asthesystemgrewandloaddemandincreased,thechallengeinthisprocesshasbecomeverycomplex.Atlowvoltagelevel,theamountofcurrentflowingthroughthelineforhighloaddemandismoreandhencethevoltagedropduetotheresistanceandreactanceofthetransmissionlineisverysignificant.Thisleadstomorelossesinthetransmissionlinesandthedecreaseinthevoltageattheloadend. RelatedPost:BusbarsandConnectorsinHVandEHVinstallations Thisaffectsthecostofthesystemandtheworkingoftheequipmenttheconsumersuse.So,transformerisusedtoincreasethevoltagelevelatcertainvaluesrangingfrom220kVto765kV.Thismakesthecurrentvaluelesserforthesameloadthatwouldbehavinghighervaluesofcurrentatcertainload.Thecurrentvaluecanbecalculatedusingformula:- Where,=RMSvalueoflinetolinevoltage =RMSvalueoflinecurrent *denotestheconjugateofaphasor. Theincreaseddemandandtheconstraintoflocationofgeneratingstationhasmadepossibletheneedofaverycomplexsystemcalled‘Grid’.Thissystemconnectsmultiplegeneratingstationsgeneratingvoltageatdifferentlevelsbeingconnectedtogetherasacombinedsystem. RelatedPost:ComparisonbetweenACandDCTransmissionSystem(advantagesanddisadvantages) Thismakesthesystemtoreachouttovariousloadcentersandthisprovidesagreatsystemofhavinghigherreliability.Presently,thissystemhasgrowntosizeofacountry.OnemoresystemisbeingusednowadaysistheuseofHVDC.HVDCisusedforgreaterdistancesandsometimesusedtoconnecttwogridsofdifferentvoltageorfrequencylevels.HVDCalsoprovideslowercoronalosses,lowercommunicationinterferences,eliminationofinductiveeffectandeliminationoffrequencyofoperation. Transmissionlinesvaryinsizes.Thissizedeterminesitscharacteristicsanditsbehaviorinthesystem.Forexample,inlongtransmissionlinesthevoltageattheconsumerendbecomeshigherthanitsratedvalueduringlightloadconditionduetothedominatingcapacitivenatureofthetransmissionlines. RelatedPost:IsReactivePowerUseful?ImportanceofReactivePower SecondaryTransmission Areafarfromthecity(outskirts)whichhaveconnectedwithreceivingstationsbylinesiscalledsecondarytransmission.Atreceivingstation,thelevelofvoltagereducedbystep-downtransformersupto132kV,66or33kV,andelectricpoweristransferredbythreephasethreewire (3Phase–3Wires)overheadsystemtodifferentsubstations. RelatedArticle:ElectricalTransmissionNetworks–EHVandHVOverheadLines PrimaryDistribution Atasubstation,thelevelofsecondarytransmissionvoltage(132kV,66or33kV)reducedto11kVbystepdowntransforms. Generally,electricsupplyisprovidedtothoseheavyloadconsumer(commercialpowersupplyforinductries)wherethedemandsis11kV,fromthelineswhichcaries11kV(inthreephasethreewireoverheadsystem)andtheymakeaseparatesubstationtocontrolandutilizetheheavypowerinindustriesandfactories. Inothercasesforheavierloadconsumers(atlargescale),thedemandisupto132kVor33kV. Soelectricsupplyprovidedthemdirectlybysecondarytransmissionorprimarydistribution(in132kV,66kVor33kV)andthenstepdownthelevelofvoltagebystep-downtransformersintheirownsubstationforutilization(i.e.forelectrictractionetc). Whenthetransmissionlinesgetclosertothedemandcenters,thevoltagelevelisreducedtomakeitpracticaltodistributeatdifferentplacesofload.Therefore,poweristakenfromthegridandsteppeddownto30-33kV,dependingupontheplaceswhereitisbeingdelivered.Thisisthentransmittedtosubstations.Forexample,thesystemvoltageatsubstationlevelinIndiais33KV. RelatedPosts: FailuresInElectricalSystems,Equipments&Materials AllAboutElectricalProtectionSystems,DevicesAndUnits Manycontrolmechanismsareprovidedinthesubstationstomakethepowerdeliveryacontrolledandcontinuousprocesswithoutmuchdisturbance.Thesesubstationsdeliverpowertosmallerunitscalled‘Feeders’.Thisisdonebyeither‘Overheadlines’or‘Undergroundcables’.Thesefeedersareintowns,cities,orvillagesoritmaybesomegroupofindustries,whichtakesthepowerfromthesubstation,andconvertitsvoltagelevelaccordingtoitsownuse. Fordomesticuse,thevoltageisfurtherreducedat110V-230V(phasetoground)tobeusedbytheindividualsatdifferentpowerfactor.Thecombinedamountofdemandistheloadontheentiresystemandthatmustbegeneratedatthatinstant. Dependingupontheschemeofthedistributionsystem,itiscategorizedasradialorringmains.Itgivesdifferentdegreeofreliabilityandstabilitytothesystem.Allthesesystemsareprotectedusingvariousprotectionschemescomprisingofcircuitbreakers,relays,lighteningarresters,groundwiresetc. Manymeasuringandsensingelementsarealsoassociatedlike‘Currenttransformer’and‘Potentialtransformer’andmeteringatalltheplacesfromthesubstationstofeederstotheconsumers’places. SecondaryDistribution Electricpoweristransferredby(fromprimarydistributionlinei.e.11kV)todistributionsubstationisknownassecondarydistribution.Thissubstationislocatednearbydomestic&consumersareaswherethelevelofvoltagereducedto440Vbystepdowntransformers. ThesetransformerscalledDistributiontransformers,threephasefourwiresystem(3Phase–4WiresalsoknownasStarconnection).Sothereis400Volts(ThreePhaseSupplySystem)betweenanytwophasesand230Volts(SinglePhaseSupply)betweenaneutralandphase(live)wires. Residentialload(i.e.Fans,Lights,andTVetc)maybeconnectedbetweenanyonephaseandneutralwires,whilethreephaseloadmaybeconnecteddirectlytothethreephaselines. Inshort,secondarypowerdistributionmaybedividedinthreesectionssuchas,feeders,distributorsandservicelines(detailsbelow). RelatedPost: WhatisDistributedControlSystem(DCS)? PowerDistributioninIndustries–AllYouNeedtoKnow CombinedProcessofPowerSystem Theentirestructureofthepowersystemisconsistingofthesource(Generatingstation),transfer(TransmissionandDistribution)andtheload(Consumer).Theobjectivesare:- Ratedvoltageandfrequencytotheloadcentres. Reliabilityofthesystemsothatpowerdeliveryiscontinuous. Flexibilityofthesystemsothatthepowerisavailableatdifferentvoltagelevels Fasterclearanceoffaultssothatthe runswellforlongertimeanditlifeelongates Thecostofpowermustbeaslowaspossible Thelossesinthesystemmustbeaslowaspossible Fig3:CombinedProcessofaPowerSystem Theseallobjectivesaremetbyusingdifferentsetsofgeneratingstations,transmissionsystems,distributionsystemsandtheenhancedqualityofsafetyequipment. Atanyinstant,ourloadvariesindifferentmagnitudes.Therefore,forfollowingthedemand,thegenerationmustchangeandcatchupthedemand.Forthispurpose,therearemanycontrolmechanismslikegoverningvalveinthermalplants,controlrodsinnuclearplants,whichchangestheamountofpower,whichisbeinggenerated.And,forthispurpose,thereisasetofarrangementsmadetocommunicatethedemandtothegeneratingstation.TheyarePLC,SCADA,Fiberopticalcommunication,GSMcommunicationetc. RelatedPost:InternetofThings(IOT)andItsApplicationsinElectricalPowerIndustry Inaddition,somestateestimationtechniquesarebeingusedinapowersystemtopredicttheloaddemandatdifferentinstantoftimes.Ithelpsindeterminingtheamountofpowertobegeneratedattherighttime.Now,withtheadventofnewtechniques,averypromisingtechniqueisusing‘SoftComputingtechniques’forthecontroloftheoperationofpowersystem.Inaddition,itisaccompaniedbyvarioussoftwareandnumericaltechniques.Therefore,itcanbestatedthatthestepsinwhichapowersystemoperatesarefollowing:- Loaddemandvariation Communicationbetweensubstationandgeneratingstation Controloperationsatthegeneratingstations Continuousevaluationatthesubstationforchangesindemand Modernpowersystemoperatesandliterallyhandlessuchagreatamountofpowersupplybythesefourbasicsteps.Themorecontrolledthepowerdelivered,themorewillbethequalityofpowerbecausethequalityofpowerissimplythemaintenanceoftheratedvalueofvoltageandfrequencyateveryplace.Thisobjectiveisobtained,onlywhentheentiresystemoperatesincontinuouscoordinationandeffectiveness. RelatedPost:DesignandInstallationofEHV/EHVandEHV/HVSubstations Asourloadvariesfromlightlyloadedconditiontoheavilyloadedcondition,thesubstationcommunicatestogeneratingstationtoincreasethepowergenerationanditkeepscheckingtherequirementsothatthecontinuousdeliveryofpowerhappens. Thecommunicationisdoneaccordingtotheloadmagnitudeandthecostinvolvedintheprocess.Moreover,thisincreaseindemandisthenacknowledgedbythegeneratingstationbyvaryingitspowerinputtothegenerator.Inaddition,fromthegeneratingstationtoloadcenters,variouslevels(viz.TransmissionandDistribution)arethere. Therefore,forthepowerqualityandreliability,therearemanydevicesareemployedtoefficientlyperformthevariouscontrolmechanismsthatconsiststhefaultmanagementsystems,thepowerfactorimprovementsystems,themeasurementsystemsetc. Alltheseoperationsarebeingdonecontinuouslyinanypowersystemaroundtheworldtomakethepowerdeliverypossibleandefficient.Withtheincreasedemand,therehappenedtheincreaseintheinventionsofvariousdevices. Inaddition,therevenuecollectedfromthepowerdistributionmadeitpossibletohavefurtherinventionandtheuseofnewtechnologies.Thisenablesustouseenergyinsuchsimpleformwhereas,inreality,manycomplexoperationsarebeingdoneconstantly. belowisacompletetypicalACelectricpowersupplysystemscheme,inotherwords,theabovewholestoryinbelowfig4. Clickimagetoenlarge Fig4:TypicalElectricPowerSupplySystemsScheme(Generation,Transmission&DistributionofElectricalEnergy) ElementsofaDistributionSystem Secondarydistributionmaybedividedintothreepartsasfollow. Feeders Distributors ServiceLinesorServiceMains RelatedPost:DesignofGrounding/EarthingSysteminaSubstationGrid Fig5:ElementsofaDistributionSystem Feeders Thoseelectricpowerlineswhichconnectgeneratingstation(powerstation)orsubstationtodistributorsarecalledfeeders.Rememberthatcurrentinfeeders(ineachpoint)isconstantwhilethelevelofvoltagemaybedifferent.Thecurrentflowinginthefeedersdependsonthesizeofconductor.Fig5. RelatedPost:CablesFeederProtection–FaultsTypes,Causes&DifferentialProtection Distributors Thosetapingwhichextractedforelectricpowersupplytotheconsumersorthelines,fromwhereconsumersgetdirectelectricpowersupplyisknownasdistributorsasshowninfig5.Currentisdifferentineachsectionofthedistributorswhilevoltagemaybesame.Theselectionofdistributorsdependsonvoltagedropandmaybedesignaccording differentlevelofvoltagedrops.Itisbecauseconsumersshouldgettheratedvoltageaccordingtotherulesanddesign. GoodtoKnow:themaindifferencebetweenFeederandDistributoristhatcurrentinFeederissame(ineachsection)ontheotherhand,VoltageissameineachsectionofDistributor RelatedPost:MaintenanceofTransformer–PowerTransformersMaintenance,Diagnostic&Monitoring ServiceLinesorServiceMains ThenormalcablewhichisconnectedbetweenDistributorsandConsumerloadterminalcalledServiceLineorServiceMains.inotherwords,thecablewhichhasbeenconnectedtothe11kVpowerlines(takenfromstepdowntransformer)togetthreephaseorsinglephasepowersupply.PhaseorLivetoNeutralpoweris230VAC(120Vor240VetcinUS)and440VAC(208V,240V,277Vor480VetcinUS)inthreephase(phasetophase)system. RelatedArticles: EffectofHarmonicsonPowerSystem HVAndMVSwitchDisconnectorsAndIsolatorsinPowerSystem PrimaryandSecondaryorBackupprotectioninaPowerSystem CoronaEffect&DischargeinTransmissionLines&PowerSystem WhatisHVDC?–HighVoltageDirectCurrentPowerTransmission TypesofHVDCSystemsandMTDCConfigurations DifferencesBetweenHVACandHVDC–PowerTransmission AdvantagesofHVDCoverHVACPowerTransmission FACTS–FlexibleACTransmissionSystem–TypesofFACTSControllers&Devices TagsDistributionSystemDistributorsFeedersGeneratingStationPrimaryDistributionPrimarytransmissionSecondaryDistributionSecondarytransmissionServiceLinesorServiceMainsTransmissionSystem ElectricalTechnology1813minutesread ShowFullArticle Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Tumblr Pinterest Reddit VKontakte Skype Messenger Messenger WhatsApp Telegram ShareviaEmail Print ElectricalTechnology AllaboutElectrical&ElectronicsEngineering&Technology.Follow ElectricalTechnologyonFacebook,Twitter,Instagram,Pinterest,YouTube,&LinkedintogetthelatestupdatesorsubscribeHeretogetlatestEngineeringArticlesinyourmailbox. Website Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Flickr YouTube Pinterest Instagram BasicConcepts(MCQsWithExplanatoryAnswers) DifferencebetweenACandDCTransmissionSystem&PowerLines RelatedArticles ACompleteGuideAboutSolarPanelInstallation.StepbyStepProcedurewithCalculation&Diagrams HowtoSizeaSinglePhaseandThreePhaseTransformerinkVA?Calculator AutomaticUPS/InverterWiring&ConnectionDiagramtotheHome HowToCalculateYourElectricityBill.ElectricBillCalculatorwithExamples AutomaticStreetLightControlSystemusingLDR&TransistorBC547 HowtoConnectAutomaticUPS/InvertertotheHomeSupplySystem? SHOWALLCOMMENTS 18Comments thispageisawsum.andwasimkhanurgenius Reply ThanxforAppreciation.:) Reply goodmashallah Reply WelcomeDear Reply wasimkhancanupleaseclarifythatintheprimarytransmissionwheretherearethreephaseand3wires,whythereare6linesinsteadof3?thanks Reply nicelyforimagination….. Reply Greatwriteupasalways..Iwdliketogetsomethingstraight:ondistributionfeeders,usaidthecurrentflowingdependsonthesizeoftheconductors..IthinkumeanttosaythecurrentflowingDETERMINEStheconductorsize.Allinallgreatwork.Keepitup.Weallhaveroomforimprovement☺ Reply Absolutelyright…AlsoThanksforappreciation Reply MybrothersuggestedImightlikethiswebsite.Heusedtobeentirelyright.Thisposttrulymademyday.YoucannotbelievejusthowmuchtimeIhadspentforthisinfo!Thankyou Reply threephasehasonlythreewiresornot?
Reply threephasehasonly3wiresormore..? Reply starconn.needs4wire.
dltaconn.needs3wire. Reply InT&D(TransmissionandDistribution)system,whyuse11KV,22KV,33Kvfor11seriesonly.plzexplainfriends Reply plswritemesomenotesandFAQsonelectricalpowergeneration,transmissionanddistribution Reply Sometimewecomeacross3phase415V50hzelectricalpowersupply.Asnotedintheabovenotesaidaboutof400Vlinephasesupply.Isthereanydifferentbetweenthesetwotypesofvoltage??Whatisthesignificant? Reply whatisthebestwayforconnectiongeneration600-1000MWifthesegeneratorsnearloadcenterisitpossibletoconnectthemat132kvorto400kv Reply goodlessionconductedandicanstudyverywellminusteachersandpess Reply wow…soinformative.. Thanks4sharing Reply LeaveaReplyCancelreplyYouremailaddresswillnotbepublished.Requiredfieldsaremarked*Comment*Name* Email* Notifymeoffollow-upcommentsbyemail.Notifymeofnewpostsbyemail. Δ CheckAlso Close ElectricalWiringInstallation HowtoaWireDouble3-WayCombinationSwitchDevice? FollowUs 155k+ Subscribers 2.6M Fans 3,845 Followers 2,400 Subscribers 194k Followers Facebook Twitter Pinterest Reddit Skype Messenger Messenger WhatsApp Telegram Backtotopbutton Close FacebookTwitterPinterestLinkedInYouTubeRedditTumblrInstagramGooglePlayMediumTikTokRSS Searchfor: Close Searchfor Close Searchfor AdblockDetected Ourwebsiteismadepossiblebydisplayingonlineadvertisementstoourvisitors. Pleaseconsidersupportingusbydisablingyouradblocker. Wedependsonadrevenuetokeepcreatingqualitycontentforyoutolearnandenjoyforfree.