Ivy League - Wikipedia

Ivy League schools are viewed as some of the most prestigious universities in the world. All eight universities place in the top 17 of the 2022 U.S. News ... IvyLeague FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch AthleticconferenceofeighteliteAmericanuniversities Thisarticleisaboutthegroupofcollegesandtheathleticconferencethatgavethegroupitsname.Forotheruses,seeIvyLeague(disambiguation). IvyLeagueEstablished1954AssociationNCAADivisionDivisionISubdivisionFCSMembers8Sportsfielded 33 men's:17 women's:16 RegionNortheastHeadquartersPrinceton,NewJerseyCommissionerRobinHarris[1](since2009)Websiteivyleague.comLocations MapoftheIvyLeagueschools FlagsofIvyLeaguemembersflyoverColumbia'sWienStadium TheIvyLeague(alsoknownasTheAncientEight)[2][3][4]isanAmericancollegiateathleticconferencecomprisingeightprivateresearchuniversitiesintheNortheasternUnitedStates.ThetermIvyLeagueistypicallyusedbeyondthesportscontexttorefertotheeightschoolsasagroupofelitecollegeswithconnotationsofacademicexcellence,selectivityinadmissions,andsocialelitism.[5][6][7][8][9]ItsmembersareBrownUniversity,ColumbiaUniversity,CornellUniversity,DartmouthCollege,HarvardUniversity,theUniversityofPennsylvania,PrincetonUniversity,andYaleUniversity. Whilethetermwasinuseasearlyas1933,itbecameofficialonlyaftertheformationoftheNCAADivision Iathleticconferencein1954.[10]Allofthe"Ivies"exceptCornellwerefoundedduringthecolonialperiod;theythusaccountforsevenofthenineColonialCollegescharteredbeforetheAmericanRevolution.Theothertwocolonialcolleges,RutgersUniversityandtheCollegeofWilliam&Mary,becamepublicinstitutions. IvyLeagueschoolsareviewedassomeofthemostprestigiousuniversitiesintheworld.[11]Alleightuniversitiesplaceinthetop17ofthe2022U.S.News&WorldReportNationalUniversitiesranking,includingfourIviesinthetopfive(Princeton,Columbia,Harvard,andYale).[12]U.S.NewshasnamedamemberoftheIvyLeagueasthebestnationaluniversity[a]everyyearsince2001:asof2020[update],Princetoneleventimes,Harvardtwice,andthetwoschoolstiedforfirstfivetimes.[13]Inthe2021U.S.News&WorldReportBestGlobalUniversityRanking,twoIviesrankinthetop10internationally(HarvardfirstandColumbiasixth).[14]AlleightIvyLeagueschoolsaremembersoftheAssociationofAmericanUniversities,themostprestigiousallianceofAmericanresearchuniversities.[15] Undergraduateenrollmentsrangefromabout4,500toabout15,000,[16]largerthanmostliberalartscollegesandsmallerthanmoststateuniversities.Totalenrollment,whichincludesgraduatestudents,rangesfromapproximately6,600atDartmouthtoover20,000atColumbia,Cornell,Harvard,andPenn.IvyLeaguefinancialendowmentsrangefromBrown's$6.9 billion[17]toHarvard's$53.2 billion,[18]thelargestfinancialendowmentofanyacademicinstitutionintheworld.[19] TheIvyLeagueissimilartoothergroupsofuniversitiesinothercountriessuchasOxbridge[20][21]intheUnitedKingdom,theC9League[22]inChina,andtheImperialUniversities[23]inJapan. Contents 1Members 2History 2.1Yearfounded 2.2Originofthename 2.3Pre-IvyLeague 2.4Historyoftheathleticleague 2.4.119thandearly20thcenturies 2.4.2Post-WorldWarII 2.4.3COVID-19pandemic 3Academics 3.1Admissions 3.2Prestige 3.3Collaboration 4Culture 4.1Fashionandlifestyle 4.2Socialelitism 4.3U.S.presidentsintheIvyLeague 5Studentdemographics 5.1Raceandethnicity 5.2Geographicdistribution 5.3Socioeconomicsandsocialclass 6Competitionandathletics 6.1Teams 6.2Historicalresults 6.3Rivalries 6.3.1Intra-conferencefootballrivalries 6.3.2Extra-conferencefootballrivalries 7Championships 7.1NCAAteamchampionships 8Athleticfacilities 9OtherIvies 9.1IvyPlus 10Seealso 11References 12Externallinks Members IvyLeagueuniversitieshavesomeofthelargestuniversityfinancialendowmentsintheworld,allowingtheuniversitiestoprovideabundantresourcesfortheiracademicprograms,financialaid,andresearchendeavors.Asof2021,HarvardUniversityhadanendowmentof$53.2 billion,thelargestofanyeducationalinstitution.[18]Eachuniversityattractsmillionsofdollarsinannualresearchfundingfromboththefederalgovernmentandprivatesources. Institution Location Undergraduates Postgraduates Endowment(2018) Academicstaff Nickname Colors BrownUniversity Providence,RhodeIsland 7,043 3,214 $4.7 billion[24] 736[25] Bears       ColumbiaUniversity NewYorkCity,NewYork 6,398[b] 24,412 $10.87 billion[24] 4,370[28] Lions     CornellUniversity Ithaca,NewYork 15,043 8,984 $7.23 billion[24] 2,908 BigRed     DartmouthCollege Hanover,NewHampshire 4,459 2,149 $5.49 billion[24] 943 BigGreen     HarvardUniversity Cambridge,Massachusetts[c] 6,788 13,951 $38.30 billion[24] 4,671[29] Crimson       UniversityofPennsylvania Philadelphia,Pennsylvania 10,019 12,413 $13.78 billion[24] 4,464[30] Quakers     PrincetonUniversity Princeton,NewJersey 5,428 2,946 $25.92 billion[24] 1,172 Tigers     YaleUniversity NewHaven,Connecticut 6,092 7,517 $29.35 billion[24] 4,140 Bulldogs     History Yearfounded Institution Foundedas Founded Chartered Firstinstruction Foundingaffiliation HarvardUniversity NewCollege 1636 1650 1642 Nonsectarian,foundedbyCalvinistCongregationalists YaleUniversity CollegiateSchool 1701 1701[31] 1702 Calvinist(Congregationalist) PrincetonUniversity CollegeofNewJersey 1746 1746[32] 1747 Nonsectarian,[33]foundedbyCalvinistPresbyterians[33] ColumbiaUniversity King'sCollege 1754 1754[34] 1754 ChurchofEngland UniversityofPennsylvania CollegeofPhiladelphia[35] 1749or1755[d] 1755 1755 Nonsectarian,[40]foundedbyChurchofEngland/Methodistmembers[41][42] BrownUniversity CollegeintheEnglishColonyofRhodeIslandandProvidencePlantations 1764 1764 1765[43] Baptist,foundingcharterpromises"noreligioustests"and"fulllibertyofconscience"[44] DartmouthCollege 1769 1769[45] 1768 Calvinist(Congregationalist) CornellUniversity 1865 1865 1868[46] Nonsectarian Note:SixoftheeightIvyLeagueuniversitiesconsidertheirfoundingdatestobesimplythedatethattheyreceivedtheirchartersandthusbecamelegalcorporationswiththeauthoritytograntacademicdegrees.HarvardUniversityusesthedatethatthelegislatureoftheMassachusettsBayColonyformallyallocatedfundsforthecreationofacollege.Harvardwascharteredin1650,althoughclasseshadbeenconductedforapproximatelyadecadebythen.TheUniversityofPennsylvaniainitiallyconsidereditsfoundingdatetobe1750;thisistheyearwhichappearsonthefirstiterationoftheuniversityseal.[47]LaterinPenn'searlyhistory,theuniversitychangeditsofficiallyrecognizedfoundingdateto1749,whichwasusedforallofthenineteenthcentury,includingacentennialcelebrationin1849.In1899,Penn'sboardoftrusteesformallyadoptedathirdfoundingdateof1740,inresponsetoapetitionfromPenn'sGeneralAlumniSociety.Pennwascharteredin1755,thesameyearcollegiateclassesbegan."Religiousaffiliation"referstofinancialsponsorship,formalassociationwith,andpromotionby,areligiousdenomination.AlloftheschoolsintheIvyLeagueareprivateandnotcurrentlyassociatedwithanyreligion. WidenerLibrary(1915)atHarvardUniversityConnecticutHall(1752)onYale'sOldCampusAlexanderHall(1894)atPrincetonUniversityLowMemorialLibrary(1895)atColumbiaUniversityCollegeHall(1873)attheUniversityofPennsylvaniaSoldiersMemorialGate(1921)atBrownUniversityBaker-BerryLibrary(1928)atDartmouthCollegeTjadenHall(1883)atCornellUniversity Originofthename "Plantingtheivy"wasacustomaryclassdayceremonyatmanycollegesinthe1800s.In1893,analumnustoldTheHarvardCrimson,"In1850,classdaywasplacedupontheUniversityCalendar....thecustomofplantingtheivy,whiletheivyorationwasdelivered,aroseaboutthistime."[48]AtPenn,graduatingseniorsstartedthecustomofplantingivyatauniversitybuildingeachspringin1873andthatpracticewasformallydesignatedas"IvyDay"in1874.[49]IvyplantingceremoniesarerecordedatYale,SimmonsCollege,andBrynMawrCollegeamongotherschools.[50][51][52]Princeton's"IvyClub"wasfoundedin1879.[53] ThefirstusageofIvyinreferencetoagroupofcollegesisfromsportswriterStanleyWoodward(1895–1965). AproportionofoureasternivycollegesaremeetinglittlefellowsanotherSaturdaybeforeplungingintothestrifeandtheturmoil.— StanleyWoodward,NewYorkTribune,October14,1933,describingthefootballseason[54] ThefirstknowninstanceofthetermIvyLeagueappearedinTheChristianScienceMonitoronFebruary7,1935.[10][55][56]Severalsportswritersandotherjournalistsusedthetermshortlylatertorefertotheoldercolleges,thosealongthenortheasternseaboardoftheUnitedStates,chieflythenineinstitutionswithoriginsdatingfromthecolonialera,togetherwiththeUnitedStatesMilitaryAcademy(WestPoint),theUnitedStatesNavalAcademy,andafewothers.Theseschoolswereknownfortheirlong-standingtraditionsinintercollegiateathletics,oftenbeingthefirstschoolstoparticipateinsuchactivities.Atthistime,however,noneoftheseinstitutionsmadeeffortstoformanathleticleague. AcommonfolketymologyattributesthenametotheRomannumeralforfour(IV),assertingthattherewassuchasportsleagueoriginallywithfourmembers.TheMorrisDictionaryofWordandPhraseOriginshelpedtoperpetuatethisbelief.Thesupposed"IVLeague"wasformedoveracenturyagoandconsistedofHarvard,Yale,Princeton,andafourthschoolthatvariesdependingonwhoistellingthestory.[57][58][59]However,itisclearthatHarvard,Princeton,Columbia,andYalemetonNovember23,1876,attheso-calledMassasoitConventiontodecideonuniformrulesfortheemerginggameofAmericanfootball,whichrapidlyspread.[60] Pre-IvyLeague SevenoutoftheeightIvyLeagueschoolsareColonialColleges:institutionsofhighereducationfoundedpriortotheAmericanRevolution.Cornell,theexceptiontothiscommonality,wasfoundedimmediatelyaftertheAmericanCivilWar.ThesesevencollegesservedastheprimaryinstitutionsofhigherlearninginBritishAmerica'sNorthernandMiddleColonies.Duringthecolonialera,theschool'sfacultiesandfoundingboardswerelargelydrawnfromotherIvyLeagueinstitutions.AlsorepresentedwereBritishgraduatesfromtheUniversityofCambridge,theUniversityofOxford,theUniversityofSt.Andrews,theUniversityofEdinburgh. Theinfluenceoftheseinstitutionsonthefoundingofothercollegesanduniversitiesisnotable.ThisincludedtheSouthernpubliccollegemovementwhichblossomedinthedecadessurroundingtheturnofthe19thcenturywhenGeorgia,SouthCarolina,NorthCarolinaandVirginiaestablishedwhatbecametheflagshipuniversitiesoftheirrespectivestates.In1801,amajorityofthefirstboardoftrusteesforwhatbecametheUniversityofSouthCarolinawerePrincetonalumni.TheyappointedJonathanMaxcy,aBrowngraduate,astheuniversity'sfirstpresident.ThomasCooper,anOxfordalumnusandUniversityofPennsylvaniafacultymember,becamethesecondpresidentoftheSouthCarolinacollege.ThefoundersoftheUniversityofCaliforniacamefromYale,hencetheschoolcolorsofUniversityofCaliforniaareYaleBlueandCaliforniaGold.[61]In1891,CornellprovidedStanfordUniversitywithitsfirstpresident. ApluralityoftheIvyLeagueschoolshaveidentifiableProtestantroots.Harvard,Yale,andDartmouthallheldearlyassociationswiththeCongregationalists.PrincetonwasfinancedbyNewLightPresbyterians,thoughoriginallyledbyaCongregationalist.BrownwasfoundedbyBaptists,thoughtheuniversity'scharterstipulatedthatstudentsshouldenjoy"fulllibertyofconscience."ColumbiawasfoundedbyAnglicans,whocomposed10ofthecollege'sfirst15presidents.PennandCornellwereofficiallynonsectarian,thoughProtestantswerewellrepresentedintheirrespectivefounding.Intheearlynineteenthcentury,thespecificpurposeoftrainingCalvinistministerswashandedofftotheologicalseminaries,butadenominationaltoneandreligioustraditionsincludingcompulsorychapeloftenlastedwellintothetwentiethcentury. "IvyLeague"issometimesusedasawayofreferringtoaneliteclass,eventhoughinstitutionssuchasCornellUniversitywereamongthefirstintheUnitedStatestorejectracialandgenderdiscriminationintheiradmissionspolicies.Thisdatesbacktoatleast1935.[62]Novelsandmemoirsattestthissense,asasocialelite;tosomedegreeindependentoftheactualschools.[63][64] Historyoftheathleticleague 19thandearly20thcenturies YaleUniversity'sfour-oaredcrewteam,posingwiththe1876CentennialRegattatrophy. ThefirstformalathleticleagueinvolvingeventualIvyLeagueschools(oranyUScolleges,forthatmatter)wascreatedin1870withtheformationoftheRowingAssociationofAmericanColleges.TheRAAChostedadefactonationalchampionshipinrowingduringtheperiod1870–1894.In1895,Cornell,Columbia,andPennfoundedtheIntercollegiateRowingAssociation,whichremainstheoldestcollegiateathleticorganizingbodyintheUS.Tothisday,theIRAChampionshipRegattadeterminesthenationalchampioninrowingandalloftheIviesareregularlyinvitedtocompete.The1879Brownvarsitybaseballteam.W.E.White(seatedsecondfromright)mayhavebeenthefirstAfrican-Americantoplaymajorleaguebaseball[65]Abasketballleaguewaslatercreatedin1902,whenColumbia,Cornell,Harvard,Yale,andPrincetonformedtheEasternIntercollegiateBasketballLeague;theywerelaterjoinedbyPennandDartmouth. In1906,theorganizationthateventuallybecametheNationalCollegiateAthleticAssociationwasformed,primarilytoformalizerulesfortheemergingsportoffootball.Butofthe39originalmembercollegesintheNCAA,onlytwoofthem(DartmouthandPenn)laterbecameIvies. InFebruary1903,intercollegiatewrestlingbeganwhenYaleacceptedachallengefromColumbia,publishedintheYaleNews.ThedualmeettookplacepriortoabasketballgamehostedbyColumbiaandresultedinatie.Twoyearslater,PennandPrincetonalsoaddedwrestlingteams,leadingtotheformationofthestudent-runIntercollegiateWrestlingAssociation,nowtheEasternIntercollegiateWrestlingAssociation(EIWA),thefirstandoldestcollegiatewrestlingleagueintheUS.[66]Penn'sICAAtrackchampionsin1907 In1930,Columbia,Cornell,Dartmouth,Penn,PrincetonandYaleformedtheEasternIntercollegiateBaseballLeague;theywerelaterjoinedbyHarvard,Brown,ArmyandNavy. BeforetheformalestablishmentoftheIvyLeague,therewasan"unwrittenandunspokenagreementamongcertainEasterncollegesonathleticrelations".Theearliestreferencetothe"Ivycolleges"camein1933,whenStanleyWoodwardoftheNewYorkHeraldTribuneusedittorefertotheeightcurrentmembersplusArmy.[10]In1935,theAssociatedPressreportedonanexampleofcollaborationbetweentheschools: Theathleticauthoritiesoftheso-called"IvyLeague"areconsideringdrasticmeasurestocurbtheincreasingtendencytowardriotousattacksongoalpostsandotherencroachmentsbyspectatorsonplayingfields.— TheAssociatedPress,TheNewYorkTimes[67] Despitesuchcollaboration,theuniversitiesdidnotseemtoconsidertheformationoftheleagueasimminent.RomeynBerry,Cornell'smanagerofathletics,reportedthesituationinJanuary1936asfollows: Icansaywithcertaintythatinthelastfiveyears—andmarkedlyinthelastthreemonths—therehasbeenastrongdriftamongtheeightortenuniversitiesoftheEastwhichseeagooddealofoneanotherinsporttowardacloserbondofconfidenceandcooperationandtowardtheformationofacommonfrontagainstthethreatofabreakdownintheidealsofamateursportintheinterestsofsupposedexpediency. PleasedonotregardthatstatementasimplyingtheorganizationofanEasternconferenceorevenapoetic"IvyLeague".Thatsortofthingdoesnotseemtobeinthecardsatthemoment.[68] Withinayearofthisstatementandhavingheldmonth-longdiscussionsabouttheproposal,onDecember3,1936,theideaof"theformationofanIvyLeague"gainedenoughtractionamongtheundergraduatebodiesoftheuniversitiesthattheColumbiaDailySpectator,TheCornellDailySun,TheDartmouth,TheHarvardCrimson,TheDailyPennsylvanian,TheDailyPrincetonianandtheYaleDailyNewswouldsimultaneouslyrunaneditorialentitled"NowIstheTime",encouragingthesevenuniversitiestoformtheleagueinanefforttopreservetheidealsofathletics.[69]Partoftheeditorialreadasfollows: TheIvyLeagueexistsalreadyinthemindsofagoodmanyofthoseconnectedwithfootball,andwefailtoseewhythesevenschoolsconcernedshouldbesatisfiedtoletitexistasapurelynebulousentitywheretherearesomanypracticalbenefitswhichwouldbepossibleunderdefiniteorganizedassociation.Thesevencollegesinvolvedfallnaturallytogetherbyreasonoftheircommoninterestsandsimilargeneralstandardsandbydintoftheirestablishednationalreputationtheyareinaparticularlyadvantageouspositiontoassumeleadershipforthepreservationoftheidealsofintercollegiateathletics.[70] TheIvieshavebeencompetinginsportsaslongasintercollegiatesportshaveexistedintheUnitedStates.RowingteamsfromHarvardandYalemetinthefirstsportingeventheldbetweenstudentsoftwoU.S.collegesonLakeWinnipesaukee,NewHampshire,onAugust3,1852.Harvard'steam,"TheOneida",wontheraceandwaspresentedwithtrophyblackwalnutoarsfromthen-presidentialnomineeGeneralFranklinPierce.Theproposaldidnotsucceed—onJanuary11,1937,theathleticauthoritiesattheschoolsrejectedthe"possibilityofaheptagonalleagueinfootballsuchastheseinstitutionsmaintaininbasketball,baseballandtrack."However,theynotedthattheleague"hassuchpromisingpossibilitiesthatitmaynotbedismissedandmustbethesubjectoffurtherconsideration."[71] Post-WorldWarII In1945thepresidentsoftheeightschoolssignedthefirstIvyGroupAgreement,whichsetacademic,financial,andathleticstandardsforthefootballteams.TheprinciplesestablishedreiteratedthoseputforwardintheHarvard-Yale-Princetonpresidents'Agreementof1916.TheIvyGroupAgreementestablishedthecoretenetthatanapplicant'sabilitytoplayonateamwouldnotinfluenceadmissionsdecisions: ThemembersoftheGroupreaffirmtheirprohibitionofathleticscholarships.Athletesshallbeadmittedasstudentsandawardedfinancialaidonlyonthebasisofthesameacademicstandardsandeconomicneedasareappliedtoallotherstudents.[72] In1954,thepresidentsextendedtheIvyGroupAgreementtoallintercollegiatesports,effectivewiththe1955–56basketballseason.ThisisgenerallyreckonedastheformalformationoftheIvyLeague.Aspartofthetransition,Brown,theonlyIvythathadnotjoinedtheEIBL,didsoforthe1954–55season.Ayearlater,theIvyLeagueabsorbedtheEIBL.TheIvyLeagueclaimstheEIBL'shistoryasitsown.ThroughtheEIBL,itistheoldestbasketballconferenceinDivisionI.[73][74] RadcliffeCollege,oneoftheSevenSisters,fullyintegratedwithHarvardin1999. Aslateasthe1960smanyoftheIvyLeagueuniversities'undergraduateprogramsremainedopenonlytomen,withCornelltheonlyonetohavebeencoeducationalfromitsfounding(1865)andColumbiabeingthelast(1983)tobecomecoeducational.Beforetheybecamecoeducational,manyoftheIvyschoolsmaintainedextensivesocialtieswithnearbySevenSisterswomen'scolleges,includingweekendvisits,dancesandpartiesinvitingIvyandSevenSistersstudentstomingle.ThiswasthecasenotonlyatBarnardCollegeandRadcliffeCollege,whichareadjacenttoColumbiaandHarvard,butatmoredistantinstitutionsaswell.ThemovieAnimalHouseincludesasatiricversionoftheformerlycommonvisitsbyDartmouthmentoMassachusettstomeetSmithandMountHolyokewomen,adriveofmorethantwohours.AsnotedbyIreneHarwarth,MindiMaline,andElizabethDeBra,"The'SevenSisters'wasthenamegiventoBarnard,Smith,MountHolyoke,Vassar,BrynMawr,Wellesley,andRadcliffe,becauseoftheirparalleltotheIvyLeaguemen'scolleges."[75] In1982theIvyLeagueconsideredaddingtwomembers,withArmy,Navy,andNorthwesternasthemostlikelycandidates;ifithaddoneso,theleaguecouldprobablyhaveavoidedbeingmovedintotherecentlycreatedDivisionI-AA(nowDivisionIFCS)forfootball.[76]In1983,followingtheadmissionofwomentoColumbiaCollege,ColumbiaUniversityandBarnardCollegeenteredintoanathleticconsortiumagreementbywhichstudentsfrombothschoolscompetetogetheronColumbiaUniversitywomen'sathleticteams,whichreplacedthewomen'steamspreviouslysponsoredbyBarnard.YalerowingteamintheannualHarvard–YaleRegatta,2007WhenArmyandNavydepartedtheEasternIntercollegiateBaseballLeaguein1992,nearlyallintercollegiatecompetitioninvolvingtheeightschoolsbecameunitedundertheIvyLeaguebanner.Thetwomajorexceptionsarewrestling,withtheIviesthatsponsorwrestling—allexceptDartmouthandYale—membersoftheEIWAandhockey,withtheIviesthatsponsorhockey—allexceptPennandColumbia—membersofECACHockey. COVID-19pandemic TheIvyLeaguewasthefirstathleticconferencetorespondtotheCOVID-19pandemicbyshuttingdownallathleticcompetitioninMarch2020,leavingmanySpringschedulesunfinished.[77]TheFall2020schedulewascanceledinJuly,andwintersportswerecanceledbeforeThanksgiving.[77]Ofthe357men'sbasketballteamsinDivisionI,onlytendidnotplay;theIvyLeaguemadeupeightofthoseten.[77]BygivingupitsautomaticqualifyingbidtoMarchMadness,theIvyLeagueforfeitedatleast$280,000inNCAAbasketballfunds.[77]Asaconsequenceofthepandemic,anunprecedentednumberofstudentathletesintheIvyLeagueeithertransferredtootherschools,ortemporarilyunenrolledinhopesofmaintainingtheireligibilitytoplaypost-pandemic.[77]SomeIvyalumniexpresseddispleasurewiththeLeague'sposition.[77]InFebruary2021itwasreportedthatYaledeclinedamulti-milliondollarofferfromalumJosephTsaitocreateasequestered"bubble"forthelacrosseteam.[77]TheleagueannouncedinaMay2021jointstatementthat"regularathleticcompetition"wouldresume"acrossallsports"infall2021.[78] Academics Admissions Admissionstatistics(Classof2025) Applicants Admissionrates Brown 46,568 5.4%[79] Columbia 60,551 3.7%[79] Cornell 67,380 8.7%[80] Dartmouth 28,357 6.2%[79] Harvard 57,435 3.4%[79] Penn 56,333 5.7%[79] Princeton 37,601 4.0%[79] Yale 46,905 4.6%[79] NassauHall(1756)atPrinceton TheIvyLeagueschoolsarehighlyselective,withallschoolsreportingacceptanceratesatorbelowapproximately10%atalloftheuniversities.Fortheclassof2025,sixoftheeightschoolsreportedacceptanceratesbelow6%.[81][82][83][84][85][86]Admittedstudentscomefromaroundtheworld,althoughthosefromtheNortheasternUnitedStatesmakeupasignificantproportionofstudents.[87][88][89] In2021,alleightIvyLeagueschoolsrecordedrecordhighnumbersofapplicationsandrecordlowacceptancerates.[81][90][82][83][84][91]Yearoveryearincreasesinthenumberofapplicantsrangedfroma14.5%increaseatPrincetontoa51%increaseatColumbia.[85][86] Therehavebeenarguments[bywhom?]thatIvyLeagueschoolsdiscriminateagainstAsian-Americancandidates.Forexample,inAugust2020,theUSJusticeDepartmentarguedthatYaleUniversitydiscriminatedagainstAsian-Americancandidatesonthebasisoftheirrace,achargetheuniversitydenied.[92]Harvardwassubjecttoasimilarchallengein2019fromanAsianAmericanstudentgroup,withregardtowhichafederaljudgefoundHarvardtobeincompliancewithconstitutionalrequirements.Thestudentgrouphassinceappealedthatdecision,andtheappealisstillpendingasofAugust2020.[92] Prestige Seealso:ListofNobellaureatesbyuniversityaffiliation UniversityHall(1770)atBrownUniversity MembersoftheLeaguehavebeenhighlyrankedbyvariousuniversityrankings.AlloftheIvyLeagueschoolsareconsistentlyrankedwithinthetop20nationaluniversitiesbytheU.S.News&WorldReportBestCollegesRanking.[93]TheWallStreetJournalrankingsplacealleightoftheuniversitieswithinthetop15inthecountry.[94] Nationalacademicrankings University(inalphabeticalorder) Forbes(2021)[95] USNWR(2022)[96] WSJ/THE (2021)[97] Brown 26 14 5 Columbia 5 2 15 Cornell 13 17 9 Dartmouth 11 13 12 Harvard 7 2 1 Penn 9 8 13 Princeton 3 1 7 Yale 2 5 3 Further,IvyLeaguemembershaveproducedmanyNobellaureatesandwinnersoftheNobelMemorialPrizeinEconomicSciences. Collaboration Collaborationbetweenthememberschoolsisillustratedbythestudent-ledIvyCouncilthatmeetsinthefallandspringofeachyear,withrepresentativesfromeveryIvyLeagueschool.ThegoverningbodyoftheIvyLeagueistheCouncilofIvyGrouppresidents,composedofeachuniversitypresident.Duringmeetings,thepresidentsdiscusscommonproceduresandinitiativesfortheiruniversities. TheuniversitiescollaborateacademicallythroughtheIvyPlusExchangeScholarProgram,whichallowsstudentstocross-registeratoneoftheIviesoranothereligibleschoolsuchastheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,theUniversityofChicago,theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,andStanfordUniversity.[98] Culture Fashionandlifestyle Seealso:IvyLeague(clothes),Preppy,TakeIvy,andIvyLeague(haircut) AnillustrationofCornell'srowingteam.RowingisoftenassociatedwithtraditionalupperclassNewEnglandculture DifferentfashiontrendsandstyleshaveemergedfromIvyLeaguecampusesovertime,andfashiontrendssuchasIvyLeagueandpreppyarestylesoftenassociatedwiththeIvyLeagueanditsculture. IvyLeaguestyleisastyleofmen'sdress,popularduringthelate1950s,believedtohaveoriginatedonIvyLeaguecampuses.TheclothingstoresJ.PressandBrooksBrothersrepresentperhapsthequintessentialIvyLeaguedressmanner.TheIvyLeaguestyleissaidtobethepredecessortothepreppystyleofdress. Preppyfashionstartedaround1912tothelate1940sand1950sastheIvyLeaguestyleofdress.[99]J.Pressrepresentsthequintessentialpreppyclothingbrand,stemmingfromthecollegiatetraditionsthatshapedthepreppysubculture.Inthemid-twentiethcenturyJ.PressandBrooksBrothers,bothbeingpioneersinpreppyfashion,hadstoresonIvyLeagueschoolcampuses,includingHarvard,Princeton,andYale. SometypicalpreppystylesalsoreflecttraditionalupperclassNewEnglandleisureactivities,suchasequestrian,sailingoryachting,hunting,fencing,rowing,lacrosse,tennis,golf,andrugby.LongtimeNewEnglandoutdooroutfitters,suchasL.L.Bean,becamepartofconventionalpreppystyle.[100]Thiscanbeseeninsportstripesandcolors,equestrianclothing,plaidshirts,fieldjacketsandnautical-themedaccessories.VacationinginPalmBeach,Florida,longpopularwiththeEastCoastupperclass,ledtotheemergenceofbrightcolorscombinationsinleisurewearseeninsomebrandssuchasLillyPulitzer.[100]Bythe1980s,otherbrandssuchasLacoste,IzodandDooney&Bourkebecameassociatedwithpreppystyle.[101] Today,thesestylescontinuetobepopularonIvyLeaguecampuses,throughouttheU.S.,andabroad,andareoftentimeslabeledas"ClassicAmericanstyle"or"TraditionalAmericanstyle".[102][103] Socialelitism AcartoonportraitofthestereotypicalColumbiaman,1902 TheIvyLeagueisoftenassociatedwiththeupperclassWhiteAnglo-SaxonProtestantcommunityoftheNortheast,Oldmoney,ormoregenerally,theAmericanuppermiddleandupperclasses.[104][105][106][107]AlthoughmostIvyLeaguestudentscomefromupper-middleandupper-classfamilies,thestudentbodyhasbecomeincreasinglymoreeconomicallyandethnicallydiverse.Theuniversitiesprovidesignificantfinancialaidtohelpincreasetheenrollmentoflowerincomeandmiddleclassstudents.[108]Severalreportssuggest,however,thattheproportionofstudentsfromless-affluentfamiliesremainslow.[109][110] Phrasessuchas"IvyLeaguesnobbery"[111]areubiquitousinnonfictionandfictionwritingoftheearlyandmid-twentiethcentury.ALouisAuchinclosscharacterdreads"thearidityofsnobberywhichheknewinfectedtheIvyLeaguecolleges".[63]Abusinesswriter,warningin2001againstdiscriminatoryhiring,presentedacautionaryexampleofanattitudetoavoid(thebracketedphraseishis): WeIvyLeaguers[read:mostlywhiteandAnglo]knowthatanIvyLeaguedegreeisamarkofthekindofpersonwhoislikelytosucceedinthisorganization.[112] ThephraseIvyLeaguehistoricallyhasbeenperceivedasconnectednotonlywithacademicexcellencebutalsowithsocialelitism.In1936,sportswriterJohnKierannotedthatstudenteditorsatHarvard,Yale,Columbia,Princeton,Cornell,Dartmouth,andPennwereadvocatingtheformationofanathleticassociation.Inurgingthemtoconsider"ArmyandNavyandGeorgetownandFordhamandSyracuseandBrownandPitt"ascandidatesformembership,heexhorted: ItwouldbewellfortheproponentsoftheIvyLeaguetomakeitclear(tothemselvesespecially)thattheproposedgroupwouldbeinclusivebutnot"exclusive"asthistermisusedwithaslightup-tiltingofthetipofthenose.[113] AspectsofIvystereotypingwereillustratedduringthe1988presidentialelection,whenGeorgeH.W.Bush(Yale'48)deridedMichaelDukakis(graduateofHarvardLawSchool)forhaving"foreign-policyviewsborninHarvardYard'sboutique."[114]NewYorkTimescolumnistMaureenDowdasked"Wasn'tthisacaseofthepotcallingthekettleelite?"Bushexplained,however,that,unlikeHarvard,Yale'sreputationwas"sodiffuse,thereisn'tasymbol,Idon'tthink,intheYalesituation,anysymbolisminit....Harvardboutiquetomehastheconnotationofliberalismandelitism"andsaidHarvardinhisremarkwasintendedtorepresent"aphilosophicalenclave"andnotastatementaboutclass.[115]ColumnistRussellBakeropinedthat"VotersinclinedtoloatheandfeareliteIvyLeagueschoolsrarelymakefinedistinctionsbetweenYaleandHarvard.Alltheyknowisthatbotharefullofrich,fancy,stuck-upandpossiblydangerousintellectualswhoneversitdowntosupperintheirundershirtnomatterhowhottheweathergets."[116]Still,thenextfiveconsecutivepresidentsallattendedIvyLeagueschoolsforatleastpartoftheireducation—GeorgeH.W.Bush(Yaleundergrad),BillClinton(YaleLawSchool),GeorgeW.Bush(Yaleundergrad,HarvardBusinessSchool),BarackObama(Columbiaundergrad,HarvardLawSchool),andDonaldTrump(Pennundergrad). U.S.presidentsintheIvyLeague Seealso:ListofPresidentsoftheUnitedStatesbyeducation FranklinDelanoRoosevelt,thirdfromleft,toprow,withhisHarvardclassin1904 Ofthe45[e]personswhohaveservedasPresidentoftheUnitedStates,16havegraduatedfromanIvyLeagueuniversity.Ofthem,eighthavedegreesfromHarvard,fivefromYale,threefromColumbia,twofromPrincetonandonefromPenn.TwelvepresidentshaveearnedIvyundergraduatedegrees.Fouroftheseweretransferstudents:WoodrowWilsontransferredfromDavidsonCollege,BarackObamatransferredfromOccidentalCollege,DonaldTrumptransferredfromFordhamUniversity,andJohnF.KennedytransferredfromPrincetontoHarvard.JohnAdamswasthefirstpresidenttograduatefromcollege,graduatingfromHarvardin1755. President School(s) Graduationyear JohnAdams HarvardUniversity 1755 JamesMadison PrincetonUniversity 1771 JohnQuincyAdams HarvardUniversity 1787 WilliamHenryHarrison UniversityofPennsylvania (withdrew,classof1793) RutherfordB.Hayes HarvardLawSchool 1845 TheodoreRoosevelt HarvardUniversityColumbiaLawSchool 1880(withdrew,classof1882)[117] WilliamHowardTaft YaleUniversity 1878 WoodrowWilson PrincetonUniversity 1879 FranklinD.Roosevelt HarvardUniversityColumbiaLawSchool 1903(withdrew,classof1907)[118] JohnF.Kennedy PrincetonUniversityHarvardUniversity (withdrew)1940 GeraldFord YaleLawSchool 1941 GeorgeH.W.Bush YaleUniversity 1948 BillClinton YaleLawSchool 1973 GeorgeW.Bush YaleUniversityHarvardBusinessSchool 19681975 BarackObama ColumbiaUniversityHarvardLawSchool 19831991 DonaldTrump UniversityofPennsylvania 1968 Studentdemographics Raceandethnicity Racialand/orethnicbackground(2011)[119] College Asian Black Hispanic(ofanyrace) Non-HispanicWhite Other/international Unknown Brown 14% 6% 10% 45% 14% 11% Columbia 15% 8% 13% 41% 17% 6% Cornell 17% 6% 10% 46% 13% 10% Dartmouth 14% 8% 9% 48% 13% 8% Harvard 12% 7% 9% 45% 22% 6% Penn 19% 7% 8% 46% 13% 7% Princeton 18% 7% 8% 49% 15% 3% Yale 15% 6% 8% 58% 5% 8% UnitedStates[120] 5% 13% 17% 63% 4% — Geographicdistribution StudentsoftheIvyLeaguelargelyhailfromtheNortheast,largelyfromtheNewYorkCity,Boston,andPhiladelphiaareas.AsalleightIvyLeagueuniversitiesarewithintheNortheast,mostgraduatesendupworkingandresidingintheNortheastaftergraduation.AnunscientificsurveyofHarvardseniorsfromtheClassof2013foundthat42%hailedfromtheNortheastand55%overallwereplanningonworkingandresidingintheNortheast.[121]BostonandNewYorkCityaretraditionallywheremanyIvyLeaguegraduatesendupliving.[122][123] Socioeconomicsandsocialclass Familyincomeofstudents(2013)[124] College Median Top1% Top10% Top20% Bottom20% Brown $204,200 19% 60% 70% 4.1% Columbia $150,900 13% 48% 62% 5.1% Cornell $151,600 10% 48% 64% 3.8% Dartmouth $200,400 21% 58% 69% 2.6% Harvard $168,800 15% 53% 67% 4.5% Penn $195,500 19% 45% 58% 3.3% Princeton $186,100 17% 58% 72% 2.2% Yale $192,600 19% 57% 69% 2.1% HarvardLawSchoolstudentscirca1895 StudentsoftheIvyLeague,bothgraduateandundergraduate,comeprimarilyfromuppermiddleandupperclassfamilies.Inrecentyears,however,theuniversitieshavelookedtowardsincreasingsocioeconomicandclassdiversity,byprovidinggreaterfinancialaidpackagestoapplicantsfromlower,working,andlowermiddleclassAmericanfamilies.[108][125] In2013,46%ofHarvardundergraduatestudentscamefromfamiliesinthetop3.8%ofallAmericanhouseholds(i.e.,over$200,000annualincome).[125]In2012,thebottom25%oftheAmericanincomedistributionaccountedforonly3–4%ofstudentsatBrown,afigurethathadremainedunchangedsince1992.[126]In2014,69%ofincomingfreshmenstudentsatYaleCollegecamefromfamilieswithannualincomesofover$120,000,puttingmostYaleCollegestudentsintheuppermiddleand/orupperclass.(ThemedianhouseholdincomeintheU.S.in2013was$52,700.)[127] Inthe2011–2012academicyear,studentsqualifyingforPellGrants(federallyfundedscholarshipsonthebasisofneed)comprised20%atHarvard,18%atCornell,17%atPenn,16%atColumbia,15%atDartmouthandBrown,14%atYale,and12%atPrinceton.Nationally,35%ofAmericanuniversitystudentsqualifyforaPellGrant.[128] Competitionandathletics TheYaleBowlduringafootballgameagainstCornell Ivychampionsarerecognizedinsixteenmen'sandsixteenwomen'ssports.Insomesports,Ivyteamsactuallycompeteasmembersofanotherleague,theIvychampionshipbeingdecidedbyisolatingthemembers'recordsinplayagainsteachother;forexample,thesixleaguememberswhoparticipateinicehockeydosoasmembersofECACHockey,butanIvychampionisextrapolatedeachyear.Inonesport,rowing,theIviesrecognizeteamchampionsforeachsexinbothheavyweightandlightweightdivisions.WhiletheIntercollegiateRowingAssociationgovernsallfoursex-andbodyweight-baseddivisionsofrowing,theonlyonethatissanctionedbytheNCAAiswomen'sheavyweight.TheIvyLeaguewasthelastDivisionIbasketballconferencetoinstituteaconferencepostseasontournament;thefirsttournamentsformenandwomenwereheldattheendofthe2016–17season.ThetournamentsonlyawardtheIvyLeagueautomaticbidsfortheNCAADivision IMen'sandWomen'sBasketballTournaments;theofficialconferencechampionshipscontinuetobeawardedbasedsolelyonregular-seasonresults.[129]Beforethe2016–17season,theautomaticbidswerebasedsolelyonregular-seasonrecord,withaone-gameplayoff(orseriesofone-gameplayoffsifmorethantwoteamsweretied)heldtodeterminetheautomaticbid.[130]TheIvyLeagueisoneofonlytwoDivisionIconferenceswhichawardtheirofficialbasketballchampionshipssolelyonregular-seasonresults;theotheristheSoutheasternConference.[131][132]Sinceitsinception,anIvyLeagueschoolhasyettowineitherthemen'sorwomen'sDivisionINCAABasketballTournament. BrownplaysColumbiainbasketball,2020 Onaverage,eachIvyschoolhasmorethan35varsityteams.Alleightareinthetop20fornumberofsportsofferedforbothmenandwomenamongDivisionIschools.UnlikemostDivisionIathleticconferences,theIvyLeagueprohibitsthegrantingofathleticscholarships;allscholarshipsawardedareneed-based(financialaid).[133]Inaddition,theIvieshavearigidpolicyagainstredshirting,evenformedicalreasons;anathletelosesayearofeligibilityforeveryyearenrolledatanIvyinstitution.[134]Additionally,theIviesprohibitgraduatestudentsfromparticipatinginintercollegiateathletics,eveniftheyhaveremainingathleticeligibility.[135]Theonlyexceptiontothebanongraduatestudentsisthatseniorsgraduatingin2021arebeingallowedtoplayattheircurrentinstitutionsasgraduatestudentsin2021–22.Thiswasaone-time-onlyresponsetotheIviesshuttingdownmostintercollegiateathleticsin2020–21duetoCOVID-19.[136]IvyLeagueteams'non-leaguegamesareoftenagainstthemembersofthePatriotLeague,whichhavesimilaracademicstandardsandathleticscholarshippolicies(althoughunliketheIvies,thePatriotLeagueallowsbothredshirtingandplaybyeligiblegraduatestudents). Inthetimebeforerecruitingforcollegesportsbecamedominatedbythoseofferingathleticscholarshipsandloweredacademicstandardsforathletes,theIvyLeaguewassuccessfulinmanysportsrelativetootheruniversitiesinthecountry.Inparticular,Princetonwon26recognizednationalchampionshipsincollegefootball(lastin1935),andYalewon18(lastin1927).[137]BothofthesetotalsareconsiderablyhigherthanthoseofotherhistoricallystrongprogramssuchasAlabama,whichhaswon15,NotreDame,whichclaims11butiscreditedbymanysourceswith13,andUSC,whichhaswon11.Yale,whosecoachWalterCampwasthe"FatherofAmericanFootball,"heldontoitsplaceastheall-timewinsleaderincollegefootballthroughouttheentire20thcentury,butwasfinallypassedbyMichiganonNovember10,2001.Harvard,Yale,PrincetonandPenneachhaveoveradozenformerscholar-athletesenshrinedintheCollegeFootballHallofFame.CurrentlyDartmouthholdstherecordformostIvyLeaguefootballtitles,with18,followedcloselybyHarvardandPenn,eachwith17titles.Inaddition,theIvyLeaguehasproducedSuperBowlwinnersKevinBoothe(Cornell),two-timeProBowlerZakDeOssie(Brown),SeanMorey(Brown),All-ProselectionMattBirk(Harvard),CalvinHill(Yale),DerrickHarmon(Cornell)and1999"Mr.Irrelevant"JimFinn(Penn). Penn(left)playsCornell(right),2019 Beginningwiththe1982footballseason,theIvyLeaguehascompetedinDivisionI-AA(renamedFCSin2006).[138][139]TheIvyLeagueteamsareeligiblefortheFCStournamentheldtodeterminethenationalchampion,andtheleaguechampioniseligibleforanautomaticbid(andanyotherteammayqualifyforanat-largeselection)fromtheNCAA.However,sinceitsinceptionin1956,theIvyLeaguehasnotplayedanypostseasongamesduetoconcernsabouttheextendedDecemberschedule'seffectsonacademics.(Thelastpostseasongameforamemberwas88 yearsago,the1934RoseBowl,wonbyColumbia.)[140][141]Forthisreason,anyIvyLeagueteaminvitedtotheFCSplayoffsturnsdownthebid.TheIvyLeagueplaysastrict10-gameschedule,comparedtootherFCSmembers'schedulesof11(or,insomeseasons,12)regularseasongames,pluspost-season,whichexpandedin2013tofiveroundswith24teams,withabyeweekforthetopeightteams.FootballistheonlysportinwhichtheIvyLeaguedeclinestocompeteforanationaltitle. Inadditiontovarsityfootball,Penn,PrincetonandCornellalsofieldteamsinthe10-teamCollegiateSprintFootballLeague,inwhichallplayersmustweigh178poundsorless.WithPrincetoncancelingtheprogramin2016,[142]Pennisthelastremainingfoundingmembersoftheleaguefromits1934debut,andCornellisthenext-oldest,joiningin1937.YaleandColumbiapreviouslyfieldedteamsintheleaguebutnolongerdoso. Teams TeamsinIvyLeaguecompetition[143] Sport Men's Women's Baseball 8 - Basketball 8 8 Cross-country 8 8 Fencing 6 7 Fieldhockey - 8 Football 8 - Golf 8 7 Icehockey 6 6 Lacrosse 7 8 Rowing 7 7 Soccer 8 8 Softball - 8 Squash 8 8 Swimminganddiving 7 8 Tennis 8 8 Trackandfield(indoor) 8 8 Trackandfield(outdoor) 8 8 Volleyball - 8 Wrestling 6 - TheIvyLeagueishometosomeoftheoldestcollegerugbyteamsintheUnitedStates.Althoughtheseteamsarenot"varsity"sports,theycompeteannuallyintheIvyRugbyConference. Historicalresults Totalchampionshipswon(1956–2017) Institution IvyLeaguechampionships NCAAteamchampionships PrincetonUniversityTigers 476 12 HarvardUniversityCrimson 415 4 CornellUniversityBigRed 231 5 UniversityofPennsylvaniaQuakers 210 3 YaleUniversityBulldogs 202 3 DartmouthCollegeBigGreen 140 3 BrownUniversityBears 123 7 ColumbiaUniversityLions 105 11 ThetableaboveincludesthenumberofteamchampionshipswonfromthebeginningofofficialIvyLeaguecompetition(1956–57academicyear)through2016–17.PrincetonandHarvardhaveonoccasionwontenormoreIvyLeaguetitlesinayear,anachievementaccomplished10timesbyHarvardand24timesbyPrinceton,includingaconference-record15championshipsin2010–11.Onlyoncehasoneoftheothersixschoolsearnedmorethaneighttitlesinasingleacademicyear(Cornellwithninein2005–06).Inthe38academicyearsbeginning1979–80,Princetonhasaveraged10championshipsperyear,one-thirdoftheconferencetotalof33sponsoredsports.[144] Inthe12academicyearsbeginning2005–06Princetonhaswonchampionshipsin31differentsports,allexceptwrestlingandmen'stennis.[145] Rivalries CornellandPrincetonarelongtimelacrosserivals PerformanceofaGreekplayatHarvardStadiumin1903 RivalriesrundeepintheIvyLeague.Forinstance,PrincetonandPennarelongstandingmen'sbasketballrivals;[146]"PuckFrinceton"T-shirtsarewornbyQuakerfansatgames.[147]Inonly11instancesinthehistoryofIvyLeaguebasketball,andinonlysevenseasonssinceYale's1962title,hasneitherPennnorPrincetonwonatleastashareoftheIvyLeaguetitleinbasketball,[148]withPrincetonchampionorco-champion26timesandPenn25times.Pennhaswon21outright,Princeton19outright.Princetonhasbeenaco-champion7times,sharing4ofthosetitleswithPenn(these4seasonsrepresenttheonlytimesPennhasbeenco-champion).Harvardwonitsfirsttitleofeithervarietyin2011,losingadramaticplay-offgametoPrincetonfortheNCAAtournamentbid,thenreboundedtowinoutrightchampionshipsin2012,2013,and2014.Harvardalsowonthe2013GreatAlaskaShootout,defeatingTCUtobecometheonlyIvyLeagueschooltowinthenow-defuncttournament. RivalriesexistbetweenotherIvyleagueteamsinothersports,includingCornellandHarvardinhockey,HarvardandPrincetoninswimming,andHarvardandPenninfootball(PennandHarvardhavewon28IvyLeagueFootballChampionshipssince1982,Penn-16;Harvard-12).DuringthattimePennhashad8undefeatedIvyLeagueFootballChampionshipsandHarvardhashad6undefeatedIvyLeagueFootballChampionships.[149]Inmen'slacrosse,CornellandPrincetonareperennialrivals,andtheyaretwoofthreeIvyLeagueteamstohavewontheNCAAtournament.[150]In2009,theBigRedandTigersmetfortheir70thgameintheNCAAtournament.[151]NoteamotherthanHarvardorPrincetonhaswonthemen'sswimmingconferencetitleoutrightsince1972,althoughYale,Columbia,andCornellhavesharedthetitlewithHarvardandPrincetonduringthistime.Similarly,noprogramotherthanPrincetonandHarvardhaswonthewomen'sswimmingchampionshipsinceBrown's1999title.PrincetonorCornellhaswoneveryindoorandoutdoortrackandfieldchampionship,bothmen'sandwomen's,everyyearsince2002–03,withoneexception(Columbiawomenwontheindoorchampionshipin2012).HarvardandYalearefootballandcrewrivalsalthoughthecompetitionhasbecomeunbalanced;Harvardhaswonallbutoneofthelast15footballgamesandallbutoneofthelast13crewraces. TheIngallsRink,Yale'sprimaryhockeyfacility Intra-conferencefootballrivalries Teams Name Trophy Firstmet Gamesplayed Seriesrecord Columbia-Cornell EmpireStateBowl EmpireCup 1889 103games 36–64–3 Cornell-Dartmouth None None 1900 103games 41–61–1 Cornell-Penn None Trustee'sCup 1893 122games 46–71–5 Dartmouth-Harvard None None 1882 123games 47–71–5 Dartmouth-Princeton None SawhorseDollar 1897 100games 50–46–4 Harvard-Penn None None 1881 90games 49–39–2 Harvard-Princeton None None 1877 112games 57–48–7 Harvard-Yale TheGame None 1875 132games 59–65–8 Penn-Princeton None None 1876 111games 67–43–1 Princeton-Yale None None 1873 138games 52–76–10 TheYale–Princetonseriesisthenation'ssecond-longestbygamesplayed,exceededonlyby"TheRivalry"betweenLehighandLafayette,whichbeganlaterin1884butincludedtwoorthreegamesineachof17earlyseasons.[152]ForthefirstthreedecadesoftheYale-Princetonrivalry,thetwoplayedtheirseason-endinggameataneutralsite,usuallyNewYorkCity,andwithoneexception(1890:Harvard),thewinnerofthegamealsowonatleastashareofthenationalchampionshipthatyear,coveringtheperiod1869through1903.[153][154]ThisphenomenonofafinalecontestataneutralsiteforthenationaltitlecreatedasocialoccasionforthesocietyeliteofthemetropolitanareaakintoaSuperBowlintheerapriortotheestablishmentoftheNFLin1920.[155][156]Thesefootballgameswerealsofinanciallyprofitableforthetwouniversities,somuchthattheybegantoplaybaseballgamesinNewYorkCityaswell,drawingrecordcrowdsforthatsportalso,largelyfromthesamesocialdemographic.[157]Inaperiodwhentheonlyprofessionalteamsportswerefledglingbaseballleagues,thesehigh-profileearlycontestsbetweenPrincetonandYaleplayedaroleinpopularizingspectatorsports,demonstratingtheirfinancialpotentialandraisingpublicawarenessofIvyuniversitiesatatimewhenfewpeopleattendedcollege. Extra-conferencefootballrivalries Teams Name Trophy Firstmet Gamesplayed Seriesrecord Brown-RhodeIsland None Governor'sCup 1909 98games 70–26–2 Columbia-Fordham None LibertyCup 1890 24games 12–12–0 Cornell-Colgate None None 1896 95games 48–44–3 Dartmouth-NewHampshire GraniteBowl GraniteBowlTrophy 1901 37games 17–18–2 Harvard-HolyCross None None 1904 67games 41–24–2 Penn-Lafayette None None 1882 90games 63–23–4 Penn-Lehigh None None 1885 56games 43–13 Princeton-Rutgers None None 1869 71games 53–17–1 Yale-Army None None 1893 45games 22–16–8 Yale-Connecticut None None 1948 49games 32–17 Championships NCAAteamchampionships Thislist,whichiscurrentthroughJuly1,2015,[158]includesNCAAchampionshipsandwomen'sAIAWchampionships(oneeachforYaleandDartmouth).ExcludedfromthislistareallothernationalchampionshipsearnedoutsidethescopeofNCAAcompetition,includingfootballtitlesandretroactiveHelmsFoundationtitles. School Total Men Women Co-ed Nickname YaleUniversity 29[f] 26 3 0 Bulldogs PrincetonUniversity 24[f] 19 4 1 Tigers ColumbiaUniversity 14 11 0 3 Lions HarvardUniversity 10[f] 7 2 1 Crimson BrownUniversity 7 0 7 0 Bears CornellUniversity 5 5 0 0 BigRed DartmouthCollege 5[f] 1 1 3 BigGreen UniversityofPennsylvania 4 3 1 0 Quakers Seealso:ListofNCAAschoolswiththemostNCAADivisionIchampionshipsandListofNCAAschoolswiththemostDivisionInationalchampionships Athleticfacilities Footballstadium Basketballarena Baseballfield Hockeyrink Soccerstadium School[159] Name Capacity Year Name Capacity Year Name Capacity Year Name Capacity Year Name Capacity Year Brown BrownStadium 20,000 1925 PizzitolaSportsCenter 2,800 1989 MurrayStadium 1,000 1959 MeehanAuditorium 3,100 1961 StevensonField 3,500 1979 Columbia RobertK.KraftFieldatLawrenceA.WienStadium 17,000 1984 LevienGymnasium 3,408 1974 RobertsonFieldatSatowStadium 1,500 1923 Non-hockeyschool CommissoSoccerStadium 3,500 1985 Cornell SchoellkopfField 25,597 1915 NewmanArena 4,472 1990 HoyField 500 1922 LynahRink 4,267 1957 CharlesF.BermanField 1,000 2000 Dartmouth MemorialField 15,600 1923 LeedeArena 2,100 1986 RedRolfeFieldatBiondiPark 2,000 2008 ThompsonArena 4,500 1975 BurnhamField 1,600 2007 Harvard HarvardStadium 30,898 1903 LavietesPavilion 2,195 1926 JosephJ.O'DonnellField 1,600 1898 BrightHockeyCenter 2,850 1956 JordanField 2,500 2010 Penn FranklinField 52,593 1895 ThePalestra 8,722 1927 MeiklejohnStadium 850 2000 Classof1923Arena 2,500 1972 RhodesField 1,700 2002[160] Princeton PrincetonStadium 27,800 1998 JadwinGymnasium 6,854 1969 BillClarkeField 850 1961 HobeyBakerMemorialRink 2,094 1923 RobertsStadium 3,000 2008 Yale YaleBowl 61,446 1914 JohnJ.LeeAmphitheater 3,100 1932 YaleField 6,200 1927 IngallsRink 3,486 1958 ReeseStadium 3,000 1981 OtherIvies ThetermIvyissometimesusedtoconnoteapositivecomparisontooranassociationwiththeIvyLeague,oftenalongacademiclines.ThetermhasbeenusedtodescribetheLittleIvies,agroupingofsmallliberalartscollegesintheNortheasternUnitedStates.[161]OthercommonusesincludethePublicIvies,theHiddenIvies,andtheSouthernIvies. IvyPlus ThetermIvyPlusissometimesusedtorefertotheAncientEightplusseveralotherschoolsforpurposesofalumniassociations,[162][163]universityconsortia,[163][164][165][166]orendowmentcomparisons.[167][168][169][170]InhisbookUntanglingtheIvyLeague,Zawelwrites,"Theinclusionofnon–IvyLeagueschoolsunderthistermiscommonplaceforsomeschoolsandextremelyrareforothers.Amongtheseotherschools,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandStanfordUniversityarealmostalwaysincluded.TheUniversityofChicagoandDukeUniversityareoftenincludedaswell.[163] Seealso BigThree—anathleticrivalrybetweenHarvard,Yale,andPrinceton. SevenSisters—sevenliberalartscollegespreviouslyopentoonlywomenwithhistoricalaffiliationstotheIvyLeague. ListofIvyLeaguemedicalschools—schoolsoftheIvyLeagueuniversitiesthatoffermedicaleducation. ListofIvyLeaguelawschools—schoolsoftheIvyLeagueuniversitiesthatoffervariouslawdegrees. ListofIvyLeaguebusinessschools—schoolsoftheIvyLeagueuniversitiesthatoffervariousbusinessdegrees,especiallytheMBA. ListofIvyLeaguepublicpolicyschools—schoolsoftheIvyLeagueuniversitiesthatofferpublicpolicyorpublicadministrationdegrees. BlackIvyLeague—informallistofprivatehistoricallyblackcollegesthatattractedahighnumberoftopAfricanAmericanstudents. Sandstoneuniversities—groupoftheoldestuniversitiesineachstateofAustralia U15,groupofresearchuniversitiesinCanada References Informationalnotes ^Liberalartscollegesandregionalinstitutionsarerankedseparately. ^ThisfiguredoesnotincludetheColumbiaUniversitySchoolofGeneralStudies,which,thoughitistechnicallyanundergraduateschooloftheuniversity,isgenerallynotcountedassuchwhencalculatingstudentbodysizeandadmissionrates.[26][27]IncludingGeneralStudiesstudents,theuniversityoverallwouldhaveanundergraduateenrollmentof9,001studentsfor2019. ^Harvard'soveralladministrationandundergraduatecampusareinCambridge.However,severalofitspostgraduateschools,itsathleticadministration,andalmostallofitsathleticfacilitiesarewithinthecitylimitsofBoston. ^ThereissomedisagreementaboutPenn'sdateoffoundingastheuniversityhasneveruseditslegalcharterdateforthispurposeand,inaddition,tooktheunusualstepofchangingitsofficialfoundingdateapproximately150yearsafterthefact.ThefirstmeetingofthefoundingtrusteesofthesecondaryschoolwhicheventuallybecametheUniversityofPennsylvaniatookplaceinNovember1749.SecondaryinstructionforboysattheAcademyofPhiladelphiabeganinAugust1751.UndergraduateeducationformenbeganafteracollegiatecharterfortheCollegeofPhiladelphiawasgrantedin1755.Penninitiallydesignated1750asitsfoundingdate.Sometimelaterinitsearlyhistory,Pennbegantoreferto1749instead.Theschoolconsidered1749tobeitsfoundingdateformorethanacenturyuntil,in1895,eliteuniversitiesintheUnitedStatesagreedthatformalacademicprocessionswouldplacevisitingdignitariesandotherofficialsintheorderoftheirinstitution'sfoundingdates.Fouryearslaterin1899,Penn'sboardoftrusteesvotedtoretroactivelyrevisetheuniversity'sfoundingdatefrom1749to1740inordertobecomeolderthanPrinceton,whichhadbeencharteredin1746.ThepremiseforthisrevisedfoundingdatewasthefactthattheAcademyofPhiladelphiapurchasedthebuildingandassumedtheeducationalmandateofaninactivetrustwhichhadoriginallyhopedtoopenacharityschoolforindigentchildren.Thiswaspartofa1740projectthathadbeenplannedtocomprisebothachurchandschoolthough,duetoinsufficientfunding,onlythechurchwasbuiltandevenitwasneverputintouse.ThedormantchurchbuildingwasconveyedtotheAcademyofPhiladelphiain1750.[36][37][38]Tofurthercomplicatethecomparisonoffoundingdates,PrincetonUniversityhashistoricaltiestoanoldercollege.FiveofthetwelvemembersofPrinceton'sfirstboardoftrusteeswereverycloselyassociatedwitha"LogCollege"operatedbyPresbyterianministerWilliamTennentandhissonGilbertinBucksCounty,Pennsylvaniafrom1726until1746.[39]BecausetheCollegeofNewJerseyandtheLogCollegesharedthesamereligiousaffiliation(amoderateelementwithinthe"NewSide"or"NewLight"wingofthePresbyterianChurch)andtherewasaconsiderableoverlapintheirboardsoftrustees,somehistorianssuggestthatthereissufficientconnectionbetweenthisschoolandtheCollegeofNewJerseywhichwouldenablePrincetontoclaimafoundingdateof1726.However,Princetondoesnotofficiallydosoandauniversityhistoriansaysthatthe"factsdonotwarrant"suchaclaim.[39] ^Asof2021[update].Whiletherehavebeen46presidencies,only45individualshaveservedaspresident:GroverClevelandservedtwonon-consecutivetermsandisnumberedasboththe22ndand24thU.S.president. ^abcdTheNCAAstartedsponsoringtheintercollegiategolfchampionshipin1939,butitretainedthetitlesfromthe41championshipspreviouslyconferredbytheNationalIntercollegiateGolfAssociationinitsrecords.Ofthesepre-NCAAtitles,Yale,Princeton,HarvardandDartmouthwon20,11,6and1,respectively. Citations ^"ExecutiveDirectorRobinHarris".ArchivedfromtheoriginalonApril5,2016.RetrievedApril1,2016. ^"AroundtheIvies:AncientEightHistory".TheHarvardCrimson. ^"TheBeginningoftheAncientEight".TheCornellDailySun. ^"ModernizingtheAncientEight".YaleDailyNews. ^"PrincetonCampusGuide–IvyLeague".ArchivedfromtheoriginalonMarch22,2010.RetrievedApril26,2007. ^"TheBenefitsoftheIvyLeague–CrimsonEducationUS".www.crimsoneducation.org.RetrievedMay7,2020. ^Vedder,Richard."DoesAttendingEliteCollegesMakeYouHappy?LessonsFromTheAdmissionsScandal".Forbes.RetrievedMay7,2020. ^Gladwell,Malcolm."GettingIn".TheNewYorker.RetrievedMay7,2020. ^"JointIvyStatementonAdmissionPolicies".PrincetonUniversityAdmission.September2,2016.RetrievedMay7,2020. ^abc"IvyLeagueHistoryandTimeline".ArchivedfromtheoriginalonApril20,2016.RetrievedNovember13,2015. ^"World'sBestColleges".ArchivedfromtheoriginalonMay30,2012.RetrievedJuly3,2009. ^"NationalUniversityRankings".U.S.News&WorldReport.RetrievedMay10,2021. ^"U.S.News&WorldReportHistoricalLiberalArtsCollegeandUniversityRankings".Datasets.AndrewG.Reiter.July13,2017.RetrievedAugust26,2020. ^"2021BestGlobalUniversitiesRankings".U.S.News.2021.RetrievedMay10,2021. ^"OurMembers".AssociationofAmericanUniversities.RetrievedAugust20,2021. ^DartmouthandCornellrespectively ^"BrownUniversity'sendowmentreaches$6.9baftergeneratingamorethan50percentreturn-TheBostonGlobe".BostonGlobe.com.RetrievedOctober14,2021. ^ab"Harvard'sEndowmentSoarsto$53.2Billion,Reports33.6%Returns|News|TheHarvardCrimson".www.thecrimson.com.RetrievedOctober14,2021. ^"10PrivateUniversitiesWithLargestFinancialEndowments".RetrievedJanuary9,2012. ^"OxbridgevstheIvyLeague:what'sthedifference?–OxbridgeApplications".April13,2012.RetrievedNovember8,2018. ^"IvyLeaguevOxbridge:BestExperienceintheWorld?".CrimsonEducation.RetrievedNovember8,2018. ^"China'sIvyLeague：C9League".en.people.cn.RetrievedNovember8,2018. ^"Prestigious'ImperialUniversities'thebestinJapan–THErankings–StudyInternational".March31,2017.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJuly15,2019.RetrievedNovember8,2018. ^abcdefghAsofJune30,2018."U.S.andCanadianInstitutionsListedbyFiscalYear(FY)2018EndowmentMarketValueandChangeinEndowmentMarketValuefromFY2017toFY2018"(PDF).NationalAssociationofCollegeandUniversityBusinessOfficersandCommonfundInstitute.2018.RetrievedSeptember12,2019. ^"Faculty&Employees".BrownUniversity.RetrievedOctober8,2014. ^"ColumbiaUniversity".usnews.com.2020.RetrievedJuly30,2021.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:url-status(link) ^"HowmanystudentsattendColumbia?|ColumbiaUndergraduateAdmissions".undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJuly9,2021.RetrievedJuly30,2021. ^"Full-timeFacultyDistributionbySchool/Division,Fall2009–2019"(PDF).OfficeoftheProvost.ColumbiaUniversity.RetrievedMarch23,2020. ^"Archivedcopy"(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)onApril25,2012.RetrievedFebruary15,2014.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link) ^"Penn:PennFacts".TheUniversityofPennsylvania.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonFebruary26,2010.RetrievedOctober8,2014. ^"TheYaleCorporation:CharterandLegislation"(PDF).1976.BytheGovrn,inCouncil&RepresentativesofhisMajtiesColonyofConnecticutinGenrllCourtAssembled,New-Haven,Octr9:1701 ^TheChartersandBy-LawsoftheTrusteesofPrincetonUniversity.Princeton,NJ:ThePrincetonUniversityPress.1906.pp. 11–20.AChartertoIncorporateSundryPersonstofoundaCollegepass'dtheGreatSealofthisProvinceofNewJersey...the22dOctober,1746...TheCharterthusmentionedhasbeenlost... ^ab"UniversityChapel:OrangeKeyVirtualTourofPrincetonUniversity".PrincetonUniversity. ^Charters,actsandofficialdocumentstogetherwiththeleaseandre-leasebyTrinitychurchofaportionoftheKing'sfarm.NewYork,PrintedfortheCollege.June1895.pp. 10–24.WitnessourTrustyandwellbeloved'JamesDeLancey,Esq.,ourLieutenantGovernor,andCommanderinchiefinandoverourProvinceofNewYork...thisthirtyfirstdayofOctober,intheyearofourLordonethousandsevenhundredandfiftyfour,andofourReignthetwentyeighth. ^SeeUniversityofPennsylvaniafordetailsofthecircumstancesofPenn'sorigin.Pennconsidereditsfoundingdatetobe1749foroveracentury.[1]ArchivedNovember25,2012,attheWaybackMachineIn1895,eliteuniversitiesintheUnitedStatesagreedthathenceforthformalacademicprocessionswouldplacevisitingdignitariesandotherofficialsintheorderoftheirinstitution'sfoundingdates.Penn'speriodical"TheAlumniRegister,"publishedbytheGeneralAlumniSociety,thenbeganagrassrootscampaigntoretroactivelyrevisetheuniversity'sfoundingdateto1740,toappearolderthanPrincetonUniversity,whichhadbeencharteredin1746.In1899,theBoardofTrusteesaccededtothealumniinitiativeandvotedtochangethefoundingdateto1740.Therationaleofferedin1899wasthat,in1750,founderBenjaminFranklinandhisoriginalboardoftrusteespurchasedacompletedbutunusedbuildingandassumedanunnamedtrustfromagroupthathadhopedtobeginachurchandcharityschoolinPhiladelphia.Thisedificewascommonlycalledthe"NewBuilding"bylocalcitizensandwasreferredtobysuchnameinFranklin'smemoirsaswellasthelegalbillofsaleinPenn'sarchives.Nonameisstatedorknownfortheassociatededucationaltrust,hence"UnnamedCharitySchool"servesasaplaceholdertorefertothetrustwhichisthepremiseforPenn'sassociationwithafoundingdateof1740.ThefirstnamedentityinPenn'searlyhistorywasthe1751secondaryschoolforboysandcharityschoolforindigentchildrencalled"AcademyandCharitableSchoolintheProvinceofPennsylvania."[2]ArchivedOctober20,2012,attheWaybackMachineUndergraduateeducationbeganin1755andtheorganizationthenchangeditsnameto"College,AcademyandCharitySchoolofPhiladelphiainPennsylvania."[3]ArchivedApril28,2006,attheWaybackMachineOperationofthecharityschoolwasdiscontinuedafewyearslater. ^"TableofContents,PennHistory,UniversityofPennsylvaniaUniversityArchives".Archives.upenn.edu.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonFebruary25,2012.RetrievedFebruary19,2012. ^"Gazette:BuildingPenn'sBrand(Sept/Oct2002)".Upenn.edu.RetrievedFebruary19,2012. ^"SeeleyG.MuddManuscriptLibrary :FAQPrincetonUniversityvs.UniversityofPennsylvania:Whichistheolderinstitution?".Princeton.edu.November6,2007.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonMarch19,2003.RetrievedFebruary19,2012. ^ab"LogCollege".Etcweb1.princeton.edu.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonMarch4,2016.RetrievedFebruary19,2012. ^Penn'swebsite,likeothersources,makesanimportantpointofPenn'sheritagebeingnonsectarian,associatedwithBenjaminFranklinandtheAcademyofPhiladelphia'snonsectarianboardoftrustees:"ThegoalofFranklin'snonsectarian,practicalplanwouldbetheeducationofabusinessandgoverningclassratherthanofclergymen."[4]ArchivedApril28,2006,attheWaybackMachine.JencksandRiesman(2001)write"TheAnglicanswhofoundedtheUniversityofPennsylvania,however,wereevidentlyanxiousnottoalienatePhiladelphia'sQuakers,andtheymadetheirnewcollegeofficiallynonsectarian."InFranklin's1749foundingProposalsrelatingtotheeducationofyouthinPensilvaniaArchivedMay4,2006,attheWaybackMachine(pageimages)ArchivedOctober18,2007,attheWaybackMachine,religionisnotmentioneddirectlyasasubjectofstudy,buthestatesinafootnotethatthestudyof"HistorywillalsoaffordfrequentOpportunitiesofshowingtheNecessityofaPublickReligion,fromitsUsefulnesstothePublicks;theAdvantageofaReligiousCharacteramongprivatePersons;theMischiefsofSuperstition,&c.andtheExcellencyoftheCHRISTIANRELIGIONaboveallothersantientormodern."Startingin1751,thesametrusteesalsooperatedaCharitySchoolforBoys,whosecurriculumcombined"generalprinciplesofChristianity"withpracticalinstructionleadingtowardcareersinbusinessandthe"mechanicalarts."[5]ArchivedJune20,2006,attheWaybackMachine,andthusmightbedescribedas"non-denominationalChristian."Thecharityschoolwasoriginallyplannedandatrustwasorganizedonpaperin1740byfollowersoftravellingevangelistGeorgeWhitefield.Theschoolwastohaveoperatedinsideachurchsupportedbythesamegroupofadherents.Buttheorganizersranshortoffinancingand,althoughtheframeofthebuildingwasraised,theinteriorwasleftunfinished.ThefoundersoftheAcademyofPhiladelphiapurchasedtheunusedbuildingin1750fortheirnewventureand,intheprocess,assumedtheoriginaltrust.Since1899,Pennhasclaimedafoundingdateof1740,basedontheorganizationaldateofthecharityschoolandthepremisethatithadinstitutionalidentitywiththeAcademyofPhiladelphia.WhitefieldwasafirebrandMethodistassociatedwithTheGreatAwakening;sincetheMethodistsdidnotformallybreakfromtheChurchofEnglanduntil1784,Whitefieldin1740wouldbelabeledEpiscopalian,andinfactBrownUniversity,emphasizingitsownpioneeringnonsectarianism,referstoPenn'soriginas"Episcopalian".[6]ArchivedJanuary18,2012,attheWaybackMachinePennissometimesassumedtohaveQuakerties(itsathleticteamsarecalled"Quakers,"andthecross-registrationalliancebetweenPenn,Haverford,SwarthmoreandBrynMawrisknownasthe"QuakerConsortium.")ButPenn'swebsitedoesnotassertanyformalaffiliationwithQuakerism,historicorotherwise,andHaverfordCollegeimplicitlyassertsanon-QuakeroriginforPennwhenitstatesthat"Foundedin1833,HaverfordistheoldestinstitutionofhigherlearningwithQuakerrootsinNorthAmerica.""Archivedcopy".ArchivedfromtheoriginalonFebruary4,2012.RetrievedFebruary19,2012.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link) ^Addison,DanielDulany(1911)."ProtestantEpiscopalChurch" .InChisholm,Hugh(ed.).EncyclopædiaBritannica.Vol. 22(11th ed.).CambridgeUniversityPress.pp. 473–475. ^"BrownAdmission:OurHistory".Brown.edu.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonFebruary8,2011.RetrievedJanuary30,2011. ^Hoeveler,DavidJ.,CreatingtheAmericanMind:IntellectandPoliticsintheColonialColleges,Rowman&Littlefield,2007,p.192 ^Brown'swebsitecharacterizesitas"theBaptistanswertoCongregationalistYaleandHarvard;PresbyterianPrinceton;andEpiscopalianPennandColumbia,"butaddsthatatthetimeitwas"theonlyonethatwelcomedstudentsofallreligiouspersuasions."[7]ArchivedJanuary18,2012(Datemismatch),attheWaybackMachineBrown'scharterstatedthat"intothisliberalandcatholicinstitutionshallneverbeadmittedanyreligioustests,butonthecontrary,allthemembershereofshallforeverenjoyfull,free,absolute,anduninterruptedlibertyofconscience."Thechartercalledfortwenty-twoofthethirty-sixtrusteestobeBaptists,butrequiredthattheremainderbe"fiveFriends,fourCongregationalists,andfiveEpiscopalians."Chisholm,Hugh,ed.(1911)."Providence" .EncyclopædiaBritannica.Vol. 22(11th ed.).CambridgeUniversityPress.p. 511. ^"DartmouthCollegeCharter".Intestimonywhereof,wehavecausedtheseourletterstobemadepatent,andthepublicsealofoursaidprovinceofNewHampshiretobehereuntoaffixed.WitnessourtrustyandwellbelovedJohnWentworth,Esquire,Governorandcommander-in-chiefinandoveroursaidprovince,[etc.],thisthirteenthdayofDecember,inthetenthyearofourreign,andintheyearofourLord1769. ^Geiger,RogerL.(2000).TheAmericanCollegeintheNineteenthCentury.VanderbiltUniversityPress.p. 163.ISBN 978-0-8265-1364-9. ^Hughes,Samuel(2002)."Whiskey,LooseWomen,andFigLeaves:TheUniversity'ssealhasacurioushistory".PennsylvaniaGazette.100(3). ^"ClassDay,NewandOld". ^"Penn:IvydayandIvyStones,aPennTradition".ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJuly15,2012.RetrievedDecember9,2012. ^BostonDailyGlobe,June27,1882,p.4:"CLASSDAY.:YaleSeniorsPlanttheIvy,Sing"Blage,"andEntertaintheBeautyofNewHaven;" ^BostonEveningTranscript,June11,1912,p.12,"SimmonsSeniorsHostsClassDayExercisesLateinAfternoon,PlantingoftheIvywillbeOneoftheFeatures; ^"PlayaRomanceandPlantIvy,PrettyClassDayExercisesoftheWomen'sCollege".TheGazetteTimes.June9,1907.RetrievedOctober22,2012. ^"TheIvyClub:History".ArchivedfromtheoriginalonOctober14,2011. ^"YaleBookofQuotations"(2006)YaleUniversityPresseditedbyFredR.Shapiro ^"TheYaleBookofQuotations"(2006)YaleUniversityPress,editedbyFredR.Shapiro ^OxfordEnglishDictionaryentryfor"IvyLeague" ^TheChicagoPublicLibraryreportsthe"IVLeague"explanation,[8]sourcedonlyfromtheMorrisDictionaryofWordandPhraseOrigins.[deadlink] ^VariousAskEzrastudentcolumnsreportthe"IVLeague"explanation,apparentlyrelyingontheMorrisDictionaryofWordandPhraseOriginsasthesolesource:[9][10][11] ^"ThePennCurrent/October17,2002/AskBenny".Upenn.edu.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJune6,2010.RetrievedJanuary30,2011. ^"ThisaccordingtothePennhistoryofvarsityfootball".Archives.upenn.edu.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJuly18,2010.RetrievedJanuary30,2011. ^"Resource:Studenthistory".Resource.berkeley.edu.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonSeptember9,2010.RetrievedJanuary30,2011. ^Epstein,Joseph(2003).Snobbery:TheAmericanVersion.HoughtonMifflin.ISBN 0-618-34073-4.p.55,"byWASPBaltzellmeantsomethingmuchmorespecific;heintendedtocoveraselectgroupofpeoplewhopassedthroughacongeriesofeliteAmericaninstitutions:certaineasternprepschools,theIvyLeaguecolleges,andtheEpiscopalChurchamongthem." ^abAuchincloss,Louis(2004).EastSideStory.HoughtonMifflin.ISBN 0-618-45244-3.p.179,"hedreadedthearidityofsnobberywhichheknewinfectedtheIvyLeaguecolleges" ^McDonald,Janet(2000).ProjectGirl.UniversityofCaliforniaPress.ISBN 0-520-22345-4.p.163"Newsweekisamorassofincest,nepotism,elitism,racismandutterclassicwhitemalepatriarchalcorruption....ItiscompletelyIvyLeague–aVassar/ColumbiaJ-Schooldumpingground...Iwillalwaysbeexcluded,regardlessofhowmanyIvyLeaguedegreesIacquire,becauseofthenextlevelofhurdles:familyconnectionsandmoney." ^RobertSiegel,"BlackBaseballPioneerWilliamWhite's1879Game,"NationalPublicRadio,broadcastJanuary30,2004(audioatnpr.org);StefanFatsis,"MysteryofBaseball:WasWilliamWhiteGame'sFirstBlack?",WallStreetJournal,January30,2004;PeterMorrisandStefanFatsis,"Baseball'sSecretPioneer:WilliamEdwardWhite,thefirstblackplayerinmajor-leaguehistory,"Slate,February4,2014;"BillWhite(whitebi01)",Baseball-Reference.com;RickHarris,BrownUniversityBaseball:ALegacyofthegame(Charleston:TheHistoryPress,2012),pp.41–43 ^"ColumbiaCelebratesCollegeWrestlingCentennial".ColumbiaCollegeToday.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonOctober10,2014.RetrievedSeptember4,2014. ^"CollegesSearchingforCheckOnTrendtoGoalPostRiots".TheNewYorkTimes.AssociatedPress.December6,1935.p. 33. ^Kelley,RobertF.(January17,1936)."CornellClubHereWelcomesLynah".TheNewYorkTimes.p. 22. ^"ImmediateFormationofIvyLeagueAdvocatedatSevenEasternColleges".TheNewYorkTimes.December3,1936.p. 33. ^"TheHarvardCrimson ::News ::ANEDITORIAL".Thecrimson.com.December3,1936.RetrievedJanuary30,2011. ^"PleaforanIvyFootballLeagueRejectedbyCollegeAuthorities".TheNewYorkTimes.January1,1937.p. 26. ^Gwertzman,BernardM.(October13,1956)."IvyLeague:FormalizingtheFact".TheHarvardCrimson.RetrievedJanuary30,2011. ^“IvyGroup”ArchivedJanuary18,2015(Datemismatch),attheWaybackMachine,Sports-reference.com ^"Official2009NCAAMen'sBasketballRecordsBook–p.221"DivisionIConferenceAlignmentHistory""(PDF).RetrievedFebruary13,2018. ^"Archived:Women'sCollegesintheUnitedStates:History,Issues,andChallenges".Ed.gov.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonFebruary4,2005.RetrievedJanuary30,2011. ^White,GordonS.Jr.(January1,1982)."IvyLeagueConsidersAdding2Schools".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedSeptember18,2013. ^abcdefgHiggins,Laine(February19,2021)."TheIvyLeagueIsStillontheSidelines.WealthyAlumniAreNotHappy".TheWallStreetJournal.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonFebruary19,2021.RetrievedFebruary19,2021. ^"IvyLeaguePlanningtoReturntoRegularAthleticCompetitioninFall".GoLocalProv.May4,2021.RetrievedMay5,2021. ^abcdefgBergman,Dave(April9,2021)."AcceptanceRatesatIvyLeague&EliteColleges–Classof2025".CollegeTransitions.RetrievedAugust28,2021. ^"Cornell'sClassof2025SeesLowestAcceptanceRateinRecentYears,SetsRecords".TheCornellDailySun.August25,2021.RetrievedAugust28,2021. ^abKubzansky,Will(April6,2021)."Brownadmitsrecord-low5.4percentofapplicantstotheclassof2025".BrownDailyHerald.RetrievedApril14,2021. ^ab"HarvardCollegeAcceptsRecord-Low3.43%ofApplicantstoClassof2025|News|TheHarvardCrimson".www.thecrimson.com.RetrievedApril14,2021. ^abTilitei,Leanna."Pennacceptsrecord-low5.68%ofapplicantstotheClassof2025".www.thedp.com.RetrievedApril14,2021. ^abpm,AmeliaDavidson7:05;Apr06;2021(April6,2021)."Yale'sacceptanceratedropsto4.62percentamidrecordapplicantpool".yaledailynews.com.RetrievedApril14,2021.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:numericnames:authorslist(link) ^ab"Princetonadmitsrecord-low3.98%ofapplicantsinhistoricapplicationcycle".ThePrincetonian.RetrievedApril14,2021. ^ab"Columbiaacceptanceratedropstorecordlow3.7percentafter51percentspikeinapplications".ColumbiaDailySpectator.RetrievedApril14,2021. ^Waldman,Peter(September4,2014)."HowtoGetIntoanIvyLeagueCollege—Guaranteed".Bloomberg.com. ^"NationalUniversityRankings".U.S.News&WorldReportLP.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonMay21,2011.RetrievedMay11,2011. ^Annicchiarico,Francesca;Weinstock,SamuelY.(September3,2013)."FreshmanSurveyPartI:MeetHarvard'sClassof2017".TheHarvardCrimson. ^"Diversegroupofadmittedstudentsnavigatedvirtualadmissioninmostcompetitiveyearonrecord".TheDartmouth.RetrievedApril14,2021. ^"ThousandsofApplicationsand49StatesLater,CornellAdmitsitsClassof2025".TheCornellDailySun.April8,2021.RetrievedApril14,2021. ^abDavidShortellandTaylorRomine."JusticeDepartmentaccusesYaleofdiscriminatingagainstAsianAmericanandWhiteapplicants".CNN.RetrievedAugust14,2020. ^"2020BestNationalUniversityRankings".U.S.News&WorldReport.RetrievedMarch23,2020. ^"ExploretheFullWSJ/THECollegeRankings".TheWallStreetJournal.September4,2019.RetrievedMarch23,2020. ^"America'sTopColleges".Forbes.RetrievedSeptember8,2021.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:url-status(link) ^"BestColleges2022:NationalUniversityRankings".U.S.News&WorldReport.RetrievedSeptember12,2021.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:url-status(link) ^"WallStreetJournal/TimesHigherEducationCollegeRankings2021|TimesHigherEducation(THE)".April24,2021.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonApril24,2021.RetrievedApril24,2021. ^"ExchangeScholarProgram(IvyPlusExchange)".YaleUniversity. ^ElementsofFashionandApparelDesign.NewAgePublishers.2007.p. 25.ISBN 978-81-224-1371-7.IvyLeague:ApopularlookformeninthefiftiesthatoriginatedonsuchcampusesasHarvard,Priceton[sic]andYale;aforerunnertothepreppielook;astylecharacterizedbybutton-downcollarshirtsandpantswithasmallbuckleintheback. ^abZlotnick,Sarah(February24,2012)."Yourcheatsheettopreppystyle".TheWashingtonian. ^Peterson,AmyT.;Kellogg,AnnT.(2008).TheGreenwoodEncyclopediaofClothingThroughAmericanHistory1900tothePresent:1900–1949.ABC-CLIO.p. 285.ISBN 9780313043345. ^"TheUltimateGuidetoAmericanStyle".Details.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonSeptember23,2015.RetrievedOctober11,2014. ^Rapoport,Adam(March31,2008)."TheAmericanWay".GQ. ^Epstein,Joseph(2003).Snobbery:TheAmericanVersion.HoughtonMifflin.ISBN 0-618-34073-4.p.55,"byWASPBaltzellmeantsomethingmuchmorespecific;heintendedtocoveraselectgroupofpeoplewhopassedthroughacongeriesofeliteAmericaninstitutions:certaineasternprepschools,theIvyLeaguecolleges,andtheEpiscopalChurchamongthem."andWolff,RobertPaul(1992).TheIdealoftheUniversity.TransactionPublishers.ISBN 1-56000-603-X.p.viii:"Mygenial,aristocraticcontemptforClarkKerr'scelebrationoftheUniversityofCaliforniawasasmuchanexpressionofIvyLeaguesnobberyasitwasofradicalsocialcritique." ^Greenblatt,Alan(September19,2012)."TheEndOfWASP-DominatedPolitics".NPR.org. ^Orlet,Christopher(August23,2012)."MissingtheWASPs".TheAmericanSpectator.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJanuary7,2016.RetrievedOctober12,2014. ^Feldman,Noah(June2,2010)."TheTriumphantDeclineoftheWASP".TheNewYorkTimes.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJanuary3,2022. ^abHayes,RobinJ.(February2014)."WhyIvyLeagueSchoolsAreSoBadatEconomicDiversity".TheAtlantic. ^Timemagazine,NoliweM.Rooks,February27,2013,TheBiggestBarriertoEliteEducationIsn’tAffordability.It’sAccessibilityArchivedJuly15,2014(Datemismatch),attheWaybackMachine,RetrievedAugust27,2014,"...accessibilityoftheseschoolstostudentswhoarepoor,minority...theweightthatIvyLeagueandotherhighlyselectiveschools...unfortunatesetofcircumstances...giftedminority,poorandworkingclassstudentscanbenefitmostfromtheeducationalopportunities..." ^August26,2014,BostonGlobe(viaNYTimes),AGenerationLater,PoorareStillRareatEliteColleges,RetrievedAugust30,2014,"moreelitegroupof28privatecollegesanduniversities,includingalleightIvyLeaguemembers,...from2001to2009,...enrollmentofstudentsfromthebottom40percentoffamilyincomesincreasedfromjust10percentto11percent...." ^Wolff,RobertPaul(1992).TheIdealoftheUniversity.TransactionPublishers.ISBN 1-56000-603-X.p.viii:"Mygenial,aristocraticcontemptforClarkKerr'scelebrationoftheUniversityofCaliforniawasasmuchanexpressionofIvyLeaguesnobberyasitwasofradicalsocialcritique." ^Williams,Mark(2001).The10Lenses:yourguidetolivingandworkinginamulticulturalworld.CapitalBooks.,p.85 ^Kieran,John(December4,1936)."SportsoftheTimes—TheIvyLeague".TheNewYorkTimes.p. 36.RetrievedMay30,2017.Therewillnowbealittletestof'thepowerofthepress'inintercollegiatecirclessincethestudenteditorsatHarvard,Yale,Princeton,Cornell,Columbia,DartmouthandPennarecomingoutinagroupfortheformationofanIvyLeagueinfootball.Theideaisn'tnew....ItwouldbewellfortheproponentsoftheIvyLeaguetomakeitclear(tothemselvesespecially)thattheproposedgroupwouldbeinclusivebutnot'exclusive'asthistermisusedwithaslightup-tiltingofthetipofthenose."Herecommendedtheconsiderationof"plentyofinstitutionscoveredwithhome-grownivythatarenotincludedintheproposedgroup.[suchas]ArmyandNavyandGeorgetownandFordhamandSyracuseandBrownandPitt,justtoofferafewexamplesthatcometomind"andnotedthat"PittandGeorgetownandBrownandBowdoinandRutgerswereoldwhenCornellwasshiningnew,andFordhamandHolyCrosshadsomebuildingdrapedinivybeforetheplasterwasdryinthewallsthatnowtowerhighaboutCayuga'swaters. 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