Social reality - Wikipedia

Social reality is distinct from biological reality or individual cognitive reality, representing as it does a phenomenological level created through social ... Socialreality FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Distinctfrombiologicalrealityorindividualcognitivereality PartofaseriesonSociology History Outline Index Keythemes Society Globalization Humanbehavior Humanenvironmentalimpact Identity Industrialrevolutions3&4 Socialcomplexity Socialconstruct Socialenvironment Socialequality Socialequity Socialpower Socialstratification Socialstructure Perspectives Conflicttheory Criticaltheory Structuralfunctionalism Positivism Socialconstructionism Symbolicinteractionism Branches Aging Architecture Art Astrosociology Body Criminology Consciousness Culture Death Demography Deviance Disaster Economic Education Emotion(Jealousy) Environmental Family Feminist Fiscal Food Gender Generations Health Historical Immigration Industrial Internet Jewry Knowledge Language Law Leisure Literature Marxist Mathematic Medical Military Music Peace,war,andsocialconflict Philosophy Political Public Punishment Raceandethnicity Religion Rural Science(Historyofscience) Socialmovements Socialpsychology Sociocybernetics Sociology Space Sport Technology Terrorism Urban Utopian Victimology Visual Methods Quantitative Qualitative Comparative Computational Ethnographic Conversationanalysis Historical Interview Mathematical Networkanalysis Socialexperiment Survey PeopleEastAsia 1900s FeiXiaotong SouthAsia 1800s G.SGhurye 1900s IrawatiKarve M.N.Srinivas MiddleEast 1400s IbnKhaldun Europe 1700s AugusteComte EmmanuelJosephSieyès 1800s ÉmileDurkheim HarrietMartineau KarlMarx GeorgSimmel HerbertSpencer FerdinandTönnies MaxWeber 1900s MichelFoucault JürgenHabermas NorthAmerica 1800s JaneAddams ErnestBurgess W.E.B.DuBois GeorgeHerbertMead ThorsteinVeblen 1900s JamesColeman PatriciaHillCollins ErvingGoffman PaulLazarsfeld CharlesWrightMills RobertK.Merton ThedaSkocpol DorothyE.Smith Lists Bibliography Terminology Journals Organizations People Timeline Bycountry  Societyportal WikiProjectSociologyvte Socialreality[1]isdistinctfrombiologicalrealityorindividualcognitivereality,representingasitdoesaphenomenologicallevelcreatedthroughsocialinteractionandtherebytranscendingindividualmotivesandactions.[2]Asaproductofhumandialogue,socialrealitymaybeconsideredasconsistingoftheacceptedsocialtenetsofacommunity,involvingtherebyrelativelystablelawsandsocialrepresentations.[3]Radicalconstructivismwouldcautiouslydescribesocialrealityastheproductofuniformitiesamongobservers(whetherornotincludingthecurrentobserverthemselves).[4] Contents 1Schütz,Durkheim,andSpencer 2Searle 3Objective/subjective 4SocialisationandtheCapitalOther 5Measuringtrust 6Seealso 7References 8Furtherreading 9Externallinks Schütz,Durkheim,andSpencer[edit] Theproblemofsocialrealityhasbeentreatedexhaustivelybyphilosophersinthephenomenologicaltradition,particularlyAlfredSchütz,whousedtheterm"socialworld"todesignatethisdistinctlevelofreality.Withinthesocialworld,Schützdistinguishedbetweensocialrealitythatcouldbeexperienceddirectly(umwelt)andasocialrealitybeyondtheimmediatehorizon,whichcouldyetbeexperiencedifsoughtout.[5]Inhiswake,ethnomethodologyexploredfurthertheunarticulatedstructureofoureverydaycompetenceandabilitywithsocialreality.[6] Previously,thesubjecthadbeenaddressedinsociologyaswellasotherdisciplines.Forexample,ÉmileDurkheimstressedthedistinctnatureof"thesocialkingdom.Heremorethananywhereelsetheideaisthereality".[7]HerbertSpencerhadcoinedthetermsuper-organictodistinguishthesociallevelofrealityabovethebiologicalandpsychological.[8] Searle[edit] JohnSearlehasusedthetheoryofspeechactstoexplorethenatureofsocial/institutionalreality,soastodescribesuchaspectsofsocialrealitywhichheinstancesundertherubricsof"marriage,property,hiring,firing,war,revolutions,cocktailparties,governments,meetings,unions,parliaments,corporations,laws,restaurants,vacations,lawyers,professors,doctors,medievalknights,andtaxes,forexample".[9] Searlearguedthatsuchinstitutionalrealitiesinteractwitheachotherinwhathecalled"systematicrelationships(e.g.,governments,marriages,corporations,universities,armies,churches)"[10]tocreateamulti-layeredsocialreality. ForSearle,languagewasthekeytotheformationofsocialrealitybecause"languageispreciselydesignedtobeaself-identifyingcategoryofinstitutionalfacts";i.e.,asystemofpubliclyandwidelyacceptedsymbolswhich"persistthroughtimeindependentlyoftheurgesandinclinationsoftheparticipants."[11] Objective/subjective[edit] Thereisadebateinsocialtheoryaboutwhethersocialrealityexistsindependentlyofpeople'sinvolvementwithit,orwhether(asinsocialconstructionism)itisonlycreatedbythehumanprocessofongoinginteraction.[12] PeterL.Bergerarguedforanewconcernwiththebasicprocessofthesocialconstructionofreality.[13]Bergerstatedthatthesocialconstructionofrealitywasaprocessmadeupofthreesteps:externalization,objectivationandinternalization.Insimilarfashion,post-SartrianslikeR.D.Laingstressthat,"oncecertainfundamentalstructuresofexperienceareshared,theycometobeexperiencedasobjectiveentities...theytakeontheforceandcharacterofpartialautonomousrealities,withtheirownwayoflife".[14]Yetatthesametime,Lainginsistedthatsuchasociallyrealgrouping"canbenothingelsethanthemultiplicityofthepointsofviewandactionsofitsmembers...evenwhere,throughtheinteriorizationofthismultiplicityassynthesizedbyeach,thissynthesizedmultiplicitybecomesubiquitousinspaceandenduringintime".[15] Theexistenceofasocialrealityindependentofindividualsortheecologywouldseematoddswiththeviewsofperceptualpsychology,includingthoseofJ.J.Gibson,andthoseofmostecologicaleconomicstheories.[16] ScholarssuchasJohnSearleargueontheonehandthat"asociallyconstructedrealitypresupposesarealityindependentofallsocialconstructions".[17]Atthesametime,heacceptsthatsocialrealitiesarehumanlycreated,andthat"thesecrettounderstandingthecontinuedexistenceofinstitutionalfactsissimplythattheindividualsdirectlyinvolvedandasufficientnumberofmembersoftherelevantcommunitiesmustcontinuetorecognizeandaccepttheexistenceofsuchfacts".[18] SocialisationandtheCapitalOther[edit] Freudsawachild'sinductionintosocialrealityasconsolidatedwiththepassingoftheOedipuscomplexandtheinternalisationoftheparents:"thesamefigureswhocontinuetooperateinthesuper-egoastheagencyweknowasconscience...alsobelongtotherealexternalworld.Itisfromtherethattheyweredrawn;theirpower,behindwhichliehiddenalltheinfluencesofthepastandoftradition,wasoneofthemoststrongly-feltmanifestationsofreality".[19] Lacanclarifiedthepointbystressingthatthiswas"ahighlysignificantmomentinthetransferofpowersfromthesubjecttotheOther,whatIcalltheCapitalOther...thefieldoftheOther–which,strictlyspeaking,istheOedipuscomplex".[20]Lacanconsideredthat"theOedipuscomplex...superimposesthekingdomofcultureonthatofnature",[21]bringingthechildintotheSymbolicOrder. Withinthatorder,Lacaniansconsiderthat"institutions,assignifyingpractices,aremuchmoreextensivestructuresthanromanticnotionsallowandtheythusimplicateusinwayswhichnarrowerdefinitionscannotrecognize...exceedanyintersubjectiveintentionoreffect".[22]Insimilarfashion,Searleassertsthat"institutionalpower–massive,pervasive,andtypicallyinvisible–permeateseverynookandcrannyofoursociallives...theinvisiblestructureofsocialreality".[23] Measuringtrust[edit] Thissectionmaycontainmaterialunrelatedorinsufficientlyrelatedtothetopicofthearticle.Pleasehelpimprovethissectionordiscussthisissueonthetalkpage.(July2022)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Ifoneacceptsthevalidityoftheideaofsocialreality,scientifically,itmustbeamenabletomeasurement,somethingwhichhasbeenexploredparticularlyinrelationtotrust."Trustis...partofacommunity'ssocialcapital,asFrancisFukuyamaargues,andhasdeephistoricalandculturalroots".[24] Theoriesofthemeasurementoftrustinthesociologicalcommunityareusuallycalledtheoriesofsocialcapital,toemphasizetheconnectiontoeconomics,andtheabilitytomeasureoutputsinthesamefeeling. Seealso[edit] Belief Sociologyofhumanconsciousness References[edit] ^Berger,Peter(1967).TheSacredCanopy:ElementsofaSociologicalTheoryofReligion.GardenCity,NY:Doubleday&Company,Inc.pp. 3–28. ^MacKinnon,N.J;Heise,D.R.(2010).realityandhumansubjectivity.Palgrave.pp. 219–234. ^IrekeBockting,CharacterandPersonalityintheNovelsofWilliamFaulkner(1995)p.25 ^NiklasLuhmann,TheoriesofDistinction(2002)p.136 ^GeorgeWalsh,"Introduction",AlfredSchütz,ThePhenomenologyoftheSocialWorld(1997)p.xxvii ^JohnO'Neill,SociologyasaSkinTrade(London1972)p.217 ^QuotedinT.vanderEyden,PublicManagementofSociety(2003)p.487 ^HerbertSpencer,ThePrinciplesofSociology,Vol.1,Part1."TheDataofSociology"(1876) ^JohnR.Searle,TheConstructionofSocialReality(Penguin1996)p.79 ^Searle,p.97 ^Searle,p.73andp.78 ^AntonyGiddens,Sociology(2006)p.152 ^JohnO'Neill,SociologyasaSkinTrade(London1972)p.168 ^R.D.Laing,ThePoliticsofExperience(Penguin1984)p.65 ^Laing,p.81 ^Lawson,Tony(March2012)."Ontologyandthestudyofsocialreality:emergence,organisation,community,power,socialrelations,corporations,artefactsandmoney".CambridgeJournalofEconomics.36(2):345–385.doi:10.1093/cje/ber050.JSTOR 24232451.[Featuresclassifiedassocialare]"those,ifany,thatcouldnotexistintheabsenceofhumanbeingsandtheirdoings." ^Searle,p.190 ^Searle,p.190andp.117 ^SigmundFreud,OnMetapsychology(PFL11)p.422 ^JacquesLacan,TheFourFundamentalConceptsofPsycho-Analysis(Penguin1994)p.129andp.205 ^JacquesLacan,Écrits:ASelection(1997)p.66 ^JoanCopjec,inJacquesLacan,Television(London1990)p.51-2 ^Searle,p.94andp.4 ^WillHutton,TheStatetoCome(London1997)p.31 Furtherreading[edit] AlfredSchutz,TheProblemofSocialReality(1973) Berger,P.L.andLuckmann,T.1966.TheSocialConstructionofReality:ATreatiseintheSociologyofKnowledge,NewYork:PenguinBooks Externallinks[edit] IntroductiontoDurkheim'sSociology:Socialfacts Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_reality&oldid=1109605710" Categories:SocialconstructionismSocialphilosophySociologicaltheoriesSystemstheoryRealitybytypeHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataWikipediaarticlesthatmayhaveoff-topicsectionsfromJuly2022Allarticlesthatmayhaveoff-topicsections Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages العربيةDeutschहिन्दीBahasaIndonesiaOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаРусскийTürkçeУкраїнська Editlinks