Dalcroze eurhythmics - Wikipedia

Eurhythmics was developed in the early 20th century by Swiss musician and educator Émile Jaques-Dalcroze. Dalcroze eurhythmics teaches concepts of rhythm, ... Dalcrozeeurhythmics FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Developmentalapproachforteachingmusic Forthemusicalgroup,seeEurythmics.Forexpressivemovementart,seeEurythmy. PartofaseriesonMusiceducation Majormethodologies Kodálymethod OrffSchulwerk DalcrozeEurhythmics Suzukimethod Instructionalsettings Schoolband Choir Concertband Marchingband Orchestra Internationalorganizations InternationalSocietyforMusicEducation InternationalAssociationforJazzEducation USnationalorganizations NationalAssociationforMusicEducation MusicTeachersNationalAssociation AmericanChoralDirectorsAssociation AmericanStringTeachersAssociation vte Dalcrozeeurhythmics,alsoknownastheDalcrozemethodorsimplyeurhythmics,isoneofseveraldevelopmentalapproachesincludingtheKodálymethod,OrffSchulwerkandSuzukiMethodusedtoteachmusictostudents.Eurhythmicswasdevelopedintheearly20thcenturybySwissmusicianandeducatorÉmileJaques-Dalcroze.Dalcrozeeurhythmicsteachesconceptsofrhythm,structure,andmusicalexpressionusingmovement,andistheconceptforwhichDalcrozeisbestknown.Itfocusesonallowingthestudenttogainphysicalawarenessandexperienceofmusicthroughtrainingthattakesplacethroughallofthesenses,particularlykinesthetic. Eurhythmicsoftenintroducesamusicalconceptthroughmovementbeforethestudentslearnaboutitsvisualrepresentation.Thissequencetranslatestoheightenedbodyawarenessandanassociationofrhythmwithaphysicalexperienceforthestudent,reinforcingconceptskinesthetically.Eurhythmicshaswide-rangingapplicationsandbenefitsandcanbetaughttoavarietyofagegroups.Eurhythmicsclassesforallagesshareacommongoal–toprovidethemusicstudentwithasolidrhythmicfoundationthroughmovementinordertoenhancemusicalexpressionandunderstanding. Contents 1ÉmileJaques-Dalcrozeandtheoriginsofeurhythmics 2Influencesonthedevelopmentofeurhythmics 3Currentapplications 4Aspectsofarhythmiccurriculum 5Sampleactivities 6EffectivenessofDalcrozeeurhythmics 7Highereducationcourseofferingsineurhythmics 8Furtherreading 9Seealso 10References 11Externallinks ÉmileJaques-Dalcrozeandtheoriginsofeurhythmics[edit] ÉmileJaques-Dalcroze Jaques-DalcrozewasappointedProfessorofHarmonyattheConservatoireofGenevain1892,earlyinhiscareer.Ashetaughthisclasses,henoticedthathisstudentsdeeplyneededanapproachtolearningmusicthatincludedakinestheticcomponent.Hebelievedthatinordertoenhanceandmaximizemusicalexpression,studentsneededtobetrainedearlyontolistenandappreciatemusicusingboththeirmindsandbodies.Thiscoordinationofmindandphysicalinstinctsformedthebasisofhismethod. Readytodevelopandemployanimproved,integratedstyleofmusiceducationattheConservatoire,Dalcrozediscoveredsomeobstacles.Hefoundthatstudentswithinnaterhythmicabilitieswererare,justasarethosewithabsolute,or"perfect,"pitch.Inresponsetohisobservations,heassertedthatinordertodeveloprhythmicabilityinhisstudents,hemustfirst,andasearlyaspossibleintheirdevelopment,traintheminexercisesthatutilizedtheentirebody.Onlywhenthestudent'smusclesandmotorskillsweredevelopedcouldtheybeproperlyequippedtointerpretandunderstandmusicalideas.Ashementionedintheforewordofhis"Rhythm,Music,andEducation,"hesoughtthe"connectionbetweeninstinctsforpitchandmovement…timeandenergy,dynamics,andspace,musicandcharacter,musicandtemperament,[and]finallytheartofmusicandtheartofdancing.” Becauseofthenatureofhisgoalsinexpandingmusiceducation,hisideasarereadilyapplicabletoyoungstudents.Anobjectiveofhiswasto"musicalize"youngchildreninordertopreparethemformusicalexpressioninfutureinstrumentalstudies.Hebelievedexposuretomusic,anexpandedunderstandingofhowtolisten,andthetrainingofgrossandfinemotorskillswouldyieldfasterprogresslateroninstudents’musicalstudies.Relatedtothiswashisgoaltosowtheseedsofmusicalappreciationforfuturegenerations. AsstatedconciselybyClaire-LiseDutoitinher"MusicMovementTherapy,"successfuleurhythmicslessonshavethefollowingthreeattributesincommon: “Thevitalenjoymentofrhythmicmovementandtheconfidencethatitgives;theabilitytohear,understandandexpressmusicinmovement;[and]thecallmadeonthepupiltoimproviseanddevelopfreelyhisownideas.” Influencesonthedevelopmentofeurhythmics[edit] Beforetakingapostteachingtheory,ÉmileJaques-DalcrozespentayearasaconductorinAlgiers,wherehewasexposedtoarhythmiccomplexitythathelpedinfluencehimtopayspecialattentiontorhythmicaspectsofmusic. Jaques-DalcrozealsohadanimportantfriendshipwithÉdouardClaparède,therenownedpsychologist.Inparticular,theircollaborationresultedineurhythmicsoftenemployinggamesofchangeandquickreactioninordertofocusattentionandincreaselearning. Currentapplications[edit] Generaleducation Eurhythmicsclassesareoftenofferedasanadditiontogeneraleducationprograms,whetherinpreschools,gradeschools,orsecondaryschools.Inthissetting,theobjectivesofeurhythmicsclassesaretointroducestudentswithavarietyofmusicalbackgroundstomusicalconceptsthroughmovementwithoutaspecificperformance-relatedgoal. Foryoungerstudents,eurhythmicsactivitiesoftenimitateplay.Gamesincludemusicalstorytelling,whichassociatesdifferenttypesofmusicwithcorrespondingmovementsofthecharactersinastory.Theyoungestofstudents,whoaretypicallyexperiencingtheirfirstexposuretomusicalknowledgeinaeurhythmicsclass,learntocorrelatetypesofnoteswithfamiliarmovement;forexamplethequarternoteisrepresentedasa"walkingnote."Astheyprogress,theirmusicalvocabularyisexpandedandreinforcedthroughmovement. Performance-basedapplications Whileeurhythmicsclassescanbetaughttogeneralpopulationsofstudents,theyarealsoeffectivewhengearedtowardmusicschools,eitherpreparingstudentstobegininstrumentalstudiesorservingasasupplementtostudentswhohavealreadybegunmusicalperformance. Aspectsofarhythmiccurriculum[edit] Vocabulary Eurhythmicsclassesforstudentsinelementaryschoolthroughcollegeandbeyondcanbenefitfromarhythmiccurriculumthatexploresrhythmicvocabulary.Thisvocabularycanbeintroducedandutilizedinanumberofdifferentways,buttheprimaryobjectiveofthiscomponentistofamiliarizestudentswithrhythmicpossibilitiesandexpandtheirhorizons.Activitiessuchasrhythmicdictation,composition,andtheperformanceofrhythmiccanonsandpolyrhythmscanaccommodateawiderangeofmetersandvocabulary.Inparticular,vocabularycanbeorganizedaccordingtonumberofsubdivisionsofthepulse. Movement Akeycomponentofarhythmiceducation,movementprovidesanotherwayofreinforcingrhythmicconcepts-kinestheticlearningservesasasupplementtovisualandaurallearning.Whilethestudyoftraditionalclassroommusictheoryreinforcesconceptsvisuallyandencouragesstudentstodevelopauralskills,thestudyofeurhythmicssolidifiestheseconceptsthroughmovement.Inyoungerstudents,themovementaspectofarhythmiccurriculumalsodevelopsmusculatureandgrossmotorskills.Ideally,mostactivitiesthatareexploredineurhythmicsclassesshouldincludesomesortofkinestheticreinforcement. MeterandSyncopation Anotherelementofarhythmiccurriculumistheexplorationofmeterandsyncopation.Inparticular,thestudyofmetershouldincorporateanorganizationofpulsesandsubdivisions.Thisorganizationcanbeexpressedina"meterchart,"whichcanincludebothequal-beatandunequal-beatmeters. Thestudyofsyncopation,abroadtermthatcaninvolveavarietyofrhythmsthatfallunexpectedlyorsomehowdisplacethepulse,isalsoessentialinarhythmiceducation.Eurhythmicsclassescanincorporatevariousactivitiestoexploresyncopation,includingcomplexrhythmicdictations,theperformanceofsyncopatedrhythms,theexplorationofsyncopatedrhythmsincanon,andageneraldiscussionofsyncopatedvocabulary. Sampleactivities[edit] Ages3–6: Warm-upactivities:Thestudentsisolateandshakeeachbodypart,eachoneaccompaniedbydifferentmusic. Notes:Studentslearnaboutmusicalnotationthroughassociatedmovements.Forexample,quarternoteswouldbetaughtas“walkingnotes”.Afterfamiliaritywithassociatedmovements,notenamesarethenintroduced. Storytelling:Theteacherinventsastoryorusesafamiliarstorylinetoincorporaterhythmicconcepts Ballgames:Studentspassaballaroundindifferentways,exploringnaturallyoccurringrhythmanddevelopingmotorskills Gameswithsticks:Thestudentsjumpacrossaseriesofsticksonthefloor,learningtocoordinatebodypartsandtheirassociatedrhythm. Drumactivities:Thestudentsparticipatewithsmalldrums,gettingtoreproducerhythminaninstrumentalcontext Ages7+(activitiescanbeadaptedtodifferentagegroups) Swings:Theteacherplaysmusicimprovisedinapresetmetricalpattern.Thestudentsuseprescribedbodymotionstodeterminethepattern. Rhythmicdictation:Theteacherplaysanumberofmeasuresofmusicrepeatedly,therhythmofwhichthestudentsdictate. Rhythms:Studentsclaporstepapredeterminedrhythmicpattern.Theteachercanexperimentwithaugmentationanddiminution. Smallgroupactivities:Studentsworktogetherinsmallgroupstoaccomplishrhythmictasks,encouragingcooperation. Ballgames:Studentspassaballaroundindifferentways,exploringnaturallyoccurringrhythmanddevelopingmotorskills. Tempos:Studentsworktodiscoverdifferenttemposthatcanbeappliedtoclassicalrepertoire,familiarsongs,oreverydaymovements.Theteachercanalsoleadinexperimentingwithtemporelationshipsandadjustment. Polyrhythms:Theteacherestablishestworhythmstobeperformedatonce,oneinthehandsandoneinthefeet. Crossrhythms:Studentsproduceoneevenrhythminthehandsagainstanotherevenrhythminthefeet.Theteacherpromptsthemtoswitchwhichrhythmisproducedineachbodypart. “CosmicWholeNote”:Studentslistentoaslowpulse(anexamplewouldbe6beatsperminute),subdividethespacebetweensounds,andpredictwhenthenextpulsesoundsbyclapping. Canon:Studentslistentorhythmicvocabularyperformedbytheteacherandstepthisvocabularyincanon.Thisactivitycanbeexecutedinavarietyofmeters. “Microbeats”:Studentslearnsyllablestorepresent1-9subdivisionsofabeat.Associatedactivitiescouldincludeperformingmicrobeatsinprescribedpatterns,atvaryingtempi,incanon,orassight-reading. EffectivenessofDalcrozeeurhythmics[edit] Agroupof72pre-schoolchildrenweretestedontheirrhythmicability;halfofthechildrenhadfree-play(35–40min.)twiceaweekfora10-weekperiodwhiletheotherhalfhadrhythmicmovementclassesforthesameamountoftime.Thegroupthathadclasses(experimentalgroup)didsignificantlybetterthanthegroupthatjusthadfree-play(controlgroup).Theexperimentgroupscoredfourormorepointsbetterineveryareatestedthanthecontrolgroupinthefinaltest.Thisshowsthateurhythmicclassescanbenefitachild’ssenseofrhythm.[1] Highereducationcourseofferingsineurhythmics[edit] BaldwinWallaceUniversityoffersaSolfege/Eurythmicscourseaspartofitsconservatoryprogramhttps://www.bw.edu/schools/conservatory-music/ LongySchoolofMusicofBardCollegehasanextensiveprogram,includingDalcrozecertificateandlicensetraining CarnegieMellonUniversity,aspartoftheMarthaSanchezDalcrozeTrainingCenter ClevelandInstituteofMusicoffersanEurhythmicsprogram.Itincludesdegreeprogramsforbothintermediate(collegelevel)eurhythmicsandchildren'seurhythmics. HopeCollegeoffersvariousDalcrozeeurythmicscoursesformusicanddancemajors/minors OhioStateUniversitycoursesformusicanddancemajors/minors ColoradoStateUniversity OberlinConservatoryofMusic StonyBrookUniversity UniversityofCincinnati–College-ConservatoryofMusicofferseurhythmicsaspartoftheirPercussionpedagogy[1] Furtherreading[edit] Abramson,RobertM.RhythmGamesforPerceptionandCognition.NewYork:MusicandMovementPress,1973. Agrell,Jeffrey.Improvisationgamesforclassicalmusicians :acollectionofmusicalgameswithsuggestionsforuse :forperformers,instrumentalteachers,musicstudents,musictherapists,bands,orchestras,choirs,chambermusicensembles,conductors,composers,pianists,percussionists,andeverybodyelse(evenjazzplayers).Chicago:GIAPublications,c2008. Alperson,Ruth.AqualitativestudyofDalcrozeeurhythmicsclassesforadults.1995. AmericanDalcrozeJournal,fromtheDalcrozeSocietyofAmerica Berger,LindaMarie.TheeffectsofDalcrozeeurhythmicsinstructiononselectedmusiccompetenciesofthird-andfifth-gradegeneralmusicstudents.1999. Berkowitz,Sol.Improvisationthroughkeyboardharmony.EnglewoodCliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,1975. Caldwell,J.Timothy.DalcrozeeurhythmicswithRobertM.Abramson[videorecording].Chicago,Il. :GIAPublications,c1992. Seealso[edit] Eurythmy,theartofarticulatingmovementoriginatedbyMarievonSiversandRudolfSteinerintheearly20thcentury.ThewordderivesfromGreekrootsmeaningbeautifulorharmoniousrhythm. Gurdjieffmovements,asystemofmovementdevelopedbyG.I.GurdjieffandJeannedeSalzmannintheearlytothelate20thcentury. References[edit] ^Zachopoulou,Evridiki,VassilikiDrri,DimitrisChatzopoulou,TheordorosElinoudis.TheApplicationofOrffandDalcrozeActivitiesinPreschoolChildren:DoTheyAffecttheLevelofRhythmicAbility?PhysicalEducator;Spring2003,Vol.60Issue2,p51,7p.AcademicSearchElite.EBSCOhost,UWECMcIntyreLibrary,EauClaireWI1December2006researchgate.net Hansen,KristenS.,"AMusicalGameforEveryAge-Group."TeachingMusic,Vol.9Issue1.EBSCOhost.UWECMcIntyreLibraryEauClaireWI.Dec.12006 Mead,VirginiaHoge,"MorethanMereMovement:DalcrozeEurhythmics."MusicEducatorsJournalFeb1986v72n6p42-46ERICEBSCOhost.UWECMcIntyreLibrary,EauClaire,WI.1December2006 Johnson,MonicaDale,"DalcrozeSkillsofAllTeachers",MusicEducatorsJournal.ERIC.EBSCOhost.UWECMcIntyreLibrary,EauClaire,WI1December2006 Swaiko,Nancy."TheRoleandValueofaEurhythmicsPrograminaCurriculumofDeafChildren."AmericanAnnalsoftheDeafJun74119,3,321-4.ERIC.EBSCOhost.UWECMcIntyreLibrary,EauClaire,WI.1December2006. Waller,Johnny,andSteveRapport.SweetDreams:theDefinitiveBiographyofEurythmics.Toronto:Stoddart,1985.ISBN 0-7737-5026-6 Jaques-Dalcroze,Emile.Rhythm,Music&Education.London&Whitstable:TheRiversidePressLtd.,1967.(Firstpublished1921) Findlay,Elsa.RhythmandMovement:ApplicationsofDalcrozeEurhythmics.Evanston:Summy-BirchardCompany,1971. Bachmann,Marie-Laure.DalcrozeToday:anEducationthroughandintoMusic.Oxford:ClarendonPress,1991. Dutoit,Claire-Lise.MusicMovementTherapy.London:TheRiversidePressLtd,1965. Jaques-Dalcroze,Emile.EurhythmicsArtandEducation.London:Chatto&Windus,1930. Externallinks[edit] DalcrozeSocietyofAmerica AmericanEurhythmicsSociety DalcrozeCouncilofAustralia DalcrozeCanada MusikinesishasafewpiecesofmusicbyJaques-DalcrozethatcanbefreelydownloadedinPDFformat DalcrozeSocietyUK AuthoritycontrolNationallibraries Japan Other Theaterlexikon(Switzerland) Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dalcroze_eurhythmics&oldid=1074069678" Categories:MusiceducationHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataArticleswithNDLidentifiersArticleswithTLSidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages CatalàDeutschFrançaisGaeilgeBahasaIndonesiaעבריתမြန်မာဘာသာNederlands日本語Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаPolskiРусскийSuomiSvenskaУкраїнська Editlinks