Webtoon - Wikipedia

Webtoons (Korean: 웹툰) are a type of digital comic that originated in South Korea usually meant to be read on computers and smartphones. Webtoon FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch DigitalcomicsoriginatingfromSouthKorea Thisarticleisaboutthetypeofcomics.Forthepublisher,seeWebtoon(publisher).ForanimationmadefortheWeb,seeComputeranimation§ Webanimations. WebtoonComicsSpeechballoon Comicsstudies Education Glossary History bycountry Methods Cartooning Fumetti Mediaformats Comicbook Comicstrip Digitalcomic Gagcartoon Tradepaperback Graphicnovel Politicalcartoon Webcomic Webtoon ComicsbyCountryandCulture Americancomics Bandesdessinées(Belgium/Quebec) Britishcomics Canadiancomics Dutchcomics Germancomics Irishcomics Italiancomics Manga Manhua Manhwa Philippinecomics Portuguesecomics Spanishcomics Community Awards Cartoonists Collecting Publishers Sales  Comicsportalvte Thisarticleduplicatesthescopeofotherarticles,specificallyWebcomic.PleasediscussthisissueonthetalkpageandeditittoconformwithWikipedia'sManualofStyle.(May2022) PartofaseriesontheCultureofKorea History People DemographicsofSouthKorea /DemographicsofNorthKorea Diaspora SouthKoreannationalitylaw /NationalityLaw(DPRK) Languages History Dialects North-Southdifferences Phonology Grammar Honorifics Hangul Traditions Philosophy Etiquette Marriage Funerals Teaceremony Masks Kisaeng Hanjeungmak /Jjimjilbang Courtmusic Clothing Mythologyandfolklore Mythology folklore Cuisine Gimbap Patbingsu Bibimbap Seolleongtang Kimchi Koreanfriedchicken Tteok Banchan Gochujang Doenjang Anju Makgeolli Soju Soups Stews Noodles Barbecue Festivals KoreanNewYear NationalLiberationDay Chuseok Religion Shamanism Taoism Buddhism Neo-Confucianism Cheondoism Christianity UnificationChurch Art Calligraphy Buddhistart Paintings Flowerarrangements Gardens Jadecarving Knotting Potteryandporcelain Pagoda Sculpture Literature Hyangga Sijo Chinese-languageliterature Sinsoseol NorthKoreanliterature /SouthKoreanliterature Manhwa Poetry Musicandperformingarts Music Court Performing arts Dancing Fandancing Traditionaloralliterature MassGames Koreanrevolutionaryopera Media Animation Cinema Internetcensorship /InternetcensorshipinNorthKorea CinemaofSouthKorea /CinemaofNorthKorea MusicofSouthKorea /MusicofNorthKorea ChosunIlbo /DongaIlbo /JoongAngIlbo /HankookIlbo /KyunghyangShinmun /TheHankyoreh KBS1 /KBS2 /MBC /EBS /SBS Nate /Naver /Daum /Cyworld Propaganda K-pop /K-drama Sport Martialarts Videogames /Esports Monuments Heritage WorldHeritage Architecture Fortress NationalsymbolsofKorea Flag Coatofarms NationalsymbolsofNorthKorea NationalsymbolsofSouthKorea Organisations MinistryofCulture,SportsandTourism ListofmuseumsinNorthKorea vte Webtoons(Korean: 웹툰)areatypeofdigitalcomicthatoriginatedinSouthKoreausuallymeanttobereadoncomputersandsmartphones. WhilewebtoonsweremostlyunknownoutsideofKoreaduringtheirinception,therehasbeenasurgeinpopularityinternationallythanksingreatparttotheriseinpopularityofmanhwaandthefactthatmostmanhwaarereleasedaswebtoons.[1] Inthecountry,asdigitalmanhwahaveemergedasapopularmedium,printpublicationofmanhwahasdecreased.[citationneeded]Theamountofmaterialpublishedinwebtoonformhasnowreachedanequalamountasthatpublishedoffline.[2] Contents 1Format 1.1Revenuemodel 2Originsandhistory 2.1GenerationZero 2.2Firstgeneration 2.3Secondgeneration 2.4Thirdgeneration 3Market 4OutsideofSouthKorea 4.1MainlandChinaandTaiwan 4.2Japan 4.3India 4.4SoutheastAsia 4.5Westerncountries 5Adaptationsofwebtoons 6Seealso 7References 8Externallinks Format[edit] Webtoonsusuallyfeatureafewofcommontraits:eachepisodeispublishedononelong,verticalstrip(makinguseofaninfinitecanvasratherthanmultiplepagessothatitiseasiertoreadonasmartphoneorcomputer);somewillfeaturemusicandanimationsthatplayduringeachchapter;andunlikethemajorityofEastAsiancomics,theywillmostlikelybeincolorratherthanblack-and-whitesincetheyarepublisheddigitallyonawebsiteorappratherthanphysicallyinamagazine.InthecaseofSouthKorea,therearealsodifferentcensorshiplawsformaterialspublishedonlinethaninprintwhichhasledtomoremanhwathatiseroticandsexuallyexplicitbeingproducedandpublishedaswebtoons.[3] Revenuemodel[edit] Likeotheronlinepublications,thereareavarietyofpaymentmodelsusedforwebtoons.Someofferalimitedsetofchaptersforfreeandchargefortherest.Othersallowonlyacertainnumberofchapterstobereadperdaywithoutpayment.[citationneeded] Creatorsofwebtoonscanearnmoneyfromadsdisplayedontheirseries.Until2019,amateurcreatorscouldearnmoneyfromthecreditthatwasgivenbytheirfans.Themoneythattheproandamateurcreatorsreceivedependsonthepageview.[4] Originsandhistory[edit] Whiletherehadbeenwebcomicsuploadedandhostedbyindividualcreatorssincethemid-to-late1990s,theadventofthewebtoonmodeldatesbackto2000,whenLycosKorea,theKoreanversionoftheAmericansearchengineLycos,launchedtheManwhaBangsectionintheirportalsite.Yahoo!KoreafollowedsuitwithasimilarservicecalledCartoonSesangtwoyearslater.Bytheyearof2002,basedontheCulturalIndustryPromotingLaw,thepredecessoroftheKoreaCreativeContentAgencywasestablishedandstartedtosupportthemanwhaandrelatedindustriesasawhole.[5] TheKoreanwebportalDaumcreatedawebtoonserviceknownasDaumWebtoonin2003andwaslaterfollowedbyNaverwiththelaunchofNaverWebtoonin2004.[6]Theseservicesregularlyreleasewebtoonsthatareavailableforfree.AccordingtoDavidWelshofBloomberg,comicsaccountforaquarterofallbooksalesinSouthKorea,whilemorethan3millionKoreanuserspaidtoaccessonlinemanhwaand10millionusersreadfreewebtoons.[7] AsofJuly 2014[update],Naverhadpublished520webtoonswhileDaumhadpublished434.Sincetheearly2010s,servicessuchasTappyToonandSpottoonhavebeguntoofficiallytranslatewebtoonsintoEnglishwhilesomeKoreanpublisherslikeLezhin,Toomics,andTopToonhavebeguntoselftranslatetheirworks.[8][9][10]ExamplesofpopularwebtoonsthathavebeentranslatedintoEnglishareLookism,Untouchable,Yumi'sCells,TheSoundofHeart,TalesoftheUnusual,TheGamer,TheGodofHighSchool,GirlsoftheWild's,Noblesse,andTowerofGod.Inrecentyears,thesewebtoonshavebeengainingpopularityinWesternmarkets,rivallingJapanesemanga.[11] Inthepast,itwasdividedintotworatings:All(webtoonsuitableforallages)and18(Nooneunder18isallowedtoreadthiswebtoon).FromMay2019,thewebtoonratingsystemwasimplemented.Itissaidthat10platformsincludingNaverandDaumwillparticipate.Theratingsareexpectedtobe△All△12yearsorolder△15yearsorolder△19yearsold(18yearsold)orolder.[12] GenerationZero[edit] Layoutofanearlywebtoon.Buttonsallowturningthepage. TheearliestwebtoonswerescannedoriginalcomicsuploadedontotheInternet,usuallyformattedonaone-pagelayout.[citationneeded] Firstgeneration[edit] Withthedevelopmentoftechnology,authorswereabletoutilizeflashanimationeffects.[citationneeded] Secondgeneration[edit] Anexampleofasecondgenerationwebtoon.Enhancedpreloadingenabledlaterauthorstoadoptaverticallayoutwithscrolling.Incontrasttocomicswithadensepanelcomposition,scrollingbringsnewpanelsintoview.Thismakeswebtoonssuitableforgradualandcontinuousrepresentation,allowingwebtoonreadingtobecomemorefluid.[13] Thirdgeneration[edit] AscenefromthewebtoonTowerofGod,athird-generationwebtoon AnexampleofamodernKoreanwebtoonviewedthroughawebtoonviewinginterface(AmazingRumorbyJangYiinDaumWebtoon) Withtheadventofthesmartphoneandtablet,webtoonshavealsomigratedtonewplatformssuchasapps.Therehavealsobeensoundsintroducedtoimplyfurtherexpressionsandtones,aswellasinteractivemotionstocreateexcitementandbringattentiontocertainobjectsfortheviewers.[14] Priorto2014,mostwebtoonswereonlyavailableinEnglishthroughunofficialfantranslations.InJuly2014,NaversubsidiaryLinebeganpublicationoftranslationsofpopularwebtoonstoEnglishviatheWEBTOONservice.[15][16] Market[edit] ThemarketforwebtoonsandtheirderivativesiscurrentlyvaluedataroundKR₩420billion(US$368million).[17] Althoughdigitalcomicsareincreasinglypopular,printpublicationremainstheprimarymeansofcomicretail.Somepublishersofferonlinecontentandprintcontentsimultaneously.[18] Webtoonshavebeentakenassourcematerialbyanumberofdifferentmediums,includingfilmandtelevision;oneoftheearliestexamplesofthiswas'Tazza,a2006filmbasedonthecomicbyHuhYoung-man.ThisworkwasserializedintheSportsChosunandgarneredover100millionhomepageviews,laterbeingadaptedintotwofilms.(Tazza:TheHighRollers,Tazza:TheHiddenCard),andonetelevisionseries(Tazza(TVseries)).AnotherofHuh'sworks,Sikgaek(LeGrandChef),waspublishedintheDong-aIlboforfiveyearsandsold540,000copiesinpaperbackversion. Naver'sWEBTOONservice,launchedin2014,isnowthebiggestwebtoonplatforminKorea.AccordingtoNaver,itreachesover6.2milliondailyusers.ThefreeWEBTOONtranslationservicehasallowedwebtoonstoformpartoftheglobalKoreanWave.[19] Theyalsocollaboratewithmovies.[20] OutsideofSouthKorea[edit] Thewebtoonformathasalsoexpandedtoothercountrieswithmanydifferentdistributorsofferingoriginalandtranslatedwebtoonsforuserstoreadaswellasofferingplatformsforanyonetouploadtheirownwebtoons. MainlandChinaandTaiwan[edit] InmainlandChinaandTaiwan,webtoonsalongwithwebmanhuahaveseenanincreaseinproductionandpopularitysincetheyarerarelypublishedandjustlikeinSouthKorea,haveresultedinaresurgenceandinterestinthemanhuaindustryasmorecontentisconsumeddigitally.AlmostallofthebigwebtoonportalsinChinaareofferedbythebiginternetcompaniesinthecountrywhileinTaiwanthebiggerwebtoonpublishersoutsideofthecountrylikeComico,Toomics,andWEBTOONaremorepopularsincetheirservicesareavailablethere.[21] Japan[edit] WebtoonsinJapanwereslowtocatchonaswellasinothercountriesmainlyduetothetraditionalmangaindustrystillbeingthemainwayinwhichmangagetsreleasedandpublished.Evenwebmanga,whichhaveseenarecentriseinpopularity,areofteninblack-and-whiteinsteadofcolor,asiscommonintheirKoreanandChinesecounterparts,despitebeingreleaseddigitally.[22]Despitethis,therehavebeensomestridestopenetratetheJapanesemarketandslowlymoremangakaaretryingoutthewebtoonformattoreleasetheirtitles.[23]Lezhin,Comico,Naver,Line,andKakaoofferwebtoonportalswithtranslatedworksforJapanesereaders.Comico,oneofthebiggestwebtoonpublishersintheworld,wascreatedbytheJapanesesubsidiaryofNHNEntertainment,NHNJapan.Todate,thereareonlytwowebtoonportalsthatofferoriginalJapanesewebtoons,ComicoandNaver(underthenameXOY2017–2018to2019).AllXOYwebtoonshavebeenintegratedontoLineMangaaJapaneseMangaservicewhileXOYwasupuntilitsdemiseinJanuary2019.[24]KakaohasalsohadsuccessintheJapanesemarketbyofferingbothlicensedmangaandtranslatedKoreanwebtoonswiththeirservice,Piccoma.Thishasbeencreditedtothewebtoonpaymodelthattheserviceimplementswheresomechaptersareofferedforfreeforashortperiodoftime.[25]KakaoJapanhasannouncedthatitwillstartofferingoriginalJapanese,Korean,andChinesewebtoonsforPiccomaintheSummerof2018.[26]2021sawagreatdealoftrackingforwebtooninJapanwithinvestmentfromtraditionalJapanesemangapublisherslikeShueishaandShogakukan.[27][28]CELSYSannouncedonthattheywillsupportwebtoonintheirCLIPSTUDIOREADERplatformfromFebruary2022.[29] India[edit] InIndia,webtoonshavegrownintopopularity.[30]WiththegloballaunchofLINEWebtoonbyNAVERCorporationin2014,itbecamethefirstgotoappthatintroducedwebtooncultureinIndia.[31]KrossKomicslaunchedthefirstdedicatedIndianwebtoonportalin2020targetingdomesticaudienceoffering40translatedSouthKoreantitlesinEnglish,HindiandTelugulanguage.ItisalsoplanningtointroducecontentfromChineseandJapanesemarket.[30][32]Uponitsofficialmobileappreleaseon7December2019,itwasdownloaded200,000timesonGooglePlay.[30]AsofJuly2021,itregistered1.1millionmonthlyactiveusesand3.5millionappdownloads.[33]Webtoondramatizationfurtherhelpedincreasereadership.[34]KrossKomicswasfoundedinMay2019andisheadquarteredinSeoulwithadditionalofficesinMumbaiandLosAngeles.Itmainlytargetsthe15-24agegroupofpeopleespeciallyfemalesandsupportsKorean,Indianwebtooncontentcreators.[35][36]PopularityofdigitalcomicsisnowencouragingIndianpublisherssuchasGraphicIndiatolaunchtheirownservicecalledToonsutrainthemarket.[37][38]In2021,KakaoEntertainmentwasplanningtoenterIndianmarketafterKrossKomicsacquisitionin2020.[39][40]FromQ32022,KakaoEntertainmentwillprovidewebtooncontentandcustomersupportforKrossKomics.[41] SoutheastAsia[edit] IndonesiaandThailandhavebecomebigmarketsforthewebtoonindustrywithbothNaver(underWEBTOON)andComicoofferingbothoriginalwebtoonsandfullytranslatedtitlesinthetwocountries.SomewebtoonsmadeinIndonesiaandThailandhaveevenbeentranslatedandpublishedoutsideofthecountrieslikeTeenMomandEggnoid.Vietnamlauncheditsfirstwebtoonportal,Vinatoon,offeringtranslatedtitlesfromDaumWebtoonandMr.Bluewiththeintentionofopeningupanothermarket.[42] Westerncountries[edit] ManyofthewebtoonpublishershavehadsuccessinpenetratingmarketsoutsideofAsiawiththebiggestsuccessbeingtheUnitedStatesandotherEnglishspeakingcountries.[43]Lezhin,Toomics,andNaveraretheonlybigpublisherswhotranslatetheirowntitlesratherthanlicensingthemoutandNaver(undertheLinebrand)evenofferstheabilityforfantranslationstobeofferedindifferentlanguages.TopToon'sTopToonPlusservice,launchedinJuly2021,wasanothergloballaunchbyaKoreanwebtooncompanyfortheirglobalfans.Initsfirstmonthofservice,itgainedover200,000subscribers.[10]Spottoon,TappyToon,andMantaComicsoffertranslatedlicensedworksfromvariouspublishersincludingKToon,Bomtoon,Foxtoon,andmanymore.Besidesjusttheconsumptionoftranslatedworks,therehasalsobeenariseinthecreationoforiginalnon-AsianwebtoonsthanksinparttositeslikeTapasandWEBTOONofferingtheabilityforanyonetosubmittheirownwork.[44]Inthebeginning,manyofthewebtoonscreatedoutsideofAsiatendedtojustbewebcomicsreleasedinthewebtoonformatbutovertime,moreartistshavereleasedmoretitlesthatarefull-fledgedcomicsratherthanreformattedwebcomics. DelitoonisanotherplatformonlyforFrenchandpeoplebasedinFrance,providingtranslatedlicensedworksmainlyfromKoreancontentproviders.TobetterserveUSmarketandincreasetheintellectualpropertyvaluechain,KakaoEnetertainmentin2022mergedwithTapasMediaandRadishMediatoformasingleentity.[45] Adaptationsofwebtoons[edit] Medium Titles Film APT(아파트)(2006) DasepoNaughtyGirls(다세포소녀)(2006) Tazza:TheHighRollers(타짜)(2006) LeGrandChef(식객)(2007) Hello,Schoolgirl(순정만화)(2008) BA:BO(바보)(2008) LeGrandChef2:KimchiBattle(식객2:김치전쟁)(2010) Moss(이끼)(2010) Pained(통증)(2011) LateBlossom(그대를사랑합니다)(2011) TheNeighbor(이웃사람)(2012) 26Years(26년)(2012) TheFive(더파이브)(2013) FistsofLegend(전설의주먹)(2013) Secretly,Greatly(은밀하게위대하게)(2013) FashionKing(패션왕)(2014) Tazza:TheHiddenCard(타짜:신의손)(2014) InsideMen(내부자들)(2015) Timing(타이밍)(2015) ReLIFE(リライフ)(2017) TheChase(반드시잡는다)(2017) AlongwiththeGods:TheTwoWorlds(신과함께-죄와벌)(2017) SteelRain(강철비)(2017) Real(리얼)(2017) CheeseintheTrap(치즈인더트랩)(2018) AlongwiththeGods:TheLast49Days(신과함께-인과연)(2018) KilledMyWife(아내를죽였다)(2019) Eggnoid(2019)[46][47][48] BeautyWater(기기괴괴:성형수)(2020) LoveandLeashes(모럴센스)(2022) Television TheGreatCatsby(위대한개츠비)(2007) Gourmet(식객)(2008) MaryStayedOutAllNight(매리는외박중)(2010) Aridong'sLastCowboy(아리동라스트카우보이)(2010) AlwaysLowPricesCheollimaMart(쌉니다천리마마트)(2010) BridalMask(각시탈)(2012) Dr.Frost(닥터프로스트)(2014) Misaeng(미생)(2014) Hogu'sLove(호구의사랑)(2015) SuperDaddyYeol(슈퍼대디열)(2015) AGirlWhoSeesSmells(냄새를보는소녀)(2015) OrangeMarmalade(오렌지마말레이드)(2015) Songgot:ThePiercer(송곳)(2015) HydeJekyll,Me(하이드지킬,나)(2015) ImaginaryCat(상상고양이)(2015) Hope:KitaiZeronoShinnyuShain(HOPE〜期待ゼロの新入社員〜)(2016) CheeseintheTrap(치즈인더트랩)(2016) LuckyRomance(운빨로맨스)(2016) HeyGhost,Let'sFight(싸우자귀신아)(2016) TheManLivinginOurHouse(우리집에사는남자)(2016) TheSoundofYourHeart(마음의소리)(2017) SaveMe(구해줘)(2017) ConfessionCouple(고백부부)(2017) AvengersSocialClub(부암동복수자들)(2017) FeelGoodtoDie(죽어도좋아)(2018) What'sWrongwithSecretaryKim(김비서가왜그럴까)(2018) GangnamBeauty(내아이디는강남미인)(2018) YourHouseHelper(당신의하우스헬퍼)(2018) CleanwithPassionforNow(일단뜨겁게청소하라!!)(2018) TheSoundofYourHeart-Reboot(마음의소리:Reboot)(2018) TaleofFairy(계룡선녀전)(2018) Item(아이템)(2019) HerPrivateLife(누나팬닷컴)(2019) AFakeAffair(偽装不倫)(2019)[49] LoveAlarm(좋아하면울리는)(2019) HellIsOtherPeople(타인은지옥이다)(2019) PegasusMarket(쌉니다천리마마트)(2019) ExtraordinaryYou(어쩌다발견한하루)(2019) TheTaleofNokdu(조선로코녹두전)(2019) ItaewonClass(이태원클라쓰)(2020) Memorist(메모리스트)(2020) Welcome(어서와)(2020) Rugal(루갈)(2020) HowtoBuyaFriend(계약우정)(2020) MysticPop-upBar(쌍갑포차)(2020) DinnerMate(저녁같이드실래요?)(2020) BackstreetRookie(편의점샛별이)(2020) MarryMe!(マリーミー!)(2020) Amanza(아만자)(2020) No,ThankYou(며느라기)(2020) TrueBeauty(여신강림)(2020) TheUncannyCounter(경이로운소문)(2020) SweetHome(스위트홈)(2020) HowtoBeThirty(아직낫서른)(2021) TaxiDriver(모범택시)(2021) Imitation(이미테이션)(2021) Hellbound(지옥)(2021) D.P.(D.P.)(2021) Navillera(나빌레라)(2021) MyRoommateIsaGumiho(간떨어지는동거)(2021)[50] Nevertheless(알고있지만,)(2021)[51] Yumi'sCells(유미의세포들)(2021)[50] WorkLater,DrinkNow(술꾼도시처녀들)(2021) Dr.Brain(Dr.브레인)(2021) AllofUsAreDead(지금우리학교는)(2022) Moving(무빙)(2022)[52] DeadMan'sLetter(망자의서)[53][54] Idon'twanttodoanything(아무것도하고싶지않아)[55] DolledUp(대새녀의메이크업이야기)[56] Game Berkanix(베르카닉스)(2009) TowerofGod(신의탑)(2013) TheGodofHighSchool(갓오브하이스쿨)(2015) TheSoundofHeart(마음의소리)(2016) DenmawithNAVERWEBTOON(덴마)(2016) NoblessewithNAVERWEBTOON(노블레스)(2017) DensinmawithNAVERWEBTOON(덴마+신도림+마왕이되는중2야)(2019) GausElectronicswithNAVERWEBTOON(가우스전자)(2019) Animatedseries WelcometoConvenienceStore(와라!편의점)(2012) StoryofMiho(미호이야기) ASimpleThinkingAboutBloodType(혈액형에관한간단한고찰)(2013) NotjimaJeongshinjul(놓지마정신줄)(2014) Noblesse(노블레스:파멸의시작)(2015) ReLIFE(リライフ)(2016) Nanbaka(ナンバカ)(2016) RecoveryofanMMOJunkie(ネト充のススメ)(2017) HowtoKeepaMummy(ミイラの飼い方)(2018) TheGodofHighSchool(2020) TowerofGod(2020) Noblesse(2020) Theatre TheGreatCatsby(위대한개츠비)(2007) BA:BO(바보) Hello,Schoolgirl(순정만화) Brand/Merchandise MarineBlues(마린블루스) WelcometoConvenienceStore(와라!편의점) TheSockMonster(양말도깨비) Yesterday,Today,andTomorrow(어제,오늘그리고내일) ONA Momokuri(ももくり)(2015) Noblesse:Awakening(노블레스:Awakening)(2016) TheSoundofHeart(마음의소리)(2018) TalesoftheUnusual(기기괴괴)(2019) MyGiantNerdBoyfriend(2019)[57] Let'sPlay(2019)[58] Seealso[edit] Manhwa Webcomic Digitalcomic Koreananimation Koreandrama SouthKoreananimation CinemaofSouthKorea KoreanWave References[edit] ^"MillionsinKoreaareobsessedwiththeserevolutionarycomics—nowthey'regoingglobal".February11,2016. ^Noh,Sueen.""ToBeorNottoBe,ThatIstheQuestion":WhatIsHappeningwithKoreanmanga,(Manhwa),Today?"InternationalJournalofmangaArt(IJOCA)9.2(2007):n.pag.InternationalJournalofmangaArt(IJOCA).JohnA.Lent,Sept.2007.Web.3Dec.2015. ^"Watchdoghitforexcessivedigitalcensorship".30March2015. ^"Creators101 ::MAKEMONEY".www.webtoons.com.Retrieved2020-04-24. ^"AStudyontheRoleofWeb-ToonAgencyfromtheViewpointofIndustrialLifeCycletheory"(PDF).한국만화애니메이션학회.doi:10.7230/KOSCAS.2018.51.225(inactive2022-04-17).Archivedfromtheoriginalon2022-04-07.{{citejournal}}:CS1maint:DOIinactiveasofApril2022(link) 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