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The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP ("Grand Old Party"), is one of the two major, contemporary political parties in the United States, ... RepublicanParty(UnitedStates) FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch MajorcontemporarypoliticalpartyintheUnitedStates "GOP"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeGOP(disambiguation). NottobeconfusedwithAmericanRepublicanParty(1843),Democratic-RepublicanParty,NationalRepublicanParty,orRepublicanismintheUnitedStates. PoliticalpartyinUnitedStates RepublicanPartyAbbreviationGOP(GrandOldParty)ChairpersonRonnaMcDaniel(MI)GoverningbodyRepublicanNationalCommitteeSenateMinorityLeaderMitchMcConnell(KY)HouseMinorityLeaderKevinMcCarthy(CA)FoundersAlvanE.Bovay[1]HoraceGreeleyEdwinD.MorganHenryJarvisRaymondAmosTuckFoundedMarch 20,1854;167yearsago (1854-03-20)Ripon,Wisconsin,U.S.Preceded byWhigParty(majority)FreeSoilPartyLibertyPartyAnti-NebraskaPartyNorthAmericanPartyHeadquarters310FirstStreetSEWashington,D.C.20003StudentwingCollegeRepublicansYouthwingYoungRepublicansTeenAgeRepublicansWomen'swingNationalFederationofRepublicanWomenOverseaswingRepublicansOverseasMembership(2021)36,132,743[2]IdeologyMajority: •Conservatism[3]Factions: •Centrism[4] •Neoconservatism[5] •Libertarianism[5] •Christianright[6][7] •Right-wingpopulism[8][9]InternationalaffiliationInternationalDemocratUnion[10]Colors RedSeatsintheSenate50/100[a]SeatsintheHouseofRepresentatives213/435Stategovernorships27/50Seatsinstateupperchambers1,091/1,972Seatsinstatelowerchambers2,912/5,411Territorialgovernorships1/5Seatsinterritorialupperchambers12/97Seatsinterritoriallowerchambers9/91ElectionsymbolWebsitegop.comPoliticsofUnitedStatesPoliticalpartiesElections TheRepublicanParty,alsoreferredtoastheGOP("GrandOldParty"),isoneofthetwomajor,contemporarypoliticalpartiesintheUnitedStates,alongwithitsmainhistoricrival,theDemocraticParty. TheGOPwasfoundedin1854byopponentsoftheKansas–NebraskaAct,[11]whichallowedforthepotentialexpansionofchattelslaveryintothewesternterritories.ItwassimultaneouslystrengthenedbythecollapseoftheWhigParty,whichhadpreviouslybeenoneofthetwomajorpartiesinthecountry.Uponfounding,theRepublicanpartysupportedeconomicreformandclassicalliberalismwhileopposingtheexpansionofslavery.[12][13]AbrahamLincolnwasthefirstRepublicanpresident.UndertheleadershipofLincolnandaRepublicanCongress,slaverywasbannedintheUnitedStatesin1865.TheGOPwasgenerallydominantduringtheThirdandtheFourthPartySystemperiods.Itwasstronglycommittedtoprotectionismandtariffsatitsfounding,butgrewmoresupportiveoffreetradeinthe20thcentury. After1912,theRepublicanPartybegantoundergoanideologicalshifttotheright.FollowingtheCivilRightsActof1964andtheVotingRightsActof1965,theparty'scorebaseshifted,withsouthernstatesbecomingmorereliablyRepublicaninpresidentialpolitics.[14]AftertheSupremeCourt's1973decisioninRoev.Wade,theRepublicanPartyopposedabortioninitspartyplatformandgrewitssupportamongevangelicals.[15]Its21st-centuryideologyisAmericanconservatism,whichincorporatesbothsocialconservatismandfiscalconservatism.TheGOPsupportslowertaxes,free-marketcapitalism,restrictionsonimmigration,[16][17][18]increasedmilitaryspending,gunrights,restrictionsonabortion,deregulation,andrestrictionsonlaborunions.[19] Inthe21stcentury,thedemographicbaseskewstowardmen,peoplelivinginruralareas,membersoftheSilentGeneration,andwhiteAmericans,particularlywhiteevangelicalChristians.[20]ItsmostrecentpresidentialnomineewasDonaldTrump,whoservedasthe45thpresidentoftheUnitedStatesfrom2017to2021. Therehavebeen19Republicanpresidents,themostfromanyonepoliticalparty.Asofearly2021,theGOPcontrols27stategovernorships,30statelegislatures,and23stategovernmenttrifectas(governorshipandbothlegislativechambers).SixoftheninesittingU.S.SupremeCourtjusticeswerenominatedbyRepublicanpresidents. Contents 1History 1.119thcentury 1.1.1Reconstruction,thegoldstandardandtheGildedAge 1.220thcentury 1.2.1NewDealera,theMoralMajorityandtheRepublicanRevolution 1.321stcentury 1.3.1TheTrumpera 2Nameandsymbols 3Politicalpositions 3.1Economicpolicies 3.2Environmentalpolicies 3.3Healthcare 3.4Immigration 3.5Foreignpolicyandnationaldefense 3.6Socialpolicies 3.6.1Abortionandembryonicstemcellresearch 3.6.2Affirmativeaction 3.6.3Gunownership 3.6.4Drugs 3.6.5LGBTissues 3.6.6Votingrequirements 4Composition 4.1Ideologyandfactions 4.2Talkradio 4.3Businesscommunity 4.4Demographics 4.4.1Gender 4.4.2Education 4.4.3Ethnicity 4.4.4Religiousbeliefs 5Republicanpresidents 6CurrentSupremeCourtJusticesappointedbyRepublicanpresidents 7Recentelectoralhistory 7.1Incongressionalelections:1950–present 7.2Inpresidentialelections:1856–present 8Seealso 9Notes 10References 11Furtherreading 12Externallinks History Mainarticle:HistoryoftheRepublicanParty(UnitedStates) 19thcentury Furtherinformation:ThirdPartySystemandNationalUnionParty(UnitedStates) AbrahamLincoln,16thPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1861–1865)andthefirstRepublicantoholdtheoffice TheRepublicanPartywasfoundedinthenorthernstatesin1854byforcesopposedtotheexpansionofslavery,ex-Whigsandex-FreeSoilers.TheRepublicanPartyquicklybecametheprincipaloppositiontothedominantDemocraticPartyandthebrieflypopularKnowNothingParty.ThepartygrewoutofoppositiontotheKansas–NebraskaAct,whichrepealedtheMissouriCompromiseandopenedKansasTerritoryandNebraskaTerritorytochattelslaveryandfutureadmissionasslavestates.[21][22]TheRepublicanscalledforeconomicandsocialmodernization.Theydenouncedtheexpansionofchattelslaveryasagreatevil,butdidnotcallforendingitinthesouthernstates.Thefirstpublicmeetingofthegeneralanti-Nebraskamovement,atwhichthenameRepublicanwasproposed,washeldonMarch20,1854,attheLittleWhiteSchoolhouseinRipon,Wisconsin.[23]ThenamewaspartlychosentopayhomagetoThomasJefferson'sDemocratic-RepublicanParty.[24]ThefirstofficialpartyconventionwasheldonJuly6,1854,inJackson,Michigan.[25] CharlesR.Jennison,ananti-slaverymilitialeaderassociatedwiththeJayhawkersfromKansasandanearlyRepublicanpoliticianintheregion Thepartyemergedfromthegreatpoliticalrealignmentofthemid-1850s.HistorianWilliamGienapparguesthatthegreatrealignmentofthe1850sbeganbeforetheWhigs'collapse,andwascausednotbypoliticiansbutbyvotersatthelocallevel.Thecentralforceswereethno-cultural,involvingtensionsbetweenpietisticProtestantsversusliturgicalCatholics,LutheransandEpiscopaliansregardingCatholicism,prohibitionandnativism.Abolitiondidplayarolebutitwaslessimportantatfirst.TheKnowNothingPartyembodiedthesocialforcesatwork,butitsweakleadershipwasunabletosolidifyitsorganization,andtheRepublicanspickeditapart.NativismwassopowerfulthattheRepublicanscouldnotavoidit,buttheydidminimizeitandturnvoterwrathagainstthethreatthatslaveownerswouldbuyupthegoodfarmlandswhereverchattelslaverywasallowed.Therealignmentwaspowerfulbecauseitforcedvoterstoswitchparties,astypifiedbytheriseandfalloftheKnowNothings,theriseoftheRepublicanPartyandthesplitsintheDemocraticParty.[26][27] Atthe1856RepublicanNationalConvention,thepartyadoptedanationalplatformemphasizingoppositiontotheexpansionofchattelslaveryintoU.S.territories.[28]WhileRepublicannomineeJohnC.Frémontlostthe1856UnitedStatespresidentialelectiontoDemocratdoughfaceJamesBuchanan,Buchananonlymanagedtowinfourofthefourteennorthernstates,winninghishomestateofPennsylvanianarrowly.[29][30]RepublicansfaredbetterinCongressionalandlocalelections,butKnowNothingcandidatestookasignificantnumberofseats,creatinganawkwardthreepartyarrangement.DespitethelossofthepresidencyandthelackofamajorityinCongress,RepublicanswereabletoorchestrateaRepublicanSpeakeroftheHouse,whichwenttoNathanielP.Banks.HistorianJamesM.McPhersonwritesregardingBanks'speakershipthat"ifanyonemomentmarkedthebirthoftheRepublicanparty,thiswasit."[31] TheRepublicanswereeagerfortheelectionsof1860.[32]FormerIllinoisRepresentativeAbrahamLincolnspentseveralyearsbuildingsupportwithintheparty,campaigningheavilyforFrémontin1856andmakingabidfortheSenatein1858,losingtoDemocratStephenA.DouglasbutgainingnationalattentionfortheLincoln–Douglasdebatesitproduced.[30][33]Atthe1860RepublicanNationalConvention,LincolnconsolidatedsupportamongopponentsofNewYorkSenatorWilliamH.Seward,afierceabolitionistwhosomeRepublicansfearedwouldbetooradicalforcrucialstatessuchasPennsylvaniaandIndiana,aswellasthosewhodisapprovedofhissupportforIrishimmigrants.[32]LincolnwononthethirdballotandwasultimatelyelectedpresidentinthegeneralelectioninarematchagainstDouglas.Lincolnhadnotbeenontheballotinasinglesouthernstate,andevenifthevoteforDemocratshadnotbeensplitbetweenDouglas,JohnC.BreckinridgeandJohnBell,theRepublicanswould'vestillwonbutwithoutthepopularvote.[32]ThiselectionresulthelpedkickstarttheAmericanCivilWarwhichlastedfrom1861until1865.[34] Theelectionof1864unitedWarDemocratswiththeGOPandsawLincolnandTennesseeDemocraticSenatorAndrewJohnsongetnominatedontheNationalUnionPartyticket;[29]Lincolnwasre-elected.[35]UnderRepublicancongressionalleadership,theThirteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution—whichbannedchattelslaveryintheUnitedStates—passedtheSenatein1864andtheHousein1865;itwasratifiedinDecember1865.[36] Reconstruction,thegoldstandardandtheGildedAge Mainarticles:RadicalRepublicans,Half-Breeds(politics),Stalwarts(politics),andMugwumps Furtherinformation:Reconstructionera,CoinageActof1873,andGildedAge UlyssesS.Grant,18thPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1869–1877) RadicalRepublicansduringLincoln'spresidencyfelthewasn'tgoingfarenoughinhiseradicationofslaveryandopposedhistenpercentplan.RadicalRepublicanspassedtheWade–DavisBillin1864,whichsoughttoenforcethetakingoftheIroncladOathforallformerConfederates.Lincolnvetoedthebill,believingitwouldjeopardizethepeacefulreintegrationoftheConfederatestatesintotheUnitedStates.[37] FollowingtheassassinationofLincoln,JohnsonascendedtothepresidencyandwasdeploredbyRadicalRepublicans.JohnsonwasvitriolicinhiscriticismsoftheRadicalRepublicansduringanationaltouraheadofthe1866midtermelections.[38]Inhisview,JohnsonsawRadicalRepublicanismasthesameassecessionism,bothbeingtwoextremistsidesofthepoliticalspectrum.[38]Anti-JohnsonRepublicanswonatwo-thirdsmajorityinbothchambersofCongressfollowingtheelections,whichhelpedleadthewaytowardhisimpeachmentandnearousterfromofficein1868.[38]Thatsameyear,formerUnionArmyGeneralUlyssesS.GrantwaselectedasthenextRepublicanpresident. GrantwasaRadicalRepublicanwhichcreatedsomedivisionwithintheparty,somesuchasMassachusettsSenatorCharlesSumnerandIllinoisSenatorLymanTrumbullopposedmostofhisReconstructionistpolicies.[39]Othersfoundcontemptwiththelarge-scalecorruptionpresentinGrant'sadministration,withtheemergingStalwartfactiondefendingGrantandthespoilssystem,whereastheHalf-Breedspushedforreformofthecivilservice.[40]RepublicanswhoopposedGrantbranchedofftoformtheLiberalRepublicanParty,nominatingHoraceGreeleyin1872.TheDemocraticPartyattemptedtocapitalizeonthisdivideintheGOPbyco-nominatingGreeleyundertheirpartybanner.Greeley'spositionsprovedinconsistentwiththeLiberalRepublicanPartythatnominatedhim,withGreeleysupportinghightariffsdespitetheparty'sopposition.[41]Grantwaseasilyre-elected. The1876generalelectionsawacontentiousconclusionasbothpartiesclaimedvictorydespitethreesouthernstatesstillnotofficiallydeclaringawinnerattheendofelectionday.VotersuppressionhadoccurredinthesouthtodepresstheblackandwhiteRepublicanvote,whichgaveRepublican-controlledreturningofficersenoughofareasontodeclarefraud,intimidationandviolencesoiledthestates'results.TheyproceededtothrowoutenoughDemocraticvotesforRepublicanRutherfordB.Hayestobedeclaredthewinner.[42]Still,DemocratsrefusedtoaccepttheresultsandanElectoralCommissionmadeupofmembersofCongresswasestablishedtodecidewhowouldbeawardedthestates'electors.AftertheCommissionvotedalongpartylinesinHayes'favor,DemocratsthreatenedtodelaythecountingofelectoralvotesindefinitelysonopresidentwouldbeinauguratedonMarch4.ThisresultedintheCompromiseof1877andHayesfinallybecamepresident.[43] JamesG.Blaine,28th&31stSecretaryofState(1881;1889–1892) Hayesdoubleddownonthegoldstandard,whichhadbeensignedintolawbyGrantwiththeCoinageActof1873,asasolutiontothedepressedAmericaneconomyintheaftermathofthePanicof1873.Healsobelievedgreenbacksposedathreat;greenbacksbeingmoneyprintedduringtheCivilWarthatwasnotbackedbyspecie,whichHayesobjectedtoasaproponentofhardmoney.Hayessoughttorestockthecountry'sgoldsupply,whichbyJanuary1879succeededasgoldwasmorefrequentlyexchangedforgreenbackscomparedtogreenbacksbeingexchangedforgold.[44]Aheadofthe1880generalelection,RepublicanJamesG.BlaineranforthepartynominationsupportingHayes'goldstandardpushandsupportinghiscivilreforms.Bothfallingshortofthenomination,BlaineandopponentJohnShermanbackedRepublicanJamesA.Garfield,whoagreedwithHayes'moveinfavorofthegoldstandard,butopposedhiscivilreformefforts.[45][46] Garfieldwaselectedbutassassinatedearlyintohisterm,howeverhisdeathhelpedcreatesupportforthePendletonCivilServiceReformAct,whichwaspassedin1883;[47]thebillwassignedintolawbyRepublicanPresidentChesterA.Arthur,whosucceededGarfield. WilliamMcKinley,25thPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1897–1901) Blaineonceagainranforthepresidency,winningthenominationbutlosingtoDemocratGroverClevelandin1884,thefirstDemocrattobeelectedpresidentsinceBuchanan.DissidentRepublicans,knownasMugwumps,haddefectedBlaineduetocorruptionwhichhadplaguedhispoliticalcareer.[48][49]Clevelandstucktothegoldstandardpolicy,whicheasedmostRepublicans,[50]buthecameintoconflictwiththepartyregardingbuddingAmericanimperialism.[51]RepublicanBenjaminHarrisonwasabletoreclaimthepresidencyfromClevelandin1888.Duringhispresidency,HarrisonsignedtheDependentandDisabilityPensionAct,whichestablishedpensionsforallveteransoftheUnionwhohadservedformorethan90daysandwereunabletoperformmanuallabor.[52] AmajorityofRepublicanssupportedtheannexationofHawaii,underthenewgovernanceofRepublicanSanfordB.Dole,andHarrison,followinghislossin1892toCleveland,attemptedtopassatreatyannexingHawaiibeforeClevelandwastobeinauguratedagain.[53]Clevelandopposedannexation,thoughDemocratsweresplitgeographicallyontheissue,withmostnortheasternDemocratsprovingtobethestrongestvoicesofopposition.[54] In1896,RepublicanWilliamMcKinley'splatformsupportedthegoldstandardandhightariffs,havingbeenthecreatorandnamesakefortheMcKinleyTariffof1890.Thoughhavingbeendividedontheissuepriortothe1896RepublicanNationalConvention,McKinleydecidedtoheavilyfavorthegoldstandardoverfreesilverinhiscampaignmessaging,butpromisedtocontinuebimetallismtowardoffcontinuedskepticismoverthegoldstandard,whichhadlingeredsincethePanicof1893.[55][56]DemocratWilliamJenningsBryanprovedtobeadevotedadherenttothefreesilvermovement,whichcostBryanthesupportofDemocratinstitutionssuchasTammanyHall,theNewYorkWorldandalargemajorityoftheDemocraticParty'supperandmiddle-classsupport.[57]McKinleydefeatedBryanandreturnedtheWhiteHousetoRepublicancontroluntil1912. 20thcentury Furtherinformation:FourthPartySystem,ProgressiveEra,andStandpatterRepublican TheodoreRoosevelt,26thPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1901–1909) HerbertHoover,31stPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1929–1933) The1896realignmentcementedtheRepublicansasthepartyofbigbusinesseswhileTheodoreRooseveltaddedmoresmallbusinesssupportbyhisembraceoftrustbusting.HehandpickedhissuccessorWilliamHowardTaftin1908,buttheybecameenemiesasthepartysplitdownthemiddle.TaftdefeatedRooseveltforthe1912nominationandRooseveltranontheticketofhisnewProgressive("BullMoose")Party.Hecalledforsocialreforms,manyofwhichwerelaterchampionedbyNewDealDemocratsinthe1930s.HelostandwhenmostofhissupportersreturnedtotheGOPtheyfoundtheydidnotagreewiththenewconservativeeconomicthinking,leadingtoanideologicalshifttotherightintheRepublicanParty.[58]TheRepublicansreturnedtotheWhiteHousethroughoutthe1920s,runningonplatformsofnormalcy,business-orientedefficiencyandhightariffs.Thenationalpartyplatformavoidedmentionofprohibition,insteadissuingavaguecommitmenttolawandorder.[59] WarrenG.Harding,CalvinCoolidgeandHerbertHooverwereresoundinglyelectedin1920,1924and1928,respectively.TheTeapotDomescandalthreatenedtohurttheparty,butHardingdiedandtheoppositionsplinteredin1924.Thepro-businesspoliciesofthedecadeseemedtoproduceanunprecedentedprosperityuntiltheWallStreetCrashof1929heraldedtheGreatDepression.[60] NewDealera,theMoralMajorityandtheRepublicanRevolution Mainarticles:OldRight(UnitedStates),FifthPartySystem,HistoryoftheUnitedStatesRepublicanParty§ FightingtheNewDealCoalition:1932–1980,MoralMajority,andRepublicanRevolution DwightD.EisenhowerRichardNixonDwightD.EisenhowerandRichardNixon,34thand37thPresidentsoftheUnitedStates(1953–1961;1969–1974). TheNewDealcoalitionofDemocratFranklinD.RooseveltcontrolledAmericanpoliticsformostofthenextthreedecades,excludingthetwo-termpresidencyofRepublicanDwightD.Eisenhower.AfterRoosevelttookofficein1933,NewDeallegislationsailedthroughCongressandtheeconomymovedsharplyupwardfromitsnadirinearly1933.However,long-termunemploymentremainedadraguntil1940.Inthe1934midtermelections,10Republicansenatorswentdowntodefeat,leavingtheGOPwithonly25senatorsagainst71Democrats.TheHouseofRepresentativeslikewisehadoverwhelmingDemocraticmajorities.[61] TheRepublicanPartyfactionalizedintoamajority"OldRight"(basedinthemidwest)andaliberalwingbasedinthenortheastthatsupportedmuchoftheNewDeal.TheOldRightsharplyattackedthe"SecondNewDeal"andsaiditrepresentedclasswarfareandsocialism.Rooseveltwasre-electedinalandslidein1936;however,ashissecondtermbegan,theeconomydeclined,strikessoared,andhefailedtotakecontroloftheSupremeCourtandpurgethesouthernconservativesfromtheDemocraticParty.Republicansmadeamajorcomebackinthe1938electionsandhadnewrisingstarssuchasRobertA.TaftofOhioontherightandThomasE.DeweyofNewYorkontheleft.[62]SouthernconservativesjoinedwithmostRepublicanstoformtheconservativecoalition,whichdominateddomesticissuesinCongressuntil1964.Bothpartiessplitonforeignpolicyissues,withtheanti-warisolationistsdominantintheRepublicanPartyandtheinterventionistswhowantedtostopAdolfHitlerdominantintheDemocraticParty.Rooseveltwonathirdandfourthtermin1940and1944,respectively.ConservativesabolishedmostoftheNewDealduringthewar,buttheydidnotattempttodoawaywithSocialSecurityortheagenciesthatregulatedbusiness.[63] HistorianGeorgeH.Nashargues:Unlikethe"moderate",internationalist,largelyeasternblocofRepublicanswhoaccepted(oratleastacquiescedin)someofthe"RooseveltRevolution"andtheessentialpremisesofPresidentHarryS.Truman'sforeignpolicy,theRepublicanRightatheartwascounterrevolutionary.Anti-collectivist,anti-Communist,anti-NewDeal,passionatelycommittedtolimitedgovernment,freemarketeconomics,andcongressional(asopposedtoexecutive)prerogatives,theG.O.P.conservativeswereobligedfromthestarttowageaconstanttwo-frontwar:againstliberalDemocratsfromwithoutand"me-too"Republicansfromwithin.[64] After1945,theinternationalistwingoftheGOPcooperatedwithTruman'sColdWarforeignpolicy,fundedtheMarshallPlanandsupportedNATO,despitethecontinuedisolationismoftheOldRight.[65] Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawtheelectionorsuccessionofRepublicanpresidentsDwightD.Eisenhower,RichardNixon,GeraldFord,RonaldReaganandGeorgeH.W.Bush.EisenhowerhaddefeatedconservativeleaderSenatorRobertA.Taftforthe1952nomination,butconservativesdominatedthedomesticpoliciesoftheEisenhoweradministration.VoterslikedEisenhowermuchmorethantheylikedtheGOPandheprovedunabletoshiftthepartytoamoremoderateposition.Since1976,liberalismhasvirtuallyfadedoutoftheRepublicanParty,apartfromafewnortheasternholdouts.[66]Historianscitethe1964UnitedStatespresidentialelectionanditsrespective1964RepublicanNationalConventionasasignificantshift,whichsawtheconservativewing,helmedbySenatorBarryGoldwaterofArizona,battletheliberalNewYorkGovernorNelsonRockefellerandhiseponymousRockefellerRepublicanfactionforthepartypresidentialnomination.WithGoldwaterpoisedtowin,Rockefeller,urgedtomobilizehisliberalfaction,relented,"You’relookingatit,buddy.I’mallthat’sleft."[67][68]ThoughGoldwaterlostinalandslide,Reaganwouldmakehimselfknownasaprominentsupporterofhisthroughoutthecampaign,deliveringthe"ATimeforChoosing"speechforhim.He'dgoontobecomegovernorofCaliforniatwoyearslater,andin1980,winthepresidency.[69] RonaldReagan,40thPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1981–1989) ThepresidencyofReagan,lastingfrom1981to1989,constitutedwhatisknownasthe"ReaganRevolution".[70]Itwasseenasafundamentalshiftfromthestagflationofthe1970sprecedingit,withtheintroductionofReaganomicsintendedtocuttaxes,prioritizegovernmentderegulationandshiftfundingfromthedomesticsphereintothemilitarytochecktheSovietUnionbyutilizingdeterrencetheory.AdefiningmomentinReagan'stermofofficewashisspeechinthen-WestBerlinwherehedemandedSovietGeneralSecretaryMikhailGorbachevto"teardownthiswall!",referringtotheBerlinWallconstructedtoseparateWestandEastBerlin.[71][72] Afterheleftofficein1989,ReaganbecameaniconicconservativeRepublican.Republicanpresidentialcandidateswouldfrequentlyclaimtosharehisviewsandaimtoestablishthemselvesandtheirpoliciesasthemoreappropriateheirtohislegacy.[73] VicePresidentBushscoredalandslideinthe1988generalelection.HoweverhistermwouldseeadivideformwithintheRepublicanParty.Bush'svisionofeconomicliberalizationandinternationalcooperationwithforeignnationssawthenegotiationandsigningoftheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)andtheconceptualbeginningsoftheWorldTradeOrganization.[74]IndependentpoliticianandbusinessmanRossPerotdecriedNAFTAandprophesieditwouldleadtooutsourcingAmericanjobstoMexico,whileDemocratBillClintonfoundagreementinBush'spolicies.[75]Bushlostreelectionin1992with37percentofthepopularvote,withClintongarneringapluralityof43percentandPerotinthirdwith19percent.WhiledebatableifPerot'scandidacycostBushreelection,CharlieCookofTheCookPoliticalReportattestsPerot'smessagingheldmoreweightwithRepublicanandconservativevotersat-large.[76]PerotformedtheReformPartyandthosewhohadbeenorwouldbecomeprominentRepublicanssawbriefmembership,suchasformerWhiteHouseCommunicationsDirectorPatBuchananandlaterPresidentDonaldTrump.[77] IntheRepublicanRevolutionof1994,theparty—ledbyHouseMinorityWhipNewtGingrich,whocampaignedonthe"ContractwithAmerica"—wonmajoritiesinbothchambersofCongress,gained12governorshipsandregainedcontrolof20statelegislatures.ItwasthefirsttimetheRepublicanPartyhadachievedamajorityintheHousesince1952.[78]GingrichwasmadeSpeakeroftheHouse,andwithinthefirst100daysoftheRepublicanmajorityeverypropositionfeaturedintheContractwithAmericawaspassed,withtheexceptionoftermlimitsformembersofCongress.[79][80]OnekeytoGingrich'ssuccessin1994wasnationalizingtheelection,[78]inturn,Gingrichbecameanationalfigureduringthe1996Houseelections,withmanyDemocraticleadersproclaimingGingrichwasazealousradical.[81][82]TheRepublicansmaintainedtheirmajorityforthefirsttimesince1928despitethepresidentialticketofBobDole-JackKemplosinghandilytoPresidentClintoninthegeneralelection.However,Gingrich'snationalprofileprovedadetrimenttotheRepublicanCongress,whichenjoyedmajorityapprovalamongvotersinspiteofGingrich'srelativeunpopularity.[81] AfterGingrichandtheRepublicansstruckadealwithClintonontheBalancedBudgetActof1997withaddedtaxcutsincluded,theRepublicanHousemajorityhaddifficultyconveningonanewagendaaheadofthe1998midtermelections.[83]DuringtheongoingimpeachmentofBillClintonin1998,GingrichdecidedtomakeClinton'smisconductthepartymessageheadingintothemidterms,believingitwouldaddtotheirmajority.ThestrategyprovedmistakenandtheRepublicanslostfiveseats,thoughwhetheritwasduetopoormessagingorClinton'spopularityprovidingacoattaileffectisdebated.[84]Gingrichwasoustedfrompartypowerduetotheperformance,ultimatelydecidingtoresignfromCongressaltogether.ForashorttimeafterwarditappearedLouisianaRepresentativeBobLivingstonwouldbecomehissuccessor.Livingston,however,steppeddownfromconsiderationandresignedfromCongressafterdamagingreportsofaffairsthreatenedtheRepublicanHouse'slegislativeagendaifheweretoserveasSpeaker.[85]IllinoisRepresentativeDennisHastertwaspromotedtoSpeakerinLivingston'splace,andservedinthatpositionuntil2007.[86] 21stcentury Seealso:SixthPartySystem ARepublicanticketofGeorgeW.BushandDickCheneywonthe2000and2004presidentialelections.[87]Bushcampaignedasa"compassionateconservative"in2000,wantingtobetterappealtoimmigrantsandminorityvoters.[88]Thegoalwastoprioritizedrugrehabilitationprogramsandaideforprisonerreentryintosociety,amoveintendedtocapitalizeonPresidentBillClinton'stoughercrimeinitiativessuchasthe1994crimebillpassedunderhisadministration.Theplatformfailedtogainmuchtractionamongmembersofthepartyduringhispresidency.[89] WiththeinaugurationofBushaspresident,theRepublicanPartyremainedfairlycohesiveformuchofthe2000sasbothstrongeconomiclibertariansandsocialconservativesopposedtheDemocrats,whomtheysawasthepartyofbloated,secular,andliberalgovernment.[90]Thisperiodsawtheriseof"pro-governmentconservatives"—acorepartoftheBush'sbase—aconsiderablegroupoftheRepublicanswhoadvocatedforincreasedgovernmentspendingandgreaterregulationscoveringboththeeconomyandpeople'spersonallivesaswellasforanactivist,interventionistforeignpolicy.[91]SurveygroupssuchasthePewResearchCenterfoundthatsocialconservativesandfreemarketadvocatesremainedtheothertwomaingroupswithintheparty'scoalitionofsupport,withallthreebeingroughlyequalinnumber.[92][93]However,libertariansandlibertarian-leaningconservativesincreasinglyfoundfaultwithwhattheysawasRepublicans'restrictingofvitalcivillibertieswhilecorporatewelfareandthenationaldebthikedconsiderablyunderBush'stenure.[94]Incontrast,somesocialconservativesexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeparty'ssupportforeconomicpoliciesthatconflictedwiththeirmoralvalues.[95] TheRepublicanPartylostitsSenatemajorityin2001whentheSenatebecamesplitevenly;nevertheless,theRepublicansmaintainedcontroloftheSenateduetothetie-breakingvoteofRepublicanVicePresidentDickCheney.DemocratsgainedcontroloftheSenateonJune6,2001,whenRepublicanSenatorJimJeffordsofVermontswitchedhispartyaffiliationtoDemocrat.TheRepublicansregainedtheSenatemajorityinthe2002elections.RepublicanmajoritiesintheHouseandSenatewerehelduntiltheDemocratsregainedcontrolofbothchambersinthemid-termelectionsof2006.[96][97] GeorgeH.W.Bush,41stPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1989–1993)GeorgeW.Bush,43rdPresidentoftheUnitedStates(2001–2009)FormerpresidentGeorgeH.W.BushwasthefatherofformerpresidentGeorgeW.Bush.(Onlyoneothersonofapresidenthasbeenelectedpresident,towitJohnQuincyAdams.) In2008,RepublicanSenatorJohnMcCainofArizonaandGovernorSarahPalinofAlaskaweredefeatedbyDemocraticSenatorsBarackObamaandJoeBidenofIllinoisandDelaware,respectively.[98] TheRepublicansexperiencedelectoralsuccessinthewaveelectionof2010,whichcoincidedwiththeascendancyoftheTeaPartymovement,[99][100][101][102]ananti-Obamaprotestmovementoffiscalconservatives.[103]Membersofthemovementcalledforlowertaxes,andforareductionofthenationaldebtoftheUnitedStatesandfederalbudgetdeficitthroughdecreasedgovernmentspending.[104][105]Itwasalsodescribedasapopularconstitutionalmovement[106]composedofamixtureoflibertarian,right-wingpopulist,andconservativeactivism.ThatsuccessbeganwiththeupsetwinofScottBrownintheMassachusettsspecialSenateelectionforaseatthathadbeenheldfordecadesbytheDemocraticKennedybrothers.[107]IntheNovemberelections,RepublicansrecapturedcontroloftheHouse,increasedtheirnumberofseatsintheSenateandgainedamajorityofgovernorships.[108]TheTeaPartywouldgoontostronglyinfluencetheRepublicanParty,inpartduetothereplacementofestablishmentRepublicanswithTeaParty-styleRepublicans.[103] WhenObamaandBidenwonre-electionin2012,defeatingaMittRomney-PaulRyanticket,[109]theRepublicanslostsevenseatsintheHouseintheNovembercongressionalelections,butstillretainedcontrolofthatchamber.[110]However,RepublicanswerenotabletogaincontroloftheSenate,continuingtheirminoritystatuswithanetlossoftwoseats.[111]Intheaftermathoftheloss,someprominentRepublicansspokeoutagainsttheirownparty.[112][113][114]A2012electionpost-mortembytheRepublicanPartyconcludedthatthepartyneededtodomoreonthenationalleveltoattractvotesfromminoritiesandyoungvoters.[115]InMarch2013,NationalCommitteeChairmanReincePriebusgaveastingingreportontheparty'selectoralfailuresin2012,callingonRepublicanstoreinventthemselvesandofficiallyendorseimmigrationreform.Hesaid:"There'snoonereasonwelost.Ourmessagewasweak;ourgroundgamewasinsufficient;weweren'tinclusive;wewerebehindinbothdataanddigital,andourprimaryanddebateprocessneededimprovement."Heproposed219reformsthatincludeda$10 millionmarketingcampaigntoreachwomen,minoritiesandgaysaswellassettingashorter,morecontrolledprimaryseasonandcreatingbetterdatacollectionfacilities.[116] Followingthe2014midtermelections,theRepublicanPartytookcontroloftheSenatebygainingnineseats.[117]Withafinaltotalof247seats(57%)intheHouseand54seatsintheSenate,theRepublicansultimatelyachievedtheirlargestmajorityintheCongresssincethe71stCongressin1929.[118] TheTrumpera Mainarticle:Trumpism DonaldTrump,45thPresidentoftheUnitedStates(2017–2021) TheelectionofRepublicanDonaldTrumptothepresidencyin2016markedapopulistshiftintheRepublicanParty.[119]Trump'sdefeatofDemocraticcandidateHillaryClintonwasunexpected,aspollshadshownClintonleadingtherace.[120]Trump'svictorywasfueledbynarrowvictoriesinthreestates—Michigan,PennsylvaniaandWisconsin—thathadtraditionallybeenpartoftheDemocraticbluewallfordecades.AccordingtoNBCNews,"Trump’spowerfamouslycamefromhis'silentmajority'—working-classwhitevoterswhofeltmockedandignoredbyanestablishmentlooselydefinedbyspecialinterestsinWashington,newsoutletsinNewYorkandtastemakersinHollywood.HebuilttrustwithinthatbasebyabandoningRepublicanestablishmentorthodoxyonissuesliketradeandgovernmentspendinginfavorofabroadernationalistmessage".[121][122] Afterthe2016elections,RepublicansmaintainedamajorityintheSenate,House,andstategovernorships,wieldingnewlyacquiredexecutivepowerwithTrump'selectionaspresident.TheRepublicanPartycontrolled69of99statelegislativechambersin2017,themostithadheldinhistory;[123]andatleast33governorships,themostithadheldsince1922.[124]Thepartyhadtotalcontrolofgovernment(legislativechambersandgovernorship)in25states,[125][126]themostsince1952;[127]theopposingDemocraticPartyhadfullcontrolinonlyfivestates.[128]Followingtheresultsofthe2018midtermelections,theRepublicanslostcontroloftheHouseyetmaintainedholdoftheSenate.[129] Overthecourseofhisterm,TrumpappointedthreejusticestotheSupremeCourt:NeilGorsuchreplacingAntoninScalia,BrettKavanaughreplacingAnthonyKennedy,andAmyConeyBarrettreplacingRuthBaderGinsburg–themostappointmentsofanypresidentinasingletermsincefellowRepublicanRichardNixon.Trumpwasseenassolidifyinga6–3conservativemajority.[130][131]Heappointed260judgesintotal,creatingoverallRepublican-appointedmajoritiesoneverybranchofthefederaljudiciaryexceptfortheCourtofInternationalTradebythetimeheleftoffice,shiftingthejudiciarytotheright.OthernotableachievementsduringhispresidencyincludedpassingtheTaxCutsandJobsActin2017,movingtheU.S.embassyinIsraeltoJerusalem,creatingtheUnitedStatesSpaceForce–thefirstnewindependentmilitaryservicesince1947–andbrokeringtheAbrahamAccords,aseriesofnormalizationagreementsbetweenIsraelandvariousArabstates.[132][133][134][135]The2020RepublicanPartyPlatformsimplyendorsed"thePresident'sAmerica-firstagenda",promptingcomparisonstocontemporaryleader-focusedpartyplatformsinRussiaandChina.[136] TrumpwasimpeachedonDecember18,2019,onchargesofabuseofpowerandobstructionofCongress.[137][138]HewasacquittedbytheSenateonFebruary5,2020.[139]195ofthe197RepublicanswithintheHousevotedagainstthechargeswithnonevotinginfavor;thetwoabstainingRepublicanswereduetoexternalreasonsunrelatedtotheimpeachmentitself.[140]52ofthe53RepublicanswithintheSenatevotedagainstthechargesaswell,successfullyacquittingTrumpasaresult,withonlySenatorMittRomneyofUtahdissentingandvotinginfavorofoneofthecharges(abuseofpower).[141][142]Followinghisrefusaltoconcedehislossinthe2020elections,whichledtotheU.S.CapitolbeingstormedbyhissupportersonJanuary6,2021,theHouseimpeachedTrumpforasecondtimeonchargesofincitementofinsurrection,makinghimtheonlyfederalofficeholderinthehistoryoftheUnitedStatestobeimpeachedtwice.[143][144]HeleftofficeonJanuary20,2021,buttheimpeachmenttrialcontinuedintotheearlyweeksoftheBidenadministration,withTrumpbeingultimatelyacquittedasecondtimebytheSenateonFebruary13,2021.[145]SevenRepublicanSenatorsvotedtoconvict,includingRomneyonceagain,RichardBurr,BillCassidy,SusanCollins,LisaMurkowski,BenSasseandPatToomey.Theirstates'respectiveRepublicanpartiescondemnedthemfordoingso.Additionally,RepublicanU.S.RepresentativeLizCheneywascensuredbyherstateGOPforherimpeachmentvoteintheHouse.[146][147]InresponsetoTrump'seffortstooverturnthe2020electionsandthesubsequentstormingoftheU.S.Capitol,dozensofRepublicanformermembersoftheBushadministrationmadetheirabandonmentofthepartypublic,callingitthe"cultofTrump."[148]In2021,thepartyusedTrump'sfalseassertionsofastolenelectionasjustificationtoimposenewvotingrestrictions,andtoremoveCheneyfromherHouseRepublicanConferenceleadershipposition.[149][150][151]In2021,Republican-controlledstatelegislatures"advancedtheirmostconservativeagendainyears"andweremoreaggressiveindoingsothanpreviousyears,accordingtoTheAtlantic.[152] Nameandsymbols 1874NastcartoonfeaturingthefirstnotableappearanceoftheRepublicanelephant[153]Thered,whiteandblueRepublicanelephant,stillaprimarylogoformanystateGOPcommitteesThecirca2013GOPlogo Theparty'sfoundingmemberschosethenameRepublicanPartyinthemid-1850sashomagetothevaluesofrepublicanismpromotedbyThomasJefferson'sDemocratic-RepublicanParty.[154]Theideaforthenamecamefromaneditorialbytheparty'sleadingpublicist,HoraceGreeley,whocalledfor"somesimplenamelike'Republican'[that]wouldmorefitlydesignatethosewhohadunitedtorestoretheUniontoitstruemissionofchampionandpromulgatorofLibertyratherthanpropagandistofslavery".[155]Thenamereflectsthe1776republicanvaluesofcivicvirtueandoppositiontoaristocracyandcorruption.[156]Itisimportanttonotethat"republican"hasavarietyofmeaningsaroundtheworldandtheRepublicanPartyhasevolvedsuchthatthemeaningsnolongeralwaysalign.[157][158] Theterm"GrandOldParty"isatraditionalnicknamefortheRepublicanPartyandtheabbreviation"GOP"isacommonlyuseddesignation.Thetermoriginatedin1875intheCongressionalRecord,referringtothepartyassociatedwiththesuccessfulmilitarydefenseoftheUnionas"thisgallantoldparty."ThefollowingyearinanarticleintheCincinnatiCommercial,thetermwasmodifiedto"grandoldparty."Thefirstuseoftheabbreviationisdated1884.[159] Thetraditionalmascotofthepartyistheelephant.ApoliticalcartoonbyThomasNast,publishedinHarper'sWeeklyonNovember7,1874,isconsideredthefirstimportantuseofthesymbol.[160]AnalternatesymboloftheRepublicanPartyinstatessuchasIndiana,NewYorkandOhioisthebaldeagleasopposedtotheDemocraticroosterortheDemocraticfive-pointedstar.[161][162]InKentucky,thelogcabinisasymboloftheRepublicanParty(notrelatedtothegayLogCabinRepublicansorganization).[163] Traditionallythepartyhadnoconsistentcoloridentity.[164][165][166]Afterthe2000election,thecolorredbecameassociatedwithRepublicans.Duringandaftertheelection,themajorbroadcastnetworksusedthesamecolorschemefortheelectoralmap:stateswonbyRepublicannomineeGeorgeW.BushwerecoloredredandstateswonbyDemocraticnomineeAlGorewerecoloredblue.Duetotheweeks-longdisputeovertheelectionresults,thesecolorassociationsbecamefirmlyingrained,persistinginsubsequentyears.Althoughtheassignmentofcolorstopoliticalpartiesisunofficialandinformal,themediahascometorepresenttherespectivepoliticalpartiesusingthesecolors.Thepartyanditscandidateshavealsocometoembracethecolorred.[167] Politicalpositions ThisarticleispartofaseriesonConservatismintheUnitedStates Schools Compassionate Fiscal Fusion Libertarian Movement Neo Paleo Progressive Social Traditional Principles Americanexceptionalism Classicalliberalism Familyvalues Freemarket Freetrade Judeo-Christianvalues Limitedgovernment Moralabsolutism Naturallaw Protectionism Republicanism Ruleoflaw Tradition History BourbonDemocrat Conservativecoalition ConservativeDemocrat ConservativeManifesto Loyalists Moderntimeline NewRight OldRight Overview RockefellerRepublican SouthernAgrarians People Ailes Alito Atwater Bannon Beck Benson Bork Bradford Breitbart Buchanan BuckleyJr. Burnham H.W.Bush W.Bush Carlson Chambers Cleveland Colson Coolidge Coulter Cruz DeSantis Dirksen Dobson Dolan Dreier D'Souza Dulles Eisenhower Erickson Falwell Feulner Forbes Ford Francis Friedman George Gingrich Goldberg Goldwater Graham Grant Hannity Harding Helms Horowitz Huckabee Jaffa Kemp King Kirk(Russell) Kirkpatrick Kissinger Knowland Krauthammer Kristol Laffer Leo Levin Limbaugh Lodge Luce McCain McCarthy McConnell Meese Meyer Mises Nixon North Novak O'Reilly Owens Palin Paul(Rand) Paul(Ron) Perot Phillips Podhoretz Rand Reagan Rehnquist Romney Rove Scalia Schlafly Sessions Shapiro Sowell Taft(RobertA.) Taft(WilliamHoward) Thomas Trump Viguerie Weaver WelchJr. Weyrich Will Parties AmericanParty AmericanIndependentParty(modern) ConservativePartyofNewYorkState ConstitutionParty DemocraticParty(earlyfactions) Democratic-RepublicanParty(elements) FederalistParty LibertarianParty NativeAmericanParty ProhibitionParty ReformParty RepublicanParty Thinktanks ActonInstitute AlexisdeTocquevilleInstitution AmericanEnterpriseInstitute CenterforImmigrationStudies CenterforSecurityPolicy CenterfortheNationalInterest CharlesKochInstitute ClaremontInstitute CompetitiveEnterpriseInstitute DavidHorowitzFreedomCenter DiscoveryInstitute EthicsandPublicPolicyCenter FamilyResearchInstitute GatestoneInstitute TheHeartlandInstitute TheHeritageFoundation HooverInstitution HudsonInstitute IntercollegiateStudiesInstitute InstituteontheConstitution ManhattanInstitute MisesInstitute PacificResearchInstitute ProjectfortheNewAmericanCentury RiponSociety RStreetInstitute RockfordInstitute StatePolicyNetwork TaxFoundation Otherorganizations ACT!forAmerica AllianceDefendingFreedom AmericanCenterforLaw&Justice AmericanFamilyAssociation AmericanLibertyLeague AmericanSocietyfortheDefenseofTradition,FamilyandProperty AmericansforTaxReform ArlingtonGroup ChalcedonFoundation ChristianCoalitionofAmerica ChristianVoice ClubforGrowth ConcernedWomenforAmerica ConservAmerica TheConservativeCaucus CouncilofConservativeCitizens CouncilforNationalPolicy EagleForum FaithandFreedomCoalition FamilyResearchCouncil FederalistSociety FederationforAmericanImmigrationReform TheFellowship FocusontheFamily FoundationforIndividualRightsinEducation FoundationforMoralLaw FreedomCaucus FreedomPartners FreedomWorks GunOwnersofAmerica IndependentWomen'sForum JohnBirchSociety JohnM.OlinFoundation JudicialWatch LeadershipInstitute LibertyCounsel LibertyLobby LogCabinRepublicans MediaResearchCenter MoralMajority NationalConservativePAC NationalFederationofIndependentBusiness NationalOrganizationforMarriage NationalRifleAssociation NationalRighttoLifeCommittee NationalTaxpayersUnion NumbersUSA OathKeepers PacificJusticeInstitute PhiladelphiaSociety RegneryPublishing RepublicanMainStreetPartnership RepublicanStudyCommittee SecondAmendmentCaucus SusanB.AnthonyList TeaPartyPatriots ThomasMoreLawCenter TurningPointUSA TraditionalValuesCoalition UnitedStatesChamberofCommerce YoungAmerica'sFoundation YoungAmericansforLiberty YouthforWesternCivilization Media AmericanAffairs TheAmericanConservative TheAmericanSpectator AmericanRenaissance AmericanThinker BigLeaguePolitics BlazeMedia BreitbartNews CampusReform ChicagoTribune CBN CityJournal ClaremontReviewofBooks CNSNews.com Commentary ConservativeReview Chronicles DailyCaller DailySignal DailyWire DallasMorningNews DrudgeReport TheFederalist FirstThings FoxBusiness FoxNews FrontPageMagazine FrontPorchRepublic GatewayPundit HotAir HumanEvents i24News IndependentJournalReview InfoWars JewishWorldReview JihadWatch LasVegasReview-Journal LifeSiteNews LifeZette ModernAge NationalAffairs TheNationalInterest NationalReview TheNewAmerican TheNewCriterion NewsBusters Newsmax NewYorkObserver NewYorkPost OneAmericaNewsNetwork PanAmPost PolicyReview PowerLine PragerU PJMedia Rare RealNewsUpdate RedState RSBN SinclairBroadcastGroup SpectatorUSA TheSpotlight Taki'sMagazine Townhall TruthRevolt Twitchy VDARE TheWallStreetJournal WashingtonExaminer TheWashingtonFreeBeacon TheWashingtonTimes TheWeeklyStandard TheWesternJournal WorldNetDaily Variantsandmovements AsianandPacificIslanderconservatism Blackconservatism Christianright ConservativeDemocrats Femaleconservatism Greenconservatism LGBTconservatism LibertarianRepublicans Patriotmovement RadicalRight Right-libertarianism TeaPartymovement Trumpism Christian Seealso Alternativemedia Americannationalism Bibliography Libertarianism List Prominentpeople Politicalparties Conservatismportal UnitedStatesportalvte Mainarticle:PoliticalpositionsoftheRepublicanParty Economicpolicies CalvinCoolidge,30thPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1923–1929) Republicansbelievethatfreemarketsandindividualachievementaretheprimaryfactorsbehindeconomicprosperity.RepublicansfrequentlyadvocateinfavoroffiscalconservatismduringDemocraticadministrations;however,theyhaveshownthemselveswillingtoincreasefederaldebtwhentheyareinchargeofthegovernment(theimplementationoftheBushtaxcuts,MedicarePartDandtheTaxCutsandJobsActof2017areexamplesofthiswillingness).[168][169][170]Despitepledgestorollbackgovernmentspending,Republicanadministrationshave,sincethelate1960s,sustainedorincreasedpreviouslevelsofgovernmentspending.[171][172] ModernRepublicansadvocatethetheoryofsupply-sideeconomics,whichholdsthatlowertaxratesincreaseeconomicgrowth.[173]ManyRepublicansopposehighertaxratesforhigherearners,whichtheybelieveareunfairlytargetedatthosewhocreatejobsandwealth.Theybelieveprivatespendingismoreefficientthangovernmentspending.Republicanlawmakershavealsosoughttolimitfundingfortaxenforcementandtaxcollection.[174]Atthenationallevelandstatelevel,Republicanstendtopursuepoliciesoftaxcutsandderegulation.[175] Republicansbelieveindividualsshouldtakeresponsibilityfortheirowncircumstances.Theyalsobelievetheprivatesectorismoreeffectiveinhelpingthepoorthroughcharitythanthegovernmentisthroughwelfareprogramsandthatsocialassistanceprogramsoftencausegovernmentdependency.[176] Republicansbelievecorporationsshouldbeabletoestablishtheirownemploymentpractices,includingbenefitsandwages,withthefreemarketdecidingthepriceofwork.Sincethe1920s,Republicanshavegenerallybeenopposedbylaborunionorganizationsandmembers.Atthenationallevel,RepublicanssupportedtheTaft-HartleyActof1947,whichgivesworkerstherightnottoparticipateinunions.ModernRepublicansatthestatelevelgenerallysupportvariousright-to-worklaws,whichprohibitunionsecurityagreementsrequiringallworkersinaunionizedworkplacetopayduesorafair-sharefee,regardlessofwhethertheyaremembersoftheunionornot.[177] MostRepublicansopposeincreasesintheminimumwage,believingthatsuchincreaseshurtbusinessesbyforcingthemtocutandoutsourcejobswhilepassingoncoststoconsumers.[178] Thepartyopposesasingle-payerhealthcaresystem,describingitassocializedmedicine.TheRepublicanPartyhasamixedrecordofsupportingthehistoricallypopularSocialSecurity,MedicareandMedicaidprograms,[179]whereasithassoughttorepealtheAffordableCareActsinceitsintroductionin2010,[180]andopposedexpansionsofMedicaid.[181] Environmentalpolicies Mainarticle:PoliticalpositionsoftheRepublicanParty§ Environmentalpolicies IntheUnitedStates,Democrats(blue)andRepublicans(red)havelongdifferedinviewsoftheimportanceofaddressingclimatechange,withthegapwideninginthelate2010smainlythroughDemocrats'shareincreasingbymorethan30points.[182]Thesharpdivideovertheexistenceofandresponsibilityforglobalwarmingandclimatechangefallslargelyalongpoliticallines.[183]Overall,60%ofAmericanssurveyedsaidoilandgascompanieswere"completelyormostlyresponsible"forclimatechange.[183] Historically,progressiveleadersintheRepublicanPartysupportedenvironmentalprotection.RepublicanPresidentTheodoreRooseveltwasaprominentconservationistwhosepolicieseventuallyledtothecreationoftheNationalParkService.[184]WhileRepublicanPresidentRichardNixonwasnotanenvironmentalist,hesignedlegislationtocreatetheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyin1970andhadacomprehensiveenvironmentalprogram.[185]However,thispositionhaschangedsincethe1980sandtheadministrationofPresidentRonaldReagan,wholabeledenvironmentalregulationsaburdenontheeconomy.[186]Sincethen,Republicanshaveincreasinglytakenpositionsagainstenvironmentalregulation,[187][188][189]withmanyRepublicansrejectingthescientificconsensusonclimatechange.[186][190][191][192] ArnoldSchwarzenegger,38thGovernorofCalifornia(2003–2011) In2006,then-CaliforniaGovernorArnoldSchwarzeneggerbrokefromRepublicanorthodoxytosignseveralbillsimposingcapsoncarbonemissionsinCalifornia.Then-PresidentGeorgeW.Bushopposedmandatorycapsatanationallevel.Bush'sdecisionnottoregulatecarbondioxideasapollutantwaschallengedintheSupremeCourtby12states,[193]withthecourtrulingagainsttheBushadministrationin2007.[194]BushalsopubliclyopposedratificationoftheKyotoProtocols[186][195]whichsoughttolimitgreenhousegasemissionsandtherebycombatclimatechange;hispositionwasheavilycriticizedbyclimatescientists.[196] JohnMcCain,UnitedStatessenatorfromArizona(1987–2018) TheRepublicanPartyrejectscap-and-tradepolicytolimitcarbonemissions.[197]Inthe2000s,SenatorJohnMcCainproposedbills(suchastheMcCain-LiebermanClimateStewardshipAct)thatwouldhaveregulatedcarbonemissions,buthispositiononclimatechangewasunusualamonghigh-rankingpartymembers.[186]SomeRepublicancandidateshavesupportedthedevelopmentofalternativefuelsinordertoachieveenergyindependencefortheUnitedStates.SomeRepublicanssupportincreasedoildrillinginprotectedareassuchastheArcticNationalWildlifeRefuge,apositionthathasdrawncriticismfromactivists.[198] ManyRepublicansduringthepresidencyofBarackObamaopposedhisadministration'snewenvironmentalregulations,suchasthoseoncarbonemissionsfromcoal.Inparticular,manyRepublicanssupportedbuildingtheKeystonePipeline;thispositionwassupportedbybusinesses,butopposedbyindigenouspeoples'groupsandenvironmentalactivists.[199][200][201] AccordingtotheCenterforAmericanProgress,anon-profitliberaladvocacygroup,morethan55%ofcongressionalRepublicanswereclimatechangedeniersin2014.[202][203]PolitiFactinMay2014found"relativelyfewRepublicanmembersofCongress ...accepttheprevailingscientificconclusionthatglobalwarmingisbothrealandman-made."Thegroupfoundeightmemberswhoacknowledgedit,althoughthegroupacknowledgedtherecouldbemoreandthatnotallmembersofCongresshavetakenastanceontheissue.[204][205] From2008to2017,theRepublicanPartywentfrom"debatinghowtocombathuman-causedclimatechangetoarguingthatitdoesnotexist",accordingtoTheNewYorkTimes.[206]InJanuary2015,theRepublican-ledU.S.Senatevoted98–1topassaresolutionacknowledgingthat"climatechangeisrealandisnotahoax";however,anamendmentstatingthat"humanactivitysignificantlycontributestoclimatechange"wassupportedbyonlyfiveRepublicansenators.[207] Healthcare Historically,therehavebeendiverseandoverlappingviewswithinboththeRepublicanPartyandtheDemocraticPartyontheroleofgovernmentinhealthcare,butthetwopartiesbecamehighlypolarizedonthetopicduring2008-2009andonwards.[208]BothRepublicansandDemocratsmadevariousproposalstoestablishfederallyfundedagedhealthinsurancepriortothebipartisanefforttoestablishMedicareandMedicaidin1965.[209][210][211]TheRepublicanPartyopposestheAffordableCareAct,withnoRepublicanmemberofCongressvotingforitin2009andfrequentsubsequentattemptsbyRepublicanstorepealthelegislation.[208][212]Atthestatelevel,thepartyhastendedtoadoptapositionagainstMedicaidexpansion.[175][211] Immigration Seealso:ImmigrationtotheUnitedStatesandIllegalimmigrationtotheUnitedStates Intheperiod1850–1870,theRepublicanPartywasmoreopposedtoimmigrationthanDemocrats,inpartbecausetheRepublicanPartyreliedonthesupportofanti-Catholicandanti-immigrantparties,suchastheKnow-Nothings,atthetime.InthedecadesfollowingtheCivilWar,theRepublicanPartygrewmoresupportiveofimmigration,asitrepresentedmanufacturersinthenortheast(whowantedadditionallabor)whereastheDemocraticPartycametobeseenasthepartyoflabor(whichwantedfewerlaborerstocompetewith).Startinginthe1970s,thepartiesswitchedplacesagain,astheDemocratsgrewmoresupportiveofimmigrationthanRepublicans.[213] Republicansaredividedonhowtoconfrontillegalimmigrationbetweenaplatformthatallowsformigrantworkersandapathtocitizenshipforundocumentedimmigrants(supportedmorebytheRepublicanestablishment),versusapositionfocusedonsecuringtheborderanddeportingillegalimmigrants(supportedbypopulists).In2006,theWhiteHousesupportedandRepublican-ledSenatepassedcomprehensiveimmigrationreformthatwouldeventuallyallowmillionsofillegalimmigrantstobecomecitizens,buttheHouse(alsoledbyRepublicans)didnotadvancethebill.[214]Afterthedefeatinthe2012presidentialelection,particularlyamongLatinos,severalRepublicansadvocatedafriendlierapproachtoimmigrants.However,in2016thefieldofcandidatestookasharppositionagainstillegalimmigration,withleadingcandidateDonaldTrumpproposingbuildingawallalongthesouthernborder.ProposalscallingforimmigrationreformwithapathtocitizenshipforundocumentedimmigrantshaveattractedbroadRepublicansupportinsome[which?]polls.Ina2013poll,60%ofRepublicanssupportedthepathwayconcept.[215] Foreignpolicyandnationaldefense Seealso:HistoryofforeignpolicyandnationaldefenseintheRepublicanParty DonaldRumsfeld,21stUnitedStatesSecretaryofDefense(2001–2006) ColinPowell,65thUnitedStatesSecretaryofState(2001–2005) Some,includingneoconservatives,[who?]intheRepublicanPartysupportunilateralismonissuesofnationalsecurity,believingintheabilityandrightoftheUnitedStatestoactwithoutexternalsupportinmattersofitsnationaldefense.Ingeneral,Republicanthinkingondefenseandinternationalrelationsisheavilyinfluencedbythetheoriesofneorealismandrealism,characterizingconflictsbetweennationsasstrugglesbetweenfacelessforcesofaninternationalstructureasopposedtobeingtheresultoftheideasandactionsofindividualleaders.Therealistschool'sinfluenceshowsinReagan's"EvilEmpire"stanceontheSovietUnionandGeorgeW.Bush'sAxisofevilstance.[citationneeded] Some,includingpaleoconservativesandright-wingpopulists,[216][217][218]callfornon-interventionismandanAmericaFirstforeignpolicy.Thisfactiongainedstrengthstartingin2016withtheriseofDonaldTrump. SincetheterroristattacksonSeptember11,2001,many[who?]inthepartyhavesupportedneoconservativepolicieswithregardtotheWaronTerror,includingthe2001warinAfghanistanandthe2003invasionofIraq.TheGeorgeW.BushadministrationtookthepositionthattheGenevaConventionsdonotapplytounlawfulcombatants,whileother[which?]prominentRepublicansstronglyopposetheuseofenhancedinterrogationtechniques,whichtheyviewastorture.[219] RepublicanshavefrequentlyadvocatedforrestrictingforeignaidasameansofassertingthenationalsecurityandimmigrationinterestsoftheUnitedStates.[220][221][222] TheRepublicanPartygenerallysupportsastrongalliancewithIsraelandeffortstosecurepeaceintheMiddleEastbetweenIsraelanditsArabneighbors.[223][224]Inrecentyears,Republicanshavebeguntomoveawayfromthetwo-statesolutionapproachtoresolvingtheIsraeli–Palestinianconflict.[225][226]Ina2014poll,59%ofRepublicansfavoreddoinglessabroadandfocusingonthecountry'sownproblemsinstead.[227] Accordingtothe2016platform,[228]theparty'sstanceonthestatusofTaiwanis:"WeopposeanyunilateralstepsbyeithersidetoalterthestatusquointheTaiwanStraitsontheprinciplethatallissuesregardingtheisland'sfuturemustberesolvedpeacefully,throughdialogue,andbeagreeabletothepeopleofTaiwan."Inaddition,if"Chinaweretoviolatethoseprinciples,theUnitedStates,inaccordwiththeTaiwanRelationsAct,willhelpTaiwandefenditself". Socialpolicies TheRepublicanPartyisgenerallyassociatedwithsocialconservativepolicies,althoughitdoeshavedissentingcentristandlibertarianfactions.Thesocialconservativessupportlawsthatupholdtheirtraditionalvalues,suchasoppositiontosame-sexmarriage,abortion,andmarijuana.[229]TheRepublicanParty'spositionsonsocialandculturalissuesareinpartareflectionoftheinfluencerolethattheChristianrighthashadinthepartysincethe1970s.[230][231][232]MostconservativeRepublicansalsoopposeguncontrol,affirmativeaction,andillegalimmigration.[229][233] Abortionandembryonicstemcellresearch Thevastmajorityoftheparty'snationalandstatecandidatesareanti-abortionandopposeelectiveabortiononreligiousormoralgrounds.Whilemanyadvocateexceptionsinthecaseofincest,rapeorthemother'slifebeingatrisk,in2012thepartyapprovedaplatformadvocatingbanningabortionswithoutexception.[234]TherewerenothighlypolarizeddifferencesbetweentheDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicanPartypriortotheRoev.Wade1973SupremeCourtruling(whichmadeprohibitionsonabortionrightsunconstitutional),butaftertheSupremeCourtruling,oppositiontoabortionbecameanincreasinglykeynationalplatformfortheRepublicanParty.[15][235][236]Asaresult,EvangelicalsgravitatedtowardstheRepublicanParty.[15][235] MostRepublicansopposegovernmentfundingforabortionproviders,notablyPlannedParenthood.[237]ThisincludessupportfortheHydeAmendment. Untilitsdissolutionin2018,RepublicanMajorityforChoice,anabortionrightsPAC,advocatedforamendingtheGOPplatformtoincludepro-abortionrightsmembers.[238] TheRepublicanPartyhaspursuedpoliciesatthenationalandstate-leveltorestrictembryonicstemcellresearchbeyondtheoriginallinesbecauseitinvolvesthedestructionofhumanembryos.[239][240][241][242] Affirmativeaction Republicansaregenerallyagainstaffirmativeactionforwomenandsomeminorities,oftendescribingitasa"quotasystem"andbelievingthatitisnotmeritocraticandiscounter-productivesociallybyonlyfurtherpromotingdiscrimination.[243]TheGOP'sofficialstancesupportsrace-neutraladmissionspoliciesinuniversities,butsupportstakingintoaccountthesocioeconomicstatusofthestudent.The2012RepublicanNationalCommitteeplatformstated,"Wesupporteffortstohelplow-incomeindividualsgetafairchancebasedontheirpotentialandindividualmerit;butwerejectpreferences,quotas,andset-asides,asthebestorsolemethodsthroughwhichfairnesscanbeachieved,whetheringovernment,educationorcorporateboardrooms…Merit,ability,aptitude,andresultsshouldbethefactorsthatdetermineadvancementinoursociety.”[244][245][246] Gunownership Republicansgenerallysupportgunownershiprightsandopposelawsregulatingguns.PartymembersandRepublican-leaningindependentsaretwiceaslikelytoownagunasDemocratsandDemocratic-leaningindependents.[247] NewtGingrich,50thSpeakeroftheHouseofRepresentatives(1995–1999) TheNationalRifleAssociation,aspecialinterestgroupinsupportofgunownership,hasconsistentlyaligneditselfwiththeRepublicanParty.FollowingguncontrolmeasuresundertheClintonadministration,suchastheViolentCrimeControlandLawEnforcementActof1994,theRepublicansalliedwiththeNRAduringtheRepublicanRevolutionin1994.[248]Sincethen,theNRAhasconsistentlybackedRepublicancandidatesandcontributedfinancialsupport,suchasinthe2013Coloradorecallelectionwhichresultedintheoustingoftwopro-guncontrolDemocratsfortwoanti-guncontrolRepublicans.[249] Incontrast,GeorgeH.W.Bush,formerlyalifelongNRAmember,washighlycriticaloftheorganizationfollowingtheirresponsetotheOklahomaCitybombingauthoredbyCEOWayneLaPierre,andpubliclyresignedinprotest.[250] Drugs Seealso:IllegaldrugtradeintheUnitedStates RepublicanshavehistoricallysupportedtheWaronDrugs,aswellasopposelegalizationordecriminalizationofdrugs,includingmarijuana.[251][252]Theoppositiontothelegalizationofmarijuanahassoftenedovertime.[253][254] LGBTissues Republicanshavehistoricallyopposedsame-sexmarriage,whilebeingdividedoncivilunionsanddomesticpartnerships.Duringthe2004election,GeorgeW.Bushcampaignedprominentlyonaconstitutionalamendmenttoprohibitsame-sexmarriage;manybelieveithelpedGeorgeW.Bushwinre-electionin2004.[255][256]Inboth2004[257]and2006,[258]PresidentBush,SenateMajorityLeaderBillFrist,andHouseMajorityLeaderJohnBoehnerpromotedtheFederalMarriageAmendment,aproposedconstitutionalamendmentwhichwouldlegallyrestrictthedefinitionofmarriagetoheterosexualcouples.[259][260][261]Inbothattempts,theamendmentfailedtosecureenoughvotestoinvokeclotureandthusultimatelywasneverpassed.Asmorestateslegalizedsame-sexmarriageinthe2010s,Republicansincreasinglysupportedallowingeachstatetodecideitsownmarriagepolicy.[262]Asof2014,moststateGOPplatformsexpressedoppositiontosame-sexmarriage.[263]The2016GOPPlatformdefinedmarriageas"naturalmarriage,theunionofonemanandonewoman,"andcondemnedtheSupremeCourt'srulinglegalizingsame-sexmarriages.[264][265]The2020platformretainedthe2016languageagainstsame-sexmarriage.[266][267][268] However,publicopiniononthisissuewithinthepartyhasbeenchanging.[269][256]Followinghiselectionaspresidentin2016,DonaldTrumpstatedthathehadnoobjectiontosame-sexmarriageortotheSupremeCourtdecisioninObergefellv.Hodges,butatthesametimepromisedtoappointaSupremeCourtjusticetorollbacktheconstitutionalright.[256][270]Inoffice,TrumpwasthefirstsittingRepublicanpresidenttorecognizeLGBTPrideMonth.[271]Conversely,theTrumpadministrationbannedtransgenderindividualsfromserviceintheUnitedStatesmilitaryandrolledbackotherprotectionsfortransgenderpeoplewhichhadbeenenactedduringthepreviousDemocraticpresidency.[272] TheRepublicanPartyplatformpreviouslyopposedtheinclusionofgaypeopleinthemilitaryandopposedaddingsexualorientationtothelistofprotectedclassessince1992.[273][274][275]TheRepublicanPartyopposedtheinclusionofsexualpreferenceinanti-discriminationstatutesfrom1992to2004.[276]The2008and2012RepublicanPartyplatformsupportedanti-discriminationstatutesbasedonsex,race,age,religion,creed,disability,ornationalorigin,butbothplatformsweresilentonsexualorientationandgenderidentity.[277][278]The2016platformwasopposedtosexdiscriminationstatutesthatincludedthephrase"sexualorientation."[279][280] OnNovember6,2021,RNCChairRonnaMcDanielannouncedthecreationofthe"RNCPrideCoalition,"inpartnershipwiththeLogCabinRepublicans,topromoteoutreachtoLGBTQvoters.[281]However,aftertheannouncement,McDanielapologizedfornothavingcommunicatedtheannouncementinadvanceandemphasizedthatthenewoutreachprogramdoesnotaltertheGOPPlatform,lastadoptedin2016.[282]TheLogCabinRepublicansisagroupwithintheRepublicanPartythatrepresentsLGBTconservativesandalliesandadvocatesforLGBTrightsandequality.[283] Votingrequirements Seealso:VoteridentificationlawsintheUnitedStates VirtuallyallrestrictionsonvotinghaveinrecentyearsbeenimplementedbyRepublicans.Republicans,mainlyatthestatelevel,arguethattherestrictions(suchaspurgingvoterrolls,limitingvotinglocations,andlimitingearlyandmailvoting)arevitaltopreventvoterfraud,claimingthatvoterfraudisanunderestimatedissueinelections.Pollinghasfoundmajoritysupportforearlyvoting,automaticvoterregistrationandvoterIDlawsamongthegeneralpopulation.[284][285][286]Researchhasindicatedthatvoterfraudisveryuncommon,andcivilandvotingrightsorganizationsoftenaccuseRepublicansofenactingrestrictionstoinfluenceelectionsintheparty'sfavor.ManylawsorregulationsrestrictingvotingenactedbyRepublicanshavebeensuccessfullychallengedincourt,withcourtrulingsstrikingdownsuchregulationsandaccusingRepublicansofestablishingthemwithpartisanpurpose.[287][288] AftertheSupremeCourtdecisioninShelbyCountyv.HolderrolledbackaspectsoftheVotingRightsActof1965,Republicansintroducedcutstoearlyvoting,purgesofvoterrollsandimpositionofstrictvoterIDlaws.[289]Indefendingtheirrestrictionstovotingrights,RepublicanshavemadefalseandexaggeratedclaimsabouttheextentofvoterfraudintheUnitedStates;allexistingresearchindicatesthatitisextremelyrare.[290][291]AfterJoeBidenwonthe2020presidentialelectionandDonaldTrumprefusedtoconcedewhileheandhisRepublicanalliesmadefalseclaimsoffraud,Republicanslaunchedanationwideefforttorestrictvotingrightsatthestatelevel.[292][293][294] The2016RepublicanplatformadvocatedproofofcitizenshipasaprerequisiteforregisteringtovoteandphotoIDasaprerequisitewhenvoting.[295] Composition Thismapshowsthevoteinthe2004presidentialelectionbycounty.[A] Thismapshowsthevoteinthe2020presidentialelectionbycounty.[B] IntheParty'searlydecades,itsbaseconsistedofnorthernwhiteProtestantsandAfricanAmericansnationwide.Itsfirstpresidentialcandidate,JohnC.Frémont,receivedalmostnovotesintheSouth.Thistrendcontinuedintothe20thcentury.FollowingthepassageoftheCivilRightsActof1964andVotingRightsActof1965,thesouthernstatesbecamemorereliablyRepublicaninpresidentialpolitics,whilenortheasternstatesbecamemorereliablyDemocratic.[296][297][298][299][300][301][302][303]StudiesshowthatsouthernwhitesshiftedtotheRepublicanPartyduetoracialconservatism.[302][304][305] Whilescholarsagreethataracialbacklashplayedacentralroleintheracialrealignmentofthetwoparties,thereisadisputeastotheextentinwhichtheracialrealignmentwasatop-driveneliteprocessorabottom-upprocess.[306]The"SouthernStrategy"refersprimarilyto"top-down"narrativesofthepoliticalrealignmentoftheSouthwhichsuggestthatRepublicanleadersconsciouslyappealedtomanywhitesoutherners'racialgrievancesinordertogaintheirsupport.Thistop-downnarrativeoftheSouthernStrategyisgenerallybelievedtobetheprimaryforcethattransformedSouthernpoliticsfollowingthecivilrightsera.ScholarMatthewLassiterarguesthat"demographicchangeplayedamoreimportantrolethanracialdemagogueryintheemergenceofatwo-partysystemintheAmericanSouth".[307][308]HistorianssuchasMatthewLassiter,KevinM.KruseandJosephCrespino,havepresentedanalternative,"bottom-up"narrative,whichLassiterhascalledthe"suburbanstrategy."ThisnarrativerecognizesthecentralityofracialbacklashtothepoliticalrealignmentoftheSouth,[306]butsuggeststhatthisbacklashtooktheformofadefenseofdefactosegregationinthesuburbsratherthanovertresistancetoracialintegrationandthatthestoryofthisbacklashisanationalratherthanastrictlysouthernone.[309][310][311][312] TheParty's21st-centurybaseconsistsofgroupssuchasolderwhitemen;white,marriedProtestants;ruralresidents;andnon-unionworkerswithoutcollegedegrees,withurbanresidents,ethnicminorities,theunmarriedandunionworkershavingshiftedtotheDemocraticParty.Thesuburbshavebecomeamajorbattleground.[313]Accordingtoa2015Galluppoll,25%ofAmericansidentifyasRepublicanand16%identifyasleaningRepublican.Incomparison,30%identifyasDemocraticand16%identifyasleaningDemocratic.TheDemocraticPartyhastypicallyheldanoveralledgeinpartyidentificationsinceGallupbeganpollingontheissuein1991.[314]In2016,TheNewYorkTimesnotedthattheRepublicanPartywasstrongintheSouth,theGreatPlains,andtheMountainStates.[315]The21stcenturyRepublicanPartyalsodrawsstrengthfromruralareasoftheUnitedStates.[316] Towardstheendofthe1990sandintheearly21stcentury,theRepublicanPartyincreasinglyresortedto"constitutionalhardball"practices.[317][318][319] AnumberofscholarshaveassertedthattheHousespeakershipofRepublicanNewtGingrichplayedakeyroleinunderminingdemocraticnormsintheUnitedStates,hasteningpoliticalpolarization,andincreasingpartisanprejudice.[320][321][322][323][324]AccordingtoHarvardUniversitypoliticalscientistsDanielZiblattandStevenLevitsky,Gingrich'sspeakershiphadaprofoundandlastingimpactonAmericanpoliticsandthehealthofAmericandemocracy.TheyarguethatGingrichinstilleda"combative"approachintheRepublicanParty,wherehatefullanguageandhyper-partisanshipbecamecommonplace,andwheredemocraticnormswereabandoned.GingrichfrequentlyquestionedthepatriotismofDemocrats,calledthemcorrupt,comparedthemtofascists,andaccusedthemofwantingtodestroytheUnitedStates.Gingrichwasalsoinvolvedinseveralmajorgovernmentshutdowns.[324][325][326][327] ScholarshavealsocharacterizedMitchMcConnell'stenureasSenateMinorityLeaderandSenateMajorityLeaderduringtheObamapresidencyasonewhereobstructionismreachedall-timehighs.[328]PoliticalscientistshavereferredtoMcConnell'suseofthefilibusteras"constitutionalhardball",referringtothemisuseofproceduraltoolsinawaythatunderminesdemocracy.[317][324][329][330]McConnelldelayedandobstructedhealthcarereformandbankingreform,whichweretwolandmarkpiecesoflegislationthatDemocratssoughttopass(andinfactdidpass[331])earlyinObama'stenure.[332][333]BydelayingDemocraticprioritylegislation,McConnellstymiedtheoutputofCongress.PoliticalscientistsEricSchicklerandGregoryJ.Wawrowrite,"byslowingactionevenonmeasuressupportedbymanyRepublicans,McConnellcapitalizedonthescarcityoffloortime,forcingDemocraticleadersintodifficulttrade-offsconcerningwhichmeasureswereworthpursuing.Thatis,giventhatDemocratshadjusttwoyearswithsizeablemajoritiestoenactasmuchoftheiragendaaspossible,slowingtheSenate'sabilitytoprocessevenroutinemeasureslimitedthesheervolumeofliberalbillsthatcouldbeadopted."[333] McConnell'srefusaltoholdhearingsonSupremeCourtnomineeMerrickGarlandduringthefinalyearofObama'spresidencywasdescribedbypoliticalscientistsandlegalscholarsas"unprecedented",[334][335]a"culminationofthisconfrontationalstyle",[336]a"blatantabuseofconstitutionalnorms",[337]anda"classicexampleofconstitutionalhardball."[330] Afterthe2020UnitedStatespresidentialelectionwasdeclaredforBiden,PresidentDonaldTrump'srefusaltoconcedeanddemandsofRepublicanstatelegislaturesandofficialstoignorethepopularvoteofthestateswasdescribedas"unparalleled"inAmericanhistory[338]and"profoundlyantidemocratic".[339]SomejournalistsandforeignofficialshavealsoreferredtoTrumpasafascistintheaftermathofthe2021stormingoftheUnitedStatesCapitol.[340][341][342] FollowingthestormingoftheCapitol,asurveyconductedbytheAmericanEnterpriseInstitutefoundthat56%ofRepublicansagreedwiththestatement,"ThetraditionalAmericanwayoflifeisdisappearingsofastthatwemayhavetouseforcetosaveit,"comparedto36%ofrespondentsoverall.SixtypercentofwhiteevangelicalRepublicansagreedwiththestatement.[343][344][345] Ideologyandfactions PoliticalSpectrum Libertarian Left Centrist Right Totalitarian Mainarticle:FactionsintheRepublicanParty(UnitedStates) PoliticalscientistscharacterizetheRepublicanPartyasmoreideologicallycohesivethantheDemocraticParty,whichiscomposedofabroaderdiversityofcoalitions.[346][347][348] In2018,Galluppollingfoundthat69%ofRepublicansdescribedthemselvesas"conservative",while25%optedfortheterm"moderate",andanother5%self-identifiedas"liberal".[349]Whenideologyisseparatedintosocialandeconomicissues,a2020Galluppollfoundthat61%ofRepublicansandRepublican-leaningindependentscalledthemselves"sociallyconservative",28%chosethelabel"sociallymoderate",and10%calledthemselves"sociallyliberal".[350]Oneconomicissues,thesame2020pollrevealedthat65%ofRepublicans(andRepublicanleaners)chosethelabel"economicconservative"todescribetheirviewsonfiscalpolicy,while26%selectedthelabel"economicmoderate",and7%optedforthe"economicliberal"label.[350] ThemodernRepublicanPartyincludesconservatives,[3]centrists,[4]fiscalconservatives,libertarians,[5]neoconservatives,[5]paleoconservatives,[351]right-wingpopulists,[8][9]andsocialconservatives.[352][353][354] Inadditiontosplitsoverideology,the21st-centuryRepublicanPartycanbebroadlydividedintoestablishmentandanti-establishmentwings.[355][356]NationwidepollsofRepublicanvotersin2014bythePewCenteridentifiedagrowingsplitintheRepublicancoalition,between"businessconservatives"or"establishmentconservatives"ononesideand"steadfastconservatives"or"populistconservatives"ontheother.[357] Talkradio Inthe21stcentury,conservativesontalkradioandFoxNews,aswellasonlinemediaoutletssuchastheDailyCallerandBreitbartNews,becameapowerfulinfluenceonshapingtheinformationreceivedandjudgmentsmadebyrank-and-fileRepublicans.[358][359]TheyincludeRushLimbaugh,SeanHannity,LarryElder,GlennBeck,MarkLevin,DanaLoesch,HughHewitt,MikeGallagher,NealBoortz,LauraIngraham,DennisPrager,MichaelReagan,HowieCarrandMichaelSavage,aswellasmanylocalcommentatorswhosupportRepublicancauseswhilevocallyopposingtheleft.[360][361][362][363]VicePresidentMikePencealsohadanearlycareerinconservativetalkradio,hostingTheMikePenceShowinthelate1990sbeforesuccessfullyrunningforCongressin2000.[364] Inrecentyears,punditsthroughpodcastingandradioshowslikeBenShapiroandStevenCrowderhavealsogainedfamewithaconsistentlyyoungeraudiencethroughoutletssuchasTheDailyWireandBlazeMedia.[citationneeded] Businesscommunity TheRepublicanPartyhastraditionallybeenapro-businessparty.Itgarnersmajorsupportfromawidevarietyofindustriesfromthefinancialsectortosmallbusinesses.Republicansareabout50percentmorelikelytobeself-employedandaremorelikelytoworkinmanagement.[365][better source needed] AsurveycitedbyTheWashingtonPostin2012statedthat61percentofsmallbusinessownersplannedtovoteforRepublicanpresidentialcandidateMittRomney.Smallbusinessbecameamajorthemeofthe2012RepublicanNationalConvention.[366] Demographics In2006,Republicanswon38%ofthevotersaged18–29.[367]Ina2018study,membersoftheSilentandBabyBoomergenerationsweremorelikelytoexpressapprovalofTrump'spresidencythanthoseofGenerationXandMillennials.[368] Low-incomevotersaremorelikelytoidentifyasDemocratswhilehigh-incomevotersaremorelikelytoidentifyasRepublicans.[369]In2012,Obamawon60%ofvoterswithincomeunder$50,000and45%ofthosewithincomeshigherthanthat.[370]Bushwon41%ofthepoorest20%ofvotersin2004,55%oftherichesttwentypercentand53%ofthoseinbetween.Inthe2006Houseraces,thevoterswithincomesover$50,000were49%Republicanwhilethosewithincomesunderthatamountwere38%Republican.[367] Gender Since1980,a"gendergap"hasseenstrongersupportfortheRepublicanPartyamongmenthanamongwomen.UnmarriedanddivorcedwomenwerefarmorelikelytovoteforDemocratJohnKerrythanforRepublicanGeorgeW.Bushinthe2004presidentialelection.[371]In2006Houseraces,43%ofwomenvotedRepublicanwhile47%ofmendidso.[367]Inthe2010midterms,the"gendergap"wasreduced,withwomensupportingRepublicanandDemocraticcandidatesequally(49%–49%).[372][373]Exitpollsfromthe2012electionsrevealedacontinuedweaknessamongunmarriedwomenfortheGOP,alargeandgrowingportionoftheelectorate.[374]AlthoughwomensupportedObamaoverMittRomneybyamarginof55–44%in2012,Romneyprevailedamongstmarriedwomen,53–46%.[375]Obamawonunmarriedwomen67–31%.[376]AccordingtoaDecember2019study,"whitewomenaretheonlygroupoffemalevoterswhosupportRepublicanPartycandidatesforpresident.Theyhavedonesobyamajorityinallbut2ofthelast18elections".[377] Education In2012,thePewResearchCenterconductedastudyofregisteredvoterswitha35–28Democrat-to-Republicangap.Theyfoundthatself-describedDemocratshadaneight-pointadvantageoverRepublicansamongcollegegraduatesandafourteen-pointadvantageamongallpost-graduatespolled.Republicanshadaneleven-pointadvantageamongwhitemenwithcollegedegrees;Democratshadaten-pointadvantageamongwomenwithdegrees.Democratsaccountedfor36%ofallrespondentswithaneducationofhighschoolorless;Republicansaccountedfor28%.Whenisolatingjustwhiteregisteredvoterspolled,Republicanshadasix-pointadvantageoverallandanine-pointadvantageamongthosewithahighschooleducationorless.[378]Followingthe2016presidentialelection,exitpollsindicatedthat"DonaldTrumpattractedalargeshareofthevotefromwhiteswithoutacollegedegree,receiving72percentofthewhitenon-collegemalevoteand62percentofthewhitenon-collegefemalevote."Overall,52%ofvoterswithcollegedegreesvotedforHillaryClintonin2016,while52%ofvoterswithoutcollegedegreesvotedforTrump.[379] Ethnicity Republicanshavebeenwinningunder15%oftheblackvoteinrecentnationalelections(1980to2016).ThepartyabolishedchattelslaveryunderAbrahamLincoln,defeatedtheSlavePower,andgaveblacksthelegalrighttovoteduringReconstructioninthelate1860s.UntiltheNewDealofthe1930s,blackssupportedtheRepublicanPartybylargemargins.[380]BlackdelegateswereasizableshareofsoutherndelegatestothenationalRepublicanconventionfromReconstructionuntilthestartofthe20thcenturywhentheirsharebegantodecline.[381]BlackvotersbeganshiftingawayfromtheRepublicanPartyafterthecloseofReconstructionthroughtheearly20thcentury,withtheriseofthesouthern-Republicanlily-whitemovement.[382]BlacksshiftedinlargemarginstotheDemocraticPartyinthe1930s,whenmajorDemocraticfiguressuchasEleanorRooseveltbegantosupportcivilrightsandtheNewDealofferedthememploymentopportunities.TheybecameoneofthecorecomponentsoftheNewDealcoalition.IntheSouth,aftertheVotingRightsActtoprohibitracialdiscriminationinelectionswaspassedbyabipartisancoalitionin1965,blackswereabletovoteagainandeversincehaveformedasignificantportion(20–50%)oftheDemocraticvoteinthatregion.[383] Inthe2010elections,twoAfrican-AmericanRepublicans—TimScottandAllenWest—wereelectedtotheHouseofRepresentatives.[384] Inrecentdecades,RepublicanshavebeenmoderatelysuccessfulingainingsupportfromHispanicandAsianAmericanvoters.GeorgeW.Bush,whocampaignedenergeticallyforHispanicvotes,received35%oftheirvotein2000and39%in2004.[385]Theparty'sstronganti-communiststancehasmadeitpopularamongsomeminoritygroupsfromcurrentandformerCommuniststates,inparticularCubanAmericans,KoreanAmericans,ChineseAmericansandVietnameseAmericans.The2007electionofBobbyJindalasGovernorofLouisianawashailedaspathbreaking.[386]JindalbecamethefirstelectedminoritygovernorinLouisianaandthefirststategovernorofIndiandescent.[387]AccordingtoJohnAvlon,in2013,theRepublicanpartywasmoreethnicallydiverseatthestatewideelectedofficiallevelthantheDemocraticPartywas;GOPstatewideelectedofficialsincludedLatinoNevadaGovernorBrianSandovalandAfrican-AmericanU.S.senatorTimScottofSouthCarolina.[388] In2012,88%ofRomneyvoterswerewhitewhile56%ofObamavoterswerewhite.[389]Inthe2008presidentialelection,JohnMcCainwon55%ofwhitevotes,35%ofAsianvotes,31%ofHispanicvotesand4%ofAfricanAmericanvotes.[390]Inthe2010Houseelection,Republicanswon60%ofthewhitevotes,38%ofHispanicvotesand9%oftheAfricanAmericanvote.[391] Asof2020,Republicancandidateshadlostthepopularvoteinsevenoutofthelasteightpresidentialelections.[392]Since1992,theonlytimetheywonthepopularvoteinapresidentialelectionisthe2004UnitedStatespresidentialelection.Demographershavepointedtothesteadydecline(asapercentageoftheeligiblevoters)ofitscorebaseofolder,ruralwhitemen.[393][394][395][396]However,DonaldTrumpmanagedtoincreasenonwhitesupportto26%ofhistotalvotesinthe2020election—thehighestpercentageforaGOPpresidentialcandidatesince1960.[397][398] Religiousbeliefs Religionhasalwaysplayedamajorroleforbothparties,butinthecourseofacentury,theparties'religiouscompositionshavechanged.Religionwasamajordividinglinebetweenthepartiesbefore1960,withCatholics,Jews,andsouthernProtestantsheavilyDemocraticandnortheasternProtestantsheavilyRepublican.Mostoftheolddifferencesfadedawayaftertherealignmentofthe1970sand1980sthatundercuttheNewDealcoalition.[399]Voterswhoattendedchurchweeklygave61%oftheirvotestoBushin2004;thosewhoattendedoccasionallygavehimonly47%;andthosewhoneverattendedgavehim36%.Fifty-ninepercentofProtestantsvotedforBush,alongwith52%ofCatholics(eventhoughJohnKerrywasCatholic).Since1980,alargemajorityofevangelicalshasvotedRepublican;70–80%votedforBushin2000and2004and70%forRepublicanHousecandidatesin2006.Jewscontinuetovote70–80%Democratic.DemocratshavecloselinkswiththeAfricanAmericanchurches,especiallytheNationalBaptists,whiletheirhistoricdominanceamongCatholicvotershaserodedto54–46inthe2010midterms.[400]ThemainlinetraditionalProtestants(Methodists,Lutherans,Presbyterians,EpiscopaliansandDisciples)havedroppedtoabout55%Republican(incontrastto75%before1968). MembersoftheChurchofJesusChristofLatter-daySaintsinUtahandneighboringstatesvoted75%ormoreforGeorgeW.Bushin2000.[401]MembersoftheMormonfaithhadamixedrelationshipwithDonaldTrumpduringhistenure,despite67%ofthemvotingforhimin2016and56%ofthemsupportinghispresidencyin2018,disapprovingofhispersonalbehaviorsuchasthatshownduringtheAccessHollywoodcontroversy.[402]TheiropiniononTrumphadn'taffectedtheirpartyaffiliation,however,as76%ofMormonsin2018expressedpreferenceforgenericRepublicancongressionalcandidates.[403] WhileCatholicRepublicanleaderstrytostayinlinewiththeteachingsoftheCatholicChurchonsubjectssuchasabortion,euthanasia,embryonicstemcellresearchandsame-sexmarriage,theydifferonthedeathpenaltyandcontraception.[404]PopeFrancis'2015encyclicalLaudatosi'sparkedadiscussiononthepositionsofCatholicRepublicansinrelationtothepositionsoftheChurch.ThePope'sencyclicalonbehalfoftheCatholicChurchofficiallyacknowledgesaman-madeclimatechangecausedbyburningfossilfuels.[405]ThePopesaysthewarmingoftheplanetisrootedinathrowawaycultureandthedevelopedworld'sindifferencetothedestructionoftheplanetinpursuitofshort-termeconomicgains.AccordingtoTheNewYorkTimes,Laudatosi'putpressureontheCatholiccandidatesinthe2016election:JebBush,BobbyJindal,MarcoRubioandRickSantorum.[406]WithleadingDemocratspraisingtheencyclical,JamesBretzke,aprofessorofmoraltheologyatBostonCollege,hassaidthatbothsideswerebeingdisingenuous:"IthinkitshowsthatboththeRepublicansandtheDemocrats ...liketousereligiousauthorityand,inthiscase,thePopetosupportpositionstheyhavearrivedatindependently ...Thereisacertaininsincerity,hypocrisyIthink,onbothsides".[407]WhileaPewResearchpollindicatesCatholicsaremorelikelytobelievetheEarthiswarmingthannon-Catholics,51%ofCatholicRepublicansbelieveinglobalwarming(lessthanthegeneralpopulation)andonly24%ofCatholicRepublicansbelieveglobalwarmingiscausedbyhumanactivity.[408] In2016,aslimmajorityofOrthodoxJewsvotedfortheRepublicanParty,followingyearsofgrowingOrthodoxJewishsupportforthepartyduetoitssocialconservatismandincreasinglypro-Israelforeignpolicystance.[409]AnexitpollconductedbytheAssociatedPressfor2020found35%ofMuslimsvotedforDonaldTrump.[410] Republicanpresidents Asof2021,therehavebeenatotalof19Republicanpresidents. # President Portrait State Presidencystartdate Presidencyenddate Timeinoffice 16 AbrahamLincoln(1809–1865) Illinois March4,1861 April15,1865[b] 4 years,42 days 18 UlyssesS.Grant(1822–1885) Illinois March4,1869 March4,1877 8 years,0 days 19 RutherfordB.Hayes(1822–1893) Ohio March4,1877 March4,1881 4 years,0 days 20 JamesA.Garfield(1831–1881) Ohio March4,1881 September19,1881[b] 199 days 21 ChesterA.Arthur(1829–1886) NewYork September19,1881 March4,1885 3 years,166 days 23 BenjaminHarrison(1833–1901) Indiana March4,1889 March4,1893 4 years,0 days 25 WilliamMcKinley(1843–1901) Ohio March4,1897 September14,1901[b] 4 years,194 days 26 TheodoreRoosevelt(1858–1919) NewYork September14,1901 March4,1909 7 years,171 days 27 WilliamHowardTaft(1857–1930) Ohio March4,1909 March4,1913 4 years,0 days 29 WarrenG.Harding(1865–1923) Ohio March4,1921 August2,1923[b] 2 years,151 days 30 CalvinCoolidge(1872–1933) Massachusetts August2,1923 March4,1929 5 years,214 days 31 HerbertHoover(1874–1964) California March4,1929 March4,1933 4 years,0 days 34 DwightD.Eisenhower(1890–1969) Kansas January20,1953 January20,1961 8 years,0 days 37 RichardNixon(1913–1994) California January20,1969 August9,1974[c] 5 years,201 days 38 GeraldFord(1913–2006) Michigan August9,1974 January20,1977 2 years,164 days 40 RonaldReagan(1911–2004) California January20,1981 January20,1989 8 years,0 days 41 GeorgeH.W.Bush(1924–2018) Texas January20,1989 January20,1993 4 years,0 days 43 GeorgeW.Bush(born1946) Texas January20,2001 January20,2009 8 years,0 days 45 DonaldTrump(born1946) NewYork January20,2017 January20,2021 4 years,0 days CurrentSupremeCourtJusticesappointedbyRepublicanpresidents AsofJanuary 2021[update],sixofthenineseatsarefilledbyJusticesappointedbyRepublicanPresidentsGeorgeH.W.Bush,GeorgeW.Bush,andDonaldTrump. Portrait Justice SenateVote Since President ClarenceThomas AssociateJusticeoftheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates 52–48 October3,1991 GeorgeH.W.Bush JohnRobertsJr. ChiefJusticeoftheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates 78–22 September29,2005 GeorgeW.Bush SamuelAlitoJr. AssociateJusticeoftheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates 58–42 January31,2006 NeilGorsuch AssociateJusticeoftheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates 54–45 April10,2017 DonaldTrump BrettKavanaugh AssociateJusticeoftheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates 50–48 October6,2018 AmyConeyBarrett AssociateJusticeoftheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates 52–48 October27,2020 Recentelectoralhistory Incongressionalelections:1950–present Seealso:PartydivisionsofUnitedStatesCongresses UnitedStatesCongressionalElections HouseElectionyear No.ofoverallHouseseatswon +/– Presidency No.ofoverallSenateseatswon +/–[411] SenateElectionyear 1950 199/435 28 HarryS.Truman 47/96 5 1950 1952 221/435 22 DwightD.Eisenhower 49/96 2 1952 1954 203/435 18 47/96 2 1954 1956 201/435 2 47/96 0 1956 1958 153/435 48 34/98 13 1958 1960 175/435 22 JohnF.Kennedy 35/100 1 1960 1962 176/435 1 34/100 3 1962 1964 140/435 36 LyndonB.Johnson 32/100 2 1964 1966 187/435 47 38/100 3 1966 1968 192/435 5 RichardNixon 42/100 5 1968 1970 180/435 12 44/100 2 1970 1972 192/435 12 41/100 2 1972 1974 144/435 48 GeraldFord 38/100 3 1974 1976 143/435 1 JimmyCarter 38/100 1 1976 1978 158/435 15 41/100 3 1978 1980 192/435 34 RonaldReagan 53/100 12 1980 1982 166/435 26 54/100 0 1982 1984 182/435 16 53/100 2 1984 1986 177/435 5 45/100 8 1986 1988 175/435 2 GeorgeH.W.Bush 45/100 1 1988 1990 167/435 8 44/100 1 1990 1992 176/435 9 BillClinton 43/100 0 1992 1994 230/435 54 53/100 8 1994 1996 227/435 3 55/100 2 1996 1998 223/435 4 55/100 0 1998 2000 221/435 2 GeorgeW.Bush 50/100 4[412] 2000 2002 229/435 8 51/100 2 2002 2004 232/435 3 55/100 4 2004 2006 202/435 30 49/100 6 2006 2008 178/435 21 BarackObama 41/100 8 2008 2010 242/435 63 47/100 6 2010 2012 234/435 8 45/100 2 2012 2014 247/435 13 54/100 9 2014 2016 241/435 6 DonaldTrump 52/100 2 2016 2018 200/435 41 53/100 2 2018 2020 213/435 14 JoeBiden 50/100 3 2020 Inpresidentialelections:1856–present Seealso:ListofUnitedStatesRepublicanPartypresidentialtickets Election PresidentialTicket Votes Vote % Electoralvotes +/– Result 1856 JohnC.Frémont/WilliamL.Dayton 1,342,345 33.1 114/296 114 Lost 1860 AbrahamLincoln/HannibalHamlin 1,865,908 39.8 180/303 66 Won 1864 AbrahamLincoln/AndrewJohnson 2,218,388 55.0 212/233 32 Won 1868 UlyssesS.Grant/SchuylerColfax 3,013,421 52.7 214/294 2 Won 1872 UlyssesS.Grant/HenryWilson 3,598,235 55.6 286/352 72 Won 1876 RutherfordB.Hayes/WilliamA.Wheeler 4,034,311 47.9 185/369 134 Won[C] 1880 JamesA.Garfield/ChesterA.Arthur 4,446,158 48.3 214/369 29 Won 1884 JamesG.Blaine/JohnA.Logan 4,856,905 48.3 182/401 32 Lost 1888 BenjaminHarrison/LeviP.Morton 5,443,892 47.8 233/401 51 Won[D] 1892 BenjaminHarrison/WhitelawReid 5,176,108 43.0 145/444 88 Lost 1896 WilliamMcKinley/GarretHobart 7,111,607 51.0 271/447 126 Won 1900 WilliamMcKinley/TheodoreRoosevelt 7,228,864 51.6 292/447 21 Won 1904 TheodoreRoosevelt/CharlesW.Fairbanks 7,630,457 56.4 336/476 44 Won 1908 WilliamHowardTaft/JamesS.Sherman 7,678,395 51.6 321/483 15 Won 1912 WilliamHowardTaft/NicholasM.Butler[d] 3,486,242 23.2 8/531 313 Lost[E] 1916 CharlesE.Hughes/CharlesW.Fairbanks 8,548,728 46.1 254/531 246 Lost 1920 WarrenG.Harding/CalvinCoolidge 16,144,093 60.3 404/531 150 Won 1924 CalvinCoolidge/CharlesG.Dawes 15,723,789 54.0 382/531 22 Won 1928 HerbertHoover/CharlesCurtis 21,427,123 58.2 444/531 62 Won 1932 HerbertHoover/CharlesCurtis 15,761,254 39.7 59/531 385 Lost 1936 AlfLandon/FrankKnox 16,679,543 36.5 8/531 51 Lost 1940 WendellWillkie/CharlesL.McNary 22,347,744 44.8 82/531 74 Lost 1944 ThomasE.Dewey/JohnW.Bricker 22,017,929 45.9 99/531 17 Lost 1948 ThomasE.Dewey/EarlWarren 21,991,292 45.1 189/531 90 Lost 1952 DwightD.Eisenhower/RichardNixon 34,075,529 55.2 442/531 253 Won 1956 DwightD.Eisenhower/RichardNixon 35,579,180 57.4 457/531 15 Won 1960 RichardNixon/HenryCabotLodgeJr. 34,108,157 49.6 219/537 238 Lost 1964 BarryGoldwater/WilliamE.Miller 27,175,754 38.5 52/538 167 Lost 1968 RichardNixon/SpiroAgnew 31,783,783 43.4 301/538 249 Won 1972 RichardNixon/SpiroAgnew 47,168,710 60.7 520/538 219 Won 1976 GeraldFord/BobDole 38,148,634 48.0 240/538 280 Lost 1980 RonaldReagan/GeorgeH.W.Bush 43,903,230 50.7 489/538 249 Won 1984 RonaldReagan/GeorgeH.W.Bush 54,455,472 58.8 525/538 36 Won 1988 GeorgeH.W.Bush/DanQuayle 48,886,097 53.4 426/538 99 Won 1992 GeorgeH.W.Bush/DanQuayle 39,104,550 37.4 168/538 258 Lost 1996 BobDole/JackKemp 39,197,469 40.7 159/538 9 Lost 2000 GeorgeW.Bush/DickCheney 50,456,002 47.9 271/538 112 Won[F] 2004 GeorgeW.Bush/DickCheney 62,040,610 50.7 286/538 15 Won 2008 JohnMcCain/SarahPalin 59,948,323 45.7 173/538 113 Lost 2012 MittRomney/PaulRyan 60,933,504 47.2 206/538 33 Lost 2016 DonaldTrump/MikePence 62,984,828 46.1 304/538 98 Won[G] 2020 DonaldTrump/MikePence 74,216,154 46.9 232/538 72 Lost Seealso Politicsportal Conservatismportal UnitedStatesportal FactionsintheRepublicanParty ListofAfrican-AmericanRepublicans ListofHispanicandLatinoRepublicans ListofstatepartiesoftheRepublicanParty(UnitedStates) ListofUnitedStatesRepublicanPartypresidentialtickets PoliticalpartystrengthinU.S.states Notes ^TheRepublicansaretheminoritypartyintheSenatebecauseofVicePresidentKamalaHarris'stie-breakingvote,asindependentsBernieSandersandAngusKingcaucuswiththe48Democrats,effectivelymakingtheSenate50–50. ^abcdDiedinoffice. ^Resignedfromoffice. ^Incumbentvice-presidentJamesS.Shermanwasre-nominatedasTaft'srunning-mate,butdiedsixdayspriortotheelection.ButlerwaschosentoreceivetheRepublicanvice-presidentialvotesaftertheelection. ^AllmajorRepublicangeographicconstituenciesarevisible:reddominatesthemap—showingRepublicanstrengthintheruralareas—whilethedenserareas(i.e.cities)areblue.NotableexceptionsincludethePacificcoast,NewEngland,theSouthernUnitedStates,areaswithhighNativeAmericanpopulationsandtheheavilyHispanicpartsofthesouthwest ^Similartothe2004map,Republicansdominateinruralareas,makingimprovementsintheAppalachianstates,namelyKentucky,wherethepartywonallbuttwocounties;andWestVirginia,whereeverycountyinthestatevotedRepublican.ThepartyalsoimprovedinmanyruralcountiesinIowa,Wisconsinandothermidwesternstates.Contrarily,thepartysufferedsubstantiallossesinurbanizedareassuchDallas,Harris,FortBend,andTarrantcountiesinTexasandOrangeandSanDiegocountiesinCalifornia,allofwhichwerewonin2004,butlostin2020 ^AlthoughHayeswonamajorityofvotesintheElectoralCollege,DemocratSamuelJ.Tildenwonamajorityofthepopularvote. ^AlthoughHarrisonwonamajorityofvotesintheElectoralCollege,DemocratGroverClevelandwonapluralityofthepopularvote. ^Taftfinishedinthirdplaceinboththeelectoralandpopularvote,behindProgressiveTheodoreRoosevelt. ^AlthoughBushwonamajorityofvotesintheElectoralCollege,DemocratAlGorewonapluralityofthepopularvote. ^AlthoughTrumpwonamajorityofvotesintheElectoralCollege,DemocratHillaryClintonwonapluralityofthepopularvote. 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Furtherreading Mainarticle:BibliographyoftheRepublicanParty AmericanNationalBiography(20volumes,1999)coversallpoliticiansnolongeralive;onlineatmanyacademiclibrariesandatWikipediaLibrary. Aberbach,JoelD.,ed.andPeele,Gillian,ed.CrisisofConservatism?:TheRepublicanParty,theConservativeMovement,andAmericanPoliticsafterBush(OxfordUP,2011).403pp Aistrup,JosephA.TheSouthernStrategyRevisited:RepublicanTop-DownAdvancementintheSouth(1996). Barone,Michael.TheAlmanacofAmericanPolitics2014:TheSenators,theRepresentativesandtheGovernors:TheirRecordsandElectionResults,TheirStatesandDistricts(2013);revisedeverytwoyearssince1975. Black,EarlandMerleBlack.TheRiseofSouthernRepublicans(2002). Bowen,Michael,TheRootsofModernConservatism:Dewey,Taft,andtheBattlefortheSouloftheRepublicanParty.(UofNorthCarolinaPress,2011).xii,254pp. Brennan,MaryC.TurningRightintheSixties:TheConservativeCaptureoftheGOP(1995). Conger,KimberlyH.TheChristianRightinRepublicanStatePolitics(2010)202pages;focusesonArizona,Indiana,andMissouri. Crane,Michael.ThePoliticalJunkieHandbook:TheDefinitiveReferenceBooksonPolitics(2004)coversallthemajorissuesexplainingtheparties'positions. Critchlow,DonaldT.TheConservativeAscendancy:HowtheRepublicanRightRosetoPowerinModernAmerica(2nded.2011). Ehrman,John,TheEighties:AmericaintheAgeofReagan(2005). Fauntroy,MichaelK.RepublicansandtheBlackvote(2007). Fried,J(2008).DemocratsandRepublicans–RhetoricandReality.NewYork:AlgoraPublishing. Frank,Thomas.What'stheMatterwithKansas?HowConservativesWontheHeartofAmerica(2005). Frum,David.What'sRight:TheNewConservativeMajorityandtheRemakingofAmerica(1996). Gould,Lewis(2003).GrandOldParty:AHistoryoftheRepublicans.ISBN 0-375-50741-8. Jensen,Richard(1983).GrassRootsPolitics:Parties,Issues,andVoters,1854–1983.Westport,CT:GreenwoodPress.ISBN 0-8371-6382-X. Judis,JohnB.andRuyTeixeira.TheEmergingDemocraticMajority(2004),twoDemocratsprojectsocialtrends. Kabaservice,Geoffrey.RuleandRuin:TheDownfallofModerationandtheDestructionoftheRepublicanParty,FromEisenhowertotheTeaParty(2012)scholarlyhistoryISBN 978-0199768400. Kleppner,Paul,etal.TheEvolutionofAmericanElectoralSystems(1983),appliespartysystemsmodel. Kurian,GeorgeThomased.TheEncyclopediaoftheRepublicanParty(4vol.,2002). Lamis,AlexanderP.ed.SouthernPoliticsinthe1990s(1999). Levendusky,Matthew.ThePartisanSort:HowLiberalsBecameDemocratsandConservativesBecameRepublicans(2009).ChicagoStudiesinAmericanPolitics. Mason,Robert.TheRepublicanPartyandAmericanPoliticsfromHoovertoReagan(2011). Mason,RobertandMorgan,Iwan(eds.)SeekingaNewMajority:TheRepublicanPartyandAmericanPolitics,1960–1980.(2013)Nashville,TN.VanderbiltUniversityPress.2013. Mayer,GeorgeH.TheRepublicanParty,1854–1966.2ded.(1967). McPherson,JamesM.(1988).BattleCryofFreedom:TheCivilWarEra.Oxford,NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-19-503863-7. Oakes,James.TheCrookedPathtoAbolition:AbrahamLincolnandtheAntislaveryConstitution(W.W.Norton,2021). Oakes,James.FreedomNational:TheDestructionofSlaveryintheUnitedStates,1861–1865(W.W.Norton,2012) Perlstein,Rick.BeforetheStorm:BarryGoldwaterandtheUnmakingoftheAmericanConsensus(2002),broadaccountof1964. Perlstein,Rick.Nixonland:TheRiseofaPresidentandtheFracturingofAmerica(2009). Reinhard,DavidW.TheRepublicanRightsince1945(1983). Rutland,RobertAllen.TheRepublicans:FromLincolntoBush(1996). Sabato,LarryJ.DividedStatesofAmerica:TheSlashandBurnPoliticsofthe2004PresidentialElection(2005). Sabato,LarryJ.andBruceLarson.TheParty'sJustBegun:ShapingPoliticalPartiesforAmerica'sFuture(2001),textbook. Schlesinger,ArthurMeierJr.ed.HistoryofAmericanPresidentialElections,1789–2000(variousmultivolumeeditions,latestis2001).EssaysonthemostimportantelectionarereprintedinSchlesinger,TheComingtoPower:CriticalpresidentialelectionsinAmericanhistory(1972). Shafer,ByronE.andAnthonyJ.Badger,eds.ContestingDemocracy:SubstanceandStructureinAmericanPoliticalHistory,1775–2000(2001),longessaysbyspecialistsoneachtimeperiod: includes:"ToOneorAnotherofThesePartiesEveryManBelongs":1820–1865byJoelH.Silbey;"ChangeandContinuityinthePartyPeriod:1835–1885"byMichaelF.Holt;"TheTransformationofAmericanPolitics:1865–1910"byPeterH.Argersinger;"Democracy,Republicanism,andEfficiency:1885–1930"byRichardJensen;"TheLimitsofFederalPowerandSocialPolicy:1910–1955"byAnthonyJ.Badger;"TheRiseofRightsandRightsConsciousness:1930–1980"byJamesT.Patterson;and"EconomicGrowth,IssueEvolution,andDividedGovernment:1955–2000"byByronE.Shafer. Shafer,ByronandRichardJohnston.TheEndofSouthernExceptionalism(2006),usesstatisticalelectiondataandpollstoargueGOPgrowthwasprimarilyaresponsetoeconomicchange. Steely,Mel.TheGentlemanfromGeorgia:TheBiographyofNewtGingrichMercerUniversityPress,2000.ISBN 0865546711. Sundquist,JamesL.DynamicsofthePartySystem:AlignmentandRealignmentofPoliticalPartiesintheUnitedStates(1983). Wooldridge,AdrianandJohnMicklethwait.TheRightNation:ConservativePowerinAmerica(2004). Externallinks Wikiquotehasquotationsrelatedto:RepublicanParty(UnitedStates) ScholiahasaprofileforRepublicanParty(Q29468). 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