Taiwan ChinaTaiwan military ranktaiwan台灣Taiwan military serviceTaiwan military powerArm Taiwan ActTaiwan special forcesTaiwan ArmyRepublic of China Armed Forces - Wikipedia
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The Republic of China Armed Forces are the armed forces of the Republic of China (ROC), once based in mainland China and currently in its remaining ...
RepublicofChinaArmedForces
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CombinedarmedforcesoftheRepublicofChina
ThisarticleisaboutarmedforcesoftheRepublicofChina(ROC).ForthemilitaryoftheRepublicofChinabeforetheimplementationoftheConstitutionin1947,seeNationalRevolutionaryArmy.Forotherarmedforceswiththename國軍inChinesecharacters,see國軍.ForthemilitaryforcesofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC),seePeople'sLiberationArmy.
RepublicofChinaArmedForces中華民國國軍ZhōnghuáMínguóGuójūn(Mandarin)Tiong-huâBîn-kokKok-kun(Hokkien)Chûng-fàMìn-koetKoet-kiûn(Hakka)EmblemoftheMinistryofNationalDefenseFlagoftheRepublicofChinaArmedForcesFounded16 June1924;98yearsago (1924-06-16)Currentform25 December1947;74yearsago (1947-12-25)Servicebranches ROCArmyROCNavy ROCMarineCorps ROCAirForceROCMilitaryPoliceROCArmedForcesReserveHeadquartersMinistryofDefenseBuilding,ZhongshanDistrict,Taipei,TaiwanLeadershipCommander-in-ChiefPresidentTsaiIng-wenMinisterofNationalDefenseChiuKuo-chengChiefoftheGeneralStaffGeneralChenPao-yuPersonnelMilitary age18Conscription4monthsActivepersonnel165,000[1]Reservepersonnel1,655,000[1]ExpendituresBudgetUS$17billion(2022)[2]IndustryDomesticsuppliersNCSISTAIDCCSBCJongShynShipbuildingCompanyLungtehShipbuildingForeignsuppliers Australia France Israel Netherlands Japan Singapore UnitedKingdom UnitedStatesRelatedarticlesHistoryHistoricalChinesewarsandbattlesListofwarsinvolvingtheRepublicofChinaFirstTaiwanStraitCrisis(1955)SecondTaiwanStraitCrisis(1958)VietnamWar(1965–1973)CambodianCivilWar(1970–1975)NDFRebellion(1978-1982;PeaceBellProgram)ThirdTaiwanStraitCrisis(1995–1996)WaronTerrorMilitaryinterventionagainstISILRanksMilitaryranks
RepublicofChinaArmedForcesTraditional Chinese中華民國國軍SimplifiedChinese中华民国国军LiteralmeaningChineseRepublicNationalArmyTranscriptionsStandardMandarinHanyuPinyinZhōnghuáMínguóGuójūnBopomofoㄓㄨㄥㄏㄨㄚˊㄇㄧㄣˊㄍㄨㄛˊㄍㄨㄛˊㄐㄩㄣWade–GilesChung1-Hua2Min2-Kuo2Kuo2-Chün1TongyongPinyinJhōnghuáMínguóGuójyūnIPA[ʈʂʊ́ŋkwǎ mǐnkwǒ kwǒtɕýn]HakkaRomanizationChûng-fàMìn-koetKoet-kiûnShortername:NationalArmyTraditional Chinese國軍SimplifiedChinese国军TranscriptionsStandardMandarinHanyuPinyinGuójūnBopomofoㄍㄨㄛˊㄐㄩㄣWade–GilesKuo2-Chün1TongyongPinyinGuójyūnHakkaRomanizationKoet-kiûnFormername:NationalRevolutionaryArmyTraditional Chinese國民革命軍SimplifiedChinese国民革命军TranscriptionsStandardMandarinHanyuPinyinGuómínGémìngJūnBopomofoㄍㄨㄛˊㄇㄧㄣˊㄍㄜˊㄇㄧㄥˋㄐㄩㄣWade–GilesKuo2-Min2Kê2-Ming4Chün1TongyongPinyinGuómínGémìngJyūn
TheRepublicofChinaArmedForces[a](ROCAF;Chinese:中華民國國軍;pinyin:ZhōnghuáMínguóGuójūn)arethearmedforcesoftheRepublicofChina(ROC),oncebasedinmainlandChinaandcurrentlyinitsremainingjurisdictionswhichincludetheislandsofTaiwan,Penghu,Kinmen,Matsu,andothersmallerROC-controlledislandssuchasTaipingIslandintheSouthChinaSea.
TheyconsistoftheArmy,Navy(includingtheMarineCorps),AirForceandMilitaryPoliceForce.ThemilitaryisundertheciviliancontroloftheMinistryofNationalDefense,acabinet-levelagencyoverseenbytheLegislativeYuan.ItwaspreviouslynamedtheNationalRevolutionaryArmy(NRA)beforebeingrenamedastheRepublicofChinaArmedForcesin1947duetotheimplementationofthenewlypromulgatedConstitutionoftheRepublicofChina.[3]ItwasalsohistoricallyreferredastheChineseNationalArmedForcespriortotheestablishmentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaontheChinesemainlandandthegraduallossofinternationalrecognitioninthe1970sbytheUnitedNationsandmanycountriessuchastheUnitedStates.
Untilthe1970sandtowardstheendofmartiallaw,themilitary'sprimarymissionwasfortheROCtoeventuallyretakemainlandChinafromthecommunist-controlledPeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)throughcampaignssuchasProjectNationalGlory.[4]Themilitary'scurrentforemostmissionisthedefenseoftheislandsremainingunderthecontroloftheROC,againstapossiblemilitaryinvasionbythePeople'sLiberationArmyofthePRC,whichisseenasthepredominantthreattotheROC[5][6]intheongoingdisputeovertheambiguouspoliticalstatusofTaiwandatingbacktotheChineseCivilWar.
Contents
1Names
2History
2.1Originandnationalization
2.2ROCArmy
2.3ROCNavy
2.4ROCMarineCorps
2.5ROCAirForce
2.6ROCMilitaryPolice
2.7RiseofthePRC
3Personnel
4Organization
4.1Militarybranchesandstructure
5Armspurchasesandweaponsdevelopment
5.1Armspurchases
5.2LocalWeaponsDevelopment
6Reformsanddevelopment
6.1Civiliancontrolofthemilitary
6.2Doctrineandexercises
6.3Strategy
7Foreigncooperation
7.1ElSalvador
7.2EuropeanUnion
7.3Eswatini
7.4Guatemala
7.5Honduras
7.6Japan
7.7Nicaragua
7.8Paraguay
7.9Singapore
7.10UnitedStates
8Militaryparades
9Militaryranks
10Majordeployments,battlesandincidents
10.11912–1949
10.2Since1949
11Nuclearweaponsprogram
12Budget
13ChiefoftheGeneralStaffs
14Seealso
15Notes
16References
16.1Citations
16.2Sources
17Externallinks
Names[edit]
TheRepublicofChinaArmedForcesisthenationalmilitaryoftheROC.ItisknownasKuo2-Chün1(Chinese:國軍;HanyuPinyin:Guójūn;TongyongPinyin:Guójyūn,literally"NationalArmy").[citationneeded]
WhentheROCwasinpowerinmainlandChina,itsarmywastheNationalRevolutionaryArmyuntil1947.Othernamesduringtheperiodincludedthe"ChineseNationalistArmy"orthe"KMTArmy".Thenationalizationofthearmedforcesin1947detachedtheKuomintang'sdirectcontrolofthearmedforces,anditbecameanationaldefenseforce.Duetotheinstitutionofciviliancontrolofthemilitaryandthe1947constitution,itwaslaterrenamedtheRepublicofChinaArmedForces.[citationneeded]
History[edit]
Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(November2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage)
Originandnationalization[edit]
Mainarticle:NationalRevolutionaryArmy
Seealso:RepublicofChinaMilitaryAcademy
Furtherinformation:MilitaryhistoryofChinabefore1911
Soldiersofthe185thInfantryDivisionduringWorldWarII
Theearliestuseofthename"RepublicofChinaArmedForces(中華民國國軍)"canbefoundinthefirstConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinaintheNanjingGovernmentin1947.[7]
TheRepublicofChina'sarmywasknownastheNationalRevolutionaryArmy,whichwasfoundedonmainlandChinain1925.TheNationalRevolutionaryArmywasthemilitaryarmofKuomintang(NationalistParty-KMT)from1925until1947intheRepublicofChina.ItalsobecometheregulararmyoftheROCduringtheKMT'speriodofpartyrulebeginningin1928.
However,withthepromulgationofthesecondConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinain1947andtheformalendoftheKMTparty-state,theNationalRevolutionaryArmywasrenamedtheRepublicofChinaArmedForces(中華民國國軍),whilethebulkofitsforcesformedtheRepublicofChinaArmy.ThearmywasnationalizedandthusnolongerbelongedtotheKMT.TheROCArmedForcerelocatedtotheislandofTaiwanaftertheendofthesecondphaseoftheChineseCivilWarin1949.
ROCArmy[edit]
Mainarticle:RepublicofChinaArmy
CM-11BraveTigeratHukouArmyBase
TheLandforcewasestablishedin1924.ItcanbetracedbacktotheestablishmentoftheWhampoaMilitaryAcademyinCantonby1911revolutionaryleaderSunYat-senandbuiltastheNationalRevolutionaryArmy,themilitaryarmofKMT.WhampoaMilitaryAcademywasrelocatedtoFengshanDistrict,KaohsiungCity,Taiwanafter1949.Itwasre-establishedastheRepublicofChinaMilitaryAcademy(中華民國陸軍軍官學校).
ROCNavy[edit]
Mainarticle:RepublicofChinaNavy
ROCSPanShih(AOE-532)
TheNavyoftheQingdynastywasfirstexposedtoWesterninfluence.WiththeestablishmentoftheRepublicofChinain1912,manyformerQing-navalofficersagreedwiththerevolutionaryidealofXinhaiandjoinedtheROCNavy.However,withwarlordismcontinuingtoplaguetheterritoryoftheRepublicofChina,thedevelopmentoftheRepublicannavywassomewhatslow.Furthermore,therewereinternalconflictsduringitsdevelopment.Duringthe2ndSino-Japanesewar,mostoftheROCNavywasdestroyedbytheImperialJapaneseNavy.In1946theRepublicofChinaNavalAcademywasestablishedinShanghai;itwasrelocatedtoTaiwanin1949.
ROCMarineCorps[edit]
Mainarticle:RepublicofChinaMarineCorps
ROCMarineCorpsAmphibiousReconnaissanceandPatrolUnit
TheROCMarineCorpswasformedfromtheformerNavySentryCorpsinDecember1914,itusedtohavetwodivisions,66thand99thdivisions,insize,whenitsdoctrinefocusedonretakingmainlandChina.Sinceitstransitiontoadefensiveposture,theROCMChasbeendownsizedfromabout38,000activepersonneltoonly9,000.In2004,theROCMCredeployedabrigadeneartheTaipeiareatodefendagainstapossiblePLAdecapitationstrike.TheROCMarineCorps'officialmottois"永遠忠誠"(ForeverLoyalty),theChinesetranslationof"SemperFidelis".
ROCAirForce[edit]
Mainarticle:RepublicofChinaAirForce
ROCAirForceAirDefenseArtillerySkyguardsystemSparrowmissilelauncher
In1920SunYat-senestablishedtheAviationMinistryinCanton(GuangdongProvince).ButduetothedivisionoftheSouthernWarlords,itwaslaterdismantled.In1929,ChiangKai-shekestablishedtheAviationClassintheROCMilitaryAcademy.ItwasrelocatedtoHangzhouin1931.Followingtheoutbreakofthe2ndSino-JapaneseWar,theROCAirForcewasresponsibleforshootingdownmanyJapaneseAirforcefighters.After1949theROCAirForceAcademywasrelocatedtoTaiwanisland.
ROCMilitaryPolice[edit]
Mainarticle:RepublicofChinaMilitaryPolice
ROCArmyCM-32YunpaoAPCondisplay
TheROCMilitaryPolicewasestablishedin1914whenSunYat-senassumedtheprovisionalpresidency.Itwasestablishedasapoliceguardandtomaintaindisciplinewithinthearmy.In1932thenationalistgovernmentestablishedthe"CommandWorkofMilitaryPolice"(憲兵勤務令)andtheServiceProcedurefortheMilitaryPolice(憲兵服務章程),whichestablishedthemilitarypolicesystem.In1936,theMilitarypoliceAcademywasfoundedinNanjing.TheschoolrelocatedtoTaiwanafter1949.
RiseofthePRC[edit]
Mainarticle:ModernizationofthePeople'sLiberationArmy
Seealso:TwoChinasandPoliticalstatusofTaiwan
Inthe21stcenturyasthePRCvastlyincreaseditsdefensespending,theRepublicofChinaregisteredthelowestgrowthindefensespendingofthemajorAsia-Pacificpowers.[8]Thesecutbackswerefeltasvitallandbasedsystemswerecutinordertoaffordanupgradeofagingfourthgenerationjetfighters(neededtorespondtothePRC'sfifthgenerationfighterprograms).[9]Andeventhejetfighterupgradeswerecutbackinareassuchashighperformancejetengines.[10][11]TheU.S.-ChinaEconomicandSecurityReviewCommissionfoundthatthesedefensecutscouldjeopardizeTaiwan'smilitarypreparedness.[12]
Personnel[edit]
Seealso:ConscriptioninTaiwan
TwochildrentakingpictureswithROCMilitaryPolicemenatLinkouMPBase
ThreeROCNavyHonorGuardschattingatHsinchuAirBase
BecauseofthehistoricallegacyhavingoncecontrolledmainlandChina,thearmyhastraditionallybeenthemostimportantoftheROC'smilitaryforces,althoughthisdeclinedinthe1990sandearly2000swiththerealizationthatthetraditionalarmy'sroleindefendingagainstaPRCinvasionislimited.Asaresult,recentforcemodernizationprogramshaveresultedinthereorganizationoftheArmyintosmallerunitsasaquickdeploymentmobiletroops.Forthesamereason,moreemphasisisbeingplacedonthedevelopmentoftheNavyandAirForce,inordertofendoffattacksintheTaiwanStrait,awayfromTaiwanproper.[13]
TheROCArmedForces'officercorpsisgenerallyviewedasbeingcompetent,displayingahighdegreeofprofessionalism.However,asawhole,thecultureintheofficercorpstendstobeverycautiousandconservative.ThemilitaryalsofacesdifficultiesintherecruitmentandretentionofjuniorofficersandNCOsduetocompetitionwiththeprivatesector.Thereare,however,planstomakeitavolunteerarmedforces.[citationneeded]
In2012ROCMinistryofNationalDefenceannouncedthatthelengthofservicewasreducedto4monthsfromtheoriginal1yearinDecember2011forthosebornafter1January1994,duetoaimstoestablishanall-volunteerforce.Assince,allable-bodiedmenreachingconscriptionagewillundergo4monthlongmilitarytraininginsteadofservingfor1year,asitwasdonepreviously.Thosebornpriorto1January1994andwereyettocompletetheirmilitaryserviceweregivenanoptiontoserveinanon-combatantroleforadurationofoneyear.[14]
Since2021trainingforreserveformationshasbeenincreasedwithanemphasisplacedonurbanandasymmetricwarfare.Thetrainingperiodforreservistshasbeenincreasedtotwoweeksfrom5-7days.In2022reservesnumbered2.31million.The2022RussianinvasionofUkraineincreasedsupportforandunderstandingfromthepublicoftheeffectivenessofwelltrainedandequippedreserves.[15]
Organization[edit]
Militarybranchesandstructure[edit]
ThefollowingservicecommandsaredirectlysubordinatetotheGeneralStaff,headedbytheChiefoftheGeneralStaff,whichanswerstotheciviliancommandstructureundertheMinisterofDefenseandtheROCPresident:[6]
RepublicofChinaArmy(ROCA)
RepublicofChinaNavy(ROCN)
RepublicofChinaMarineCorps(ROCMC)
RepublicofChinaAirForce(ROCAF)
RepublicofChinaMilitaryPolice(ROCMP)
TheCoastGuardAdministrationwascreatedin2001fromrelatedpoliceandmilitaryunitsandisadministeredbytheExecutiveYuanandmaybeincorporatedasamilitarybranchduringtimesofemergencybutforthelargepartremainsinciviliancontrol.
TherearealsoCombinedServiceForceswithintheRepublicofChinamilitary(army,navy,airforce)suchasPoliticalWarfareForces,Signaller,Combatmedic,administrative,financeetc.[clarificationneeded]ThepositionofDeputyCommander-in-ChiefoftheCombinedServiceForcesexistsintheRepublicofChinamilitary.ThelastknownpersontoholdthispositionwasMuslimLt.Gen.MaChing-chiang.[16]
Seealso:CombinedLogisticsCommand
Armspurchasesandweaponsdevelopment[edit]
Armspurchases[edit]
ROCMarineCorpsSpecialServiceCompanyOperatorwithSIGMPX
AcquisitionsoverthenextseveralyearswillemphasizemodernC4ISRequipmentthatwillvastlyimprovecommunicationsanddata-sharingamongservices.Theseandotherplannedacquisitionswillgraduallyshifttheisland'sstrategicemphasistooffshoreengagementofinvadingPRCforces.Itishopedthatthiswillservetoreduceciviliancasualtiesanddamagetoinfrastructureintheeventofarmedconflict.[6]
TheROC'sarmedforcesareequippedwithweaponsobtainedprimarilyfromtheUnitedStates,France,andtheNetherlands.[17]
InJuly2007itwasreportedthattheROCArmywouldrequestthepurchaseof30AH-64DIIApacheattackhelicoptersbasedonthe2008defensebudget.[18]TheUnitedDailyNewsreportedthatasmanyas90UH-60BlackHawkhelicopterswouldalsobeorderedtoreplacetheUH-1Hstheninservice.
DuringAugust,theROCrequested60AGM-84LHarpoonBlockIImissiles,2Harpoonguidancecontrolunits,30Harpooncontainers,30Harpoonextendedair-launchlugs,50HarpoonupgradekitsfromAGM-84GtoAGM-84Lconfigurationandotherrelatedelementsoflogisticsandprogramsupport,toatotalvalueofUS$125million.TheUnitedStatesgovernmentindicateditsapprovaloftheorderwithnotificationtotheUnitedStatesCongressofthepotentialsale.[19]
Inmid-September2007,thePentagonnotifiedtheU.S.CongressofP-3COrionorder,whichincluded12Orionsandthree"spareaircraft",alongwithanorderfor144SM-2BlockIIIAmissiles.Thetotalvalueofthe12P-3COrionswereestimatedataround$1.96billionand$272millionforthe144SM-2missiles.[20]AcontractwasawardedtoLockheedMartintorefurbishthe12P-3COrionaircraftfortheROCon2009-03-13,withdeliveriestostartin2012.[21]
Inmid-November2007,thePentagonnotifiedtheUSCongressaboutapossiblesaletoupgradetheROC'sexisting3PatriotmissilebatteriestothePAC-3standard.Thetotalvalueoftheupgradecouldbeasmuchas$939million.[22]
TheUSgovernmentannouncedon3Octoberthatitplannedtosell$6.5billionworthofarmstotheROCendingthefreezeofarmssalestotheROC.Theplansinclude$2.5billionworthof30AH-64DBlockIIIApacheLongbowattackhelicopterswithnight-visionsensors,radar,174StingerBlockIair-to-airmissiles,1,000AGM-114LHellfiremissiles,PAC-3missiles(330),4missilebattery,radarsets,groundstationsandotherequipmentvaluedupto$3.1billion.4E-2TaircraftupgradetoE-2CHawkeye2000wasalsoincluded,worthupto$250million.$200millionworthofsubmarine-launchedHarpoonBlockIImissiles(32)wouldalsobeavailableforsale,$334millionworthofvariousaircraftsparepartsand182Javelinmissiles,with20Javelincommandlaunchers.
However,notincludedinthearmssalewerenewF-16C/Dfighters,thefeasibilitystudyfordiesel-electricsubmarinesorUH-60BlackHawkhelicopters.[23]TheWhiteHousehaddeclinedtosell66F-16C/DfighterplanesasUSPacificCommandhasfeltnoneedforadvancedarmstobesoldtotheROC.[24]
On29January2010theUSgovernmentannouncedfivenotificationstoUSCongressforarmssalestotheROC,twoOspreyclassminehuntersfor$105million(allfiguresinUSdollars),25Link16terminalsonshipsfor$340million,twoship-andtwoair-launchedHarpoonL/IIfor$37million,60UH-60Mandotherrelateditemsfor$3.1billionandthreePAC-3batterieswith26launchersand114PAC-3missilesfor$2.81billion,foratotal$6.392billionoverall.[25][26][27][28][29]
TheROC'seffortsatarmspurchaseshaveconsistentlybeenopposedbythePRC.[30]
LocalWeaponsDevelopment[edit]
NCSISTChienHsiangloiteringmunition
Mainarticle:DefenseindustryofTaiwan
Themilitary'slightweaponsaregenerallymanagedbytheArmamentsBureauoftheMinistryofNationalDefense,whose205thArsenal(第205廠)isresponsiblefordevelopingandproducinglightweaponssuchasT65assaultrifle,T75Lightmachinegun,T86assaultrifle,T91assaultrifle,T75pistol,varioustypesofbulletsetc.[citationneeded]
Themilitaryhasalsostressedmilitary"self-reliance,"whichhasledtothegrowthofindigenousmilitaryproduction,producingitemssuchastheROC'sIndigenousDefenseFighter,theThunderbolt2000MultipleLaunchRocketSystem,CloudedLeopardArmouredVehicle,theSkyBowIIandSkyBowIIISAMsandHsiungFengseriesofanti-shipmissiles.[citationneeded]
Reformsanddevelopment[edit]
Civiliancontrolofthemilitary[edit]
R.O.C.ArmysoldiersremovingthemachinegunsfromaCM-12Tank
ThemoderndayROCmilitaryisstyledafterwesternmilitarysystems,mostlytheUSmilitary.[citationneeded]Internally,ithasapoliticalwarfarebranch/departmentthattightlycontrolsandmonitorseachleveloftheROCmilitary,andreportsdirectlytotheGeneralHeadquartersoftheROCmilitary,andifnecessary,directlytothePresidentoftheROC.Thisisacarryoverfromthepre-1949era,whenKMTanditsarmywerepenetratedbyCommunistagentsrepeatedlyandledtofrontlineunitsdefectingtoCommunistChina.TostrengthentheircontroloverthemilitaryandpreventmassivedefectionafterretreatingtoTaiwanin1949,CKSandCCKemployedtightcontroloverthemilitary,byinstallingpoliticalofficersandcommissionersdowntothecompanylevel,inordertoensurepoliticalcorrectnessinthemilitaryandloyaltytowardROCleadership.Thisgavethepoliticalofficers/commissarsagreatdealofpower,allowingthemtooverruletheunitcommanderandtakeovertheunit.Onlyinrecentyearshasthepoliticalwarfaredepartment(duetocutbacks)reduceditspowerwithintheROCmilitary.
Twodefensereformlawsimplementedin2002grantedtheciviliandefenseministercontrolovertheentiremilitary,andexpandedlegislativeoversightauthorityforthefirsttimeinhistory.[31]InthepasttheROCmilitarywascloselylinkedwithandcontrolledbytheKMT(NationalistParty).Followingthedemocratizationofthe1990sthemilitarymovedtoapoliticallyneutralposition,thoughtheseniorofficerranksremaineddominatedbyKMTmembersin2001.[32]
Doctrineandexercises[edit]
ROCAFAIDCF-CKIndigenousDefenseFighter
ROCNChengKung-classfrigate
ROCAThunderbolt-2000
TheprimarygoaloftheROCArmedForcesistoprovideacredibledeterrentagainsthostileactionbyestablishingeffectivecounterstrikeanddefensecapabilities.ROCmilitarydoctrinein2004centeredupontheprincipleof"offshoreengagement"wheretheprimarygoalofthearmedforcesinanyconflictwiththePRCwouldbetokeepasmuchofthefightingawayfromTaiwanproperforaslongaspossibletominimizedamagetoinfrastructureandciviliancasualties.Asof2004themilitaryhadalsobeguntotakethethreatofasudden"decapitationattack"bythePRCseriously.Consequently,therewasgrowingemphasisontheroleoftheNavyandAirForce(wheretheArmyhadtraditionallydominated);aswellasthedevelopmentofrapidreactionforcesandquickmobilizationoflocalreserveforces.[6]
Asof2021trainingforelectronicwarfarehadbeenemphasizedwithsignificantoffensiveanddefensivecapabilitieshavingbeenfielded.[33]
TheHanKuangExerciseistheannualmilitaryexerciseoftheRepublicofChinaArmedForcesforcombatreadinessintheeventofanattackbythePeople'sLiberationArmy.[34]
Strategy[edit]
Chinahasremovedthephrase"peaceful"inofficialgovernmentdocumentsregardingplanstotakebackTaiwan.[35]ThoughtheArmyhadpreviouslybeenthedominantservice,theshifttoadefensiveorientationhasshiftedimportancetotheNavyandAirForcetoconductmostfightingawayfrompopulationcenters.GiventhecurrentbudgetaryandnumericalsuperiorityoftheChinesemilitary,Taiwanhasmovedtowardsanasymmetricanti-access/areadenialsystemtoimperilChina'sabilitytooperateintheTaiwanStraitratherthantrytomatchitsstrength.TheRoCN,whichwasoncethemostneglectedforce,hasbecomethemostimportanttodefeataninvasionfleet.Combatingtheenemyfleetandsinkingtransportshipswouldtakeoutlargeamountsofthegroundinvasionforceandpermanentlydegradeamphibiouscapabilities.Surfaceshipsprimarilyconsistofguidedmissiledestroyersandfrigates,aswellasfourdozensmall,fastmissileboatstotakeoutmuchlargerChinesesurfaceandamphibiousships.TheRoCAFisoptimizedforairsuperiorityandwasoncethemoreformidableofthetwocountries,butcurrentChinesetechnologyinvestmentshavemadeChinamuchmoreabletocontestairspace.AirbasesarelikelytocomeunderattackfromChineseconventionalballisticmissilesinrangeoftheisland.Taiwanhasequipmenttokeepexposedbasesoperatingwhileunderfirewithrunwayrepairsystemsandmobileaircraftarrestingsystems.TherearetwoundergroundairbasesusedbytheRoCAF:ChiashanAirForceBasewhichisinahollowed-outmountainthatcanprotect200fightersandChihhangAirBasewhichcanprotect80aircraft.TheRoCAFoperatesanationwideairdefensenetworktoengagetargetsanywhereoverthemainland;someanti-aircraftmissilebatteriesarealsolocatedinundergroundsilos.TheArmywouldonlyfightifChineseforcesmanagetolandandwouldengageinasymmetricwarfare.In2014TaiwanMinisterofNationalDefenseYenMingbelievedthatthecountrywouldbeabletoholdoffaChineseinvasionforatleastonemonth.[36]
Inthelate2010sTaiwan'smilitaryadoptedanewstrategycalledtheOverallDefenseConcept(ODC),accordingtoTheDiplomat"Inshort,theODCisaholisticallyintegratedstrategyforguidingTaiwan'smilitaryforcedevelopmentandjointoperations,emphasizingTaiwan'sexistingnaturaladvantages,civilianinfrastructureandasymmetricalwarfarecapabilities.Itisdesignedtodeterand,ifnecessary,defeataninvasionbyChina'sPeople'sLiberationArmy(PLA)."[37]In2021DefenseMinisterChiuKuo-chengsaidthat“Ialwaystellmypeerstostopasking,‘howmanydaysweneedtoholdout?’Thequestionis,‘howmanydaysdoesChinawanttofight?’We’llkeepthemcompanyforasmanydaysastheywanttofight.”[38]
Foreigncooperation[edit]
ROCArmyHualien-TaitungDefenseCommandsoldierswithaT75Lightmachinegun
Taiwanhasengagedintrainingwithforeignforces,primarilyAmerican,foralongtimebutcooperationwassteppedupafterthepassageoftheTaiwanTravelActin2018.ExchangesbetweenhighrankingTaiwaneseofficersandtheirNATOcounterpartshavealsobeenontherise.[39]
ElSalvador[edit]
Inthe1970stheRepublicofChinatrainedSalvadoranofficersinvolvedinhumanrightsviolationsduringthecountry'scivilwar.[40]
EuropeanUnion[edit]
In2011and2012TaiwanworkedwiththeEU'sNavalForceinOperationAtalantatocounterpiracyoffthecoastofSomalia.Sincethenexchangesandinformationsharinghascontinued,between2011and2015EUanti-piracyofficialsmadefivevisitstoTaiwan.[41]
Eswatini[edit]
In2020,TaiwandonatedtwoUH-1HutilityhelicopterstoEswatini.[42]
Guatemala[edit]
Inthe1970stheRepublicofChinatrainedGuatemalanofficersinvolvedinhumanrightsviolations.[40]
In2019GuatemalanMinisterofDefenseMajorGeneralLuisMiguelRaldaMorenovisitedTaiwanandmetwithTaiwanesePresidentTsaiIng-wen.[43]
Honduras[edit]
In2015TaiwandonatedthreeUH-1HutilityhelicopterstoHonduras.[44]
Japan[edit]
ThereisnoofficialcooperationbetweentheROCmilitaryandtheJapaneseSelfDefenseForce(JSDF).TheJSDFhassentobserverstothedigitalpartoftheannualHanKuangExercise.[45]
NewJapanesemilitarylegislationcameintoeffectin2016,allowingdeploymenttodefendaregionalallyunderattack.ThisisthoughttobeprimarilylegislationforJapantodeploytoTaiwaninaneventofanattackonTaiwan,whichinturnthreatensJapanesesecurityinitssouthernislands.[46]
Nicaragua[edit]
In2019TaiwandonatedfiverefurbishedsurplusinterceptorboatstotheNicaraguanArmedForces.Thetransferceremonyoccurredatthenavalforces’2ndbattalioninPuertoSandino.[47]
Paraguay[edit]
In2019TaiwandonatedtwoUH-1Hhelicoptersand30HumveestotheArmedForcesofParaguay.ParaguayanPresidentMarioAbdoBenítezsharedpicturesofthemilitaryaidonthepresidentialTwitterfeed.[48]
Singapore[edit]
HumanitarianaidsentbyaC-130HerculesoftheRepublicofSingaporeAirForce(RSAF)toHualienAirport,Taiwanduringthe2018Hualienearthquake.
Startingin1975,SingaporehassentunitsfromitsmilitarytotrainintheRepublicofChinaundertheStarlighttrainingprogram(星光計畫).SingaporeanforcestraininginTaiwannumberedroughly3,000asof2005.[49]SingaporehasalsosuppliedtheROCAFwithmilitaryequipment.[50]
In2007,aF-5FfighteroperatedbytheRepublicofChinaAirForce(ROCAF)crashedintobasehousingthatwasoccupiedbySingaporeanpersonnel,killingthepilots.TwoSingaporeansonthegroundwerealsokilled,withnineinjured.TheStarlightprogramatthattimenumberedaround7,000personal.[51]
In2019,aSingaporeanparatrooperwasseriouslyinjuredduringnighttimeparachutetraining.[52]HeunderwentintensivesurgeryandrecoveryinTaiwan.In2020hewasflownbacktoSingaporeaboardaSingaporeAirForceA330Multi-RoleTankerTransport.[53]
UnitedStates[edit]
T-93sniperriflewiththeTaiwaneseteamcompetingintheInternationalSniperCompetitionatFortBenning,Georgiain2010
CollaborationbetweentheROCandUSmilitariesbeganduringWorldWarIIwhenbothnationsweremembersoftheAlliedforces,andcontinuedthroughtheChineseCivilWarwhenROCforcesweresuppliedprimarilybytheUSuntilthefinalevacuationofROCforcestoTaiwanin1949.InitiallytheU.S.expectedtheROCgovernmenttofallandwithdrewsupportuntiltheoutbreakoftheKoreanWarwhentheU.S.7thFleetwasorderedtotheTaiwanStraitsbothtoprotectTaiwanfromaPRCattack,andtostopROCactionsagainstthePRC.[54]AformalUS-ROCsecuritypactwassignedin1954establishingaformalalliancethatlasteduntilUSrecognitionofthePRCin1979.[55]DuringthisperiodUSmilitaryadvisersweredeployedtotheROCandjointexerciseswerecommon.TheUnitedStatesTaiwanDefenseCommandwasestablishedinthePhilippinesforreinforcementofTaiwanairspace.TheUSandROCalsocollaboratedonhumanandelectronicintelligenceoperationsdirectedagainstthePRC.[56]
ROCunitsparticipatedintheKoreanWarandtheVietnamWarinnon-combatcapacities,primarilyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStateswhichwasconcernedthatthehigh-profilerolesforROCforcesintheseconflictswouldleadtofullscalePRCintervention.[56]TheUnitedStatesdeployednuclearweaponsonTaiwanaspartoftheUnitedStatesTaiwanDefenseCommand.NuclearweaponsareknowntohavebeenstoredatTainanAirForceBaseuntiltheirwithdrawalwasorderedbytheAmericanPresidentin1972.[57]High-levelcooperationendedwiththeUSrecognitionofthePRCin1979,whenallremainingUSforcesinTaiwanwerewithdrawn.TheUScontinuedtosupplytheROCwitharmssalespertheTaiwanRelationsAct,albeitinadiminishedrole.[56]
WhentheUnitedStatesCongressenactedonSeptember30,2002,theForeignRelationsAuthorizationActforFY2003,itrequiredthatTaiwanbe"treatedasthoughitweredesignatedamajornon-NATOally."[58]DespitesomeinitialmisgivingsaboutCongress'sperceivedintrusionintothePresident'sforeignaffairsauthority,theBushadministrationsubsequentlysubmittedalettertoCongressonAugust29,2003,designatingTaiwanasamajornon-NATOally.[58]
Inrecentyears,theROCmilitaryhasagainbegunhigherlevelcooperationwiththeU.S.Militaryafterovertwodecadesofrelativeisolation.SeniorofficersfromtheU.S.PacificCommandobservedtheannualHanKuangmilitaryexercisesin2005.TheUSalsoupgradeditsmilitaryliaisonpositioninTaipeifromapositionheldbyretiredofficershiredonacontractualbasistooneheldbyanactivedutyofficerthesameyear.[59]TheUnitedStatesregularlysendspersonneltoTaiwanforbothtrainingandliaisonpurposesbutdoessoeithersecretlyorinanunofficialcapacity.ROCMarineshavetrainedwiththeirAmericancounterpartsinHawaiiandUSMarineshavealsodeployedtoTaiwan.[60][61]
In2015twoUnitedStatesMarineCorpsF/A-18CHornetsmadeanunscheduledlandingatTainanAirForceBaseafteroneofthemdevelopedanengineanomalyin-flight.TheaircraftwereaccommodatedinanairforcehangaruntilaC-130fullofAmericantechnicianscouldbeflownintocheckthemout.[62]TheUnitedStatesAirForcesupportsTaiwan'sairforcethroughair-to-airrefuelingandtraining.[63]
TsaiIng-wen'srequestofpurchasingweaponryfromtheUSwasapprovedbytheUSStateDepartmentinJuly2019.Thedealincludes108Abramstanks,250Stingermissilesandrelatedequipmentworth$2.2billion.[64]Tsaisaidtheweaponrywould"greatlyenhanceourlandandaircapabilities,strengthenmilitarymoraleandshowtotheworldtheUScommitmenttoTaiwan'sdefense."[65]InMay2020,theU.S.DepartmentofStateapprovedaForeignMilitarySaleof18MK-48Mod6AdvancedTechnologyHeavyWeightTorpedoesforTaiwaninadealestimatedtocost$180million.[66]
EliteunitsoftheROCandAmericanmilitarieshavetrainedtogetherforalongtime,unitsoftenhaveparticularrelationshipsforexampletheMPSSCtrainsandengagesinexerciseswithUnitedStatesArmySpecialForces.[39]InJune2020theUnitedStatesArmySpecialForcespublishedapromotionalvideowhichincludedfootageofGreenBeretstraininginTaiwan.[67]TheROCArmyAviationandSpecialForcesCommandandtheUnitedStatesArmySpecialForceshaveanannualtrainingexercisecalledBalanceTamper.TheROCMarinesreceivetrainingannuallyfromtheUSMarineCorps’MarineRaiderRegiment.[68]
Militaryparades[edit]
ROCHumveesenroutetothe2007NationalDayMilitaryParade
TheRepublicofChinaheldtheirfirstmilitaryparadeon10October2007forNationalDaycelebrationssince1991.PreviousparadeswerehaltedinanefforttoeasethetensionwiththePRC.TheparadewasaimedateasingworriesthatthearmedforcesmightbeunpreparedforaconflictwiththePRC.Theparadeconsistedofindigenousmissiles,U.S.PatriotIIandAvengeranti-missilessystems,U.S.-madeF-16s,French-madeMiragesandTaiwan-madeIDFfighters.[69][70]
In2015,anotherparadewasheldtomarkthe70thanniversaryofthedefeatofJapanin1945innorthernHsinchucounty.Theparadewaslongattwohoursandconsistedofindigenousmissiles,ApachehelicoptersandawardsforWorldWarIIveterans.[71][72][73]
Militaryranks[edit]
Mainarticle:RepublicofChinaArmedForcesrankinsignia
TheROCmilitary'srankstructurewasinitiallypatternedaftertheWehrmachtofthe1930s.[citationneeded]ThetitlesofeachrankarethesameinChineseforallfourmilitarybranches.ThecorrespondingtitlesinEnglishforeachservicearelisted.[74]
ROCOfficerRanks
Chinesetitle
Army/Marines/MP
Navy
AirForce
一級上將
Fullgeneral
FullAdmiral
Fullgeneral
二級上將
General
Admiral
General
中將
LieutenantGeneral
ViceAdmiral
LieutenantGeneral
少將
MajorGeneral
RearAdmiral
MajorGeneral
上校
Colonel
Captain
Colonel
中校
LieutenantColonel
Commander
LieutenantColonel
少校
Major
LieutenantCommander
Major
上尉
Captain
Lieutenant
Captain
中尉
Firstlieutenant
LieutenantJuniorGrade
Firstlieutenant
少尉
Secondlieutenant
Ensign
Secondlieutenant
尉
Thirdlieutenant
Thirdlieutenant
ROCWarrantOfficerRanks
Chinesetitle
Army/Marines/MP
Navy
AirForce
准尉
WarrantOfficer
WarrantOfficer
WarrantOfficer
ROCEnlistedRanks
Chinesetitle
Army/Marines/MP
Navy
AirForce
一等士官長
Firstclassmastersergeant
Firstclasschiefpettyofficer
Firstclassmastersergeant
二等士官長
Secondclassmastersergeant
Secondclasschiefpettyofficer
Secondclassmastersergeant
三等士官長
Thirdclassmastersergeant
Thirdclasschiefpettyofficer
Thirdclassmastersergeant
上士
Staffsergeant
Pettyofficerfirstclass
Staffsergeant
中士
Sergeant
Pettyofficersecondclass
Sergeant
下士
Corporal
Pettyofficerthirdclass
Corporal
上等兵
SeniorPrivate
SeniorSeaman
Seniorairman
一等兵
Private1stClass
Seamanfirstclass
Airmanfirstclass
二等兵
Private
Seaman
Airman
Majordeployments,battlesandincidents[edit]
1912–1949[edit]
ROCsoldiersmarchingtothefrontlinesin1939
ROCsoldiersinhouse-to-housefightinginBattleofTaierzhuang
NorthernExpedition:1926–1928
CentralPlainsWar:May1930–4November1930
FirstCommunistInsurrection/Purge:1927–1937
NanchangUprising:1927
AutumnHarvestUprising:1927
Xi'anIncident:12December1936
SecondSino-JapaneseWar/WorldWarII:1937–1945
MarcoPoloBridgeIncident:7July1937
BattleofShanghai:13August–9November1937
BattleofNanjing:October–December1937
BattleofTaierzhuang:24March–April1938
FirstBattleofChangsha:17September–6October1939
SecondBattleofChangsha:6September–8October1941
ThirdBattleofChangsha:24December1941–15January1942
DefenseofSichuan:1942–1943
BattleofHengyang-Changsha:June1944–April1945
ChineseCivilWar:1946–1950
NewFourthArmyIncident:1940
February28Incident:28February–March1947
Since1949[edit]
Mainarticles:TwoChinasandTaiwanStraitCrisis
KuningtouBattleMuseum,KinmenCounty
August23ArtilleryBattleMuseum,KinmenCounty
BattleofKuningtou:25–28October1949
BattleofDengbuIsland:3–5November1949
HainanCampaign:1March1950–1May1950
FirstBattleofDadanisland:July26,1950
KoreanWar:1950–1953,Translators,crossborderraidsintosouthwestChinafromBurma.[75]
BattleofNanriisland:11–15April1952
DongshanIslandCampaign:15July1953
FirstTaiwanStraitCrisis:August1954–May1955
BattleofYijiangshan:18January1955
TachenEvacuation:7–11February1955
SecondTaiwanStraitCrisis(August23ArtilleryBattle):23August–earlyOctober1958
SecondBattleofDadanisland:26August1958
VietnamWar:1960s,DeploymentofsmallgroupsofROCtroopsdisguisedaslocals,transportation,andtechnicalassistance.NotwidelypublicizedtoavoidPRCinvolvement.[56]
BattleofDong-Yin:1May1965
BattleofWuchow:13–14November1965
YemenCivilWar:1979to1985:80+F-5EpilotsplusgroundcrewsenttoNorthYementoboostitsairdefenseattherequestofSaudiArabiaandtheUnitedStates.Atleastonesquadronstrengthwaskeptthroughouttheperiod,flyingNorthYemen'sF-5Efleet.[76]
ThirdTaiwanStraitCrisis:21July1995–23March1996
SoutheastAsiantsunamirelief:January2005
MilitaryinterventionagainstISIL:13June2014–present(UnderCJTF-OIR)
Nuclearweaponsprogram[edit]
Mainarticle:Taiwanandweaponsofmassdestruction
ThedevelopmentofnuclearweaponsbytheROChasbeenacontentiousissue.TheU.S.,hopingtoavoidescalatingtensionsintheTaiwanStrait,hascontinuallyopposedarmingtheROCwithnuclearweapons.Accordingly,theROC,althoughnotamemberoftheUnitedNations,adherestotheprinciplesofthenuclearNon-ProliferationTreatyandhasstatedthatitdoesnotintendtoproducenuclearweapons.PastnuclearresearchbytheROCmakesita'threshold'nuclearstate.
In1967,anuclearweaponsprogrambeganundertheauspicesoftheInstituteofNuclearEnergyResearch(INER)attheChungshanInstituteofScienceandTechnology.TheROCwasabletoacquirenucleartechnologyfromabroad(includingaresearchreactorfromCanadaandlow-gradeplutoniumfromtheUnitedStates)allegedlyforacivilianenergysystem,butinactualitytodevelopfuelfornuclearweapons.[77]
AftertheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgencyfoundevidenceoftheROC'seffortstoproduceweapons-gradeplutonium,TaipeiagreedinSeptember1976underU.S.pressuretodismantleitsnuclearweaponsprogram.ThenuclearreactorwassoonshutdownandtheplutoniummostlyreturnedtotheU.S.
Anothersecretprogramwasrevealedafter1987Lieyumassacre,[78][79]whenColonelChangHsien-yi,deputydirectorofNuclearResearchatINERwhowassecretlyworkingfortheCIA,[80]defectedtotheU.S.inDecember,andproducedacacheofincriminatingdocuments.[81]In1988uponbeingquestionedbyDirectorofAmericanInstituteinTaiwan,DavidDeaninpersonwiththeUnitedStatessatelliteimagerecordingaminimizednucleartestatJioupengmilitarybasefieldinPingtungin1986,Superior-generalHauPei-tsunclaimedthatscientistsinTaiwanhadalreadyproducedthecontrollednuclearreactionasthecontinuousprogressindecadesafterthepreviousaccomplishmentequivalentto1/6ofHiroshimascaleinSouthAfricain1980,asperGeneralHau'sDiaryandPresidentNelsonMandela'slaterfindings.[82][83][84][85][86]UnderpressurefromtheU.S.,theprogramwashalted.[87]
Duringthe1995–1996TaiwanStraitcrisis,ROCPresidentLeeTeng-huiproposedtoreactivatetheprogram,butwasforcedtobackdownafewdayslaterafterdrawingintensecriticismfromtheU.S.government.[88]
WiththeunbalancedmilitaryequationacrosstheTaiwanStrait,TaipeimaychoosenuclearweaponsasadeterrentagainstthemilitaryencirclementbythePeople'sRepublicofChina.[86][89][90]
Budget[edit]
Yushan-classlandingplatformdock
Taiwan'sbudgetfiguresexcludeboththeclassifiedbudgetandspecialfundsallocatedbytheExecutiveYuan.Asof2020specialfundsexpenditureswerealmost2billionayear.[91]In2021thelegislatureapprovedaUS$9billionspecialbudgetforweaponsandsystemsprocurement.[92]
TaiwanDefenseBudget
Year
Nominal
PercentageofGDP
1996
US$9.57billion
3.6%
1998
US$9.46billion
3.26%
1999
US$8.89billion
3.06%
2008
US$10.9billion
2.94%
2020
US$13.1billion
2.3%[93][91]
2021
US$16.2billion[94]
2022
US$16.89billion[92]
ChiefoftheGeneralStaffs[edit]
LeeHsi-ming,formerChiefoftheGeneralStaff
LinChen-yi(5February2009–15January2013)
YenMing(16January2013–7August2013)
KaoKuang-chi(8August2013–30January2015)
YenTeh-fa(30January2015–30November2016)
ChiuKuo-cheng(1December2016–28April2017)
LeeHsi-ming(28April2017–1July2019)
ShenYi-ming(1July2019–2January2020)
LiuChih-pin(2January2020–15January2020)(acting)
HuangShu-kuang(16January2020–30June2021)
ChenPao-yu(1July2021–Present)
Seealso[edit]
RepublicofChinaArmedForcesMuseum
People'sLiberationArmy
Grey-zone(internationalrelations)
RepublicofChinaNavy
RepublicofChinaMarineCorps
AmphibiousReconnaissanceandPatrolUnit
RepublicofChinaArmy
AirborneSpecialServiceCompany
RepublicofChinaAirForce
RepublicofChinaMilitaryPolice
RepublicofChinaArmedForcesReserve
Notes[edit]
^ColloquiallyknownastheTaiwaneseArmedForcestodistinguishfromthePeople'sLiberationArmy(PLA)ofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC).
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