Carnegie Mellon University - Wikipedia

Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) is a private research university based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1900, the university is a merger of the ... CarnegieMellonUniversity FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch PrivateuniversityinPittsburgh,Pennsylvania CarnegieMellonUniversityFormernamesCarnegieTechnicalSchools(1900–1912)CarnegieInstituteofTechnology(1912–1967)Carnegie-MellonUniversity(1968–1988)Motto"Myheartisinthework"-AndrewCarnegieTypePrivateresearchuniversityEstablished1900;121 yearsago (1900)1967(mergerwithMellonInstitute)FounderAndrewCarnegieAccreditationMSCHEAcademicaffiliationsAAUAITUORAUURASpace-grantEndowment$2.67billion(2020)[1]PresidentFarnamJahanianProvostJamesGarrettAcademicstaff1,483(March2020)[2]Students14,799(Fall2019)[3]Undergraduates7,022(Fall2019)[3]Postgraduates7,777(Fall2019)[3]LocationPittsburgh,Pennsylvania,UnitedStates40°26′33″N79°56′36″W/40.44250°N79.94333°W/40.44250;-79.94333Coordinates:40°26′33″N79°56′36″W/40.44250°N79.94333°W/40.44250;-79.94333CampusLargeCity,[4]140acres(57 ha)[5]NewspaperTheTartanColors CarnegieRed LightGrey DarGrey Black White[6][7]NicknameTartansSportingaffiliationsNCAADivisionIII-UAAPACACHAIRA[8]MascotScottytheScottishTerrier[9]Websitewww.cmu.edu CarnegieMellonUniversity(CMU)isaprivateresearchuniversitybasedinPittsburgh,Pennsylvania.Foundedin1900,theuniversityisamergeroftheCarnegieInstituteofTechnologyandtheMellonInstituteofIndustrialResearch. TheuniversitywasestablishedbyAndrewCarnegieastheCarnegieTechnicalSchools,theuniversitybecametheCarnegieInstituteofTechnologyin1912andbegangrantingfour-yeardegrees.In1967,theCarnegieInstituteofTechnologymergedwiththeMellonInstituteofIndustrialResearch,formerlyapartoftheUniversityofPittsburgh.[10]Sincethen,theuniversityhasoperatedasasingleinstitution. Theuniversityhassevencollegesandindependentschools,includingtheCollegeofEngineering,CollegeofFineArts,DietrichCollegeofHumanitiesandSocialSciences,MellonCollegeofScience,TepperSchoolofBusiness,HeinzCollegeofInformationSystemsandPublicPolicy,andtheSchoolofComputerScience.[11][12]Theuniversityhasitsmaincampuslocated3miles(5 km)fromDowntownPittsburgh,andtheuniversityalsohasoveradozendegree-grantinglocationsinsixcontinents,includingdegree-grantingcampusesinQatarandSiliconValley.[13] Pastandpresentfacultyandalumniinclude20NobelPrizelaureates,13TuringAwardwinners,23MembersoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences,22FellowsoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience,79MembersoftheNationalAcademies,124EmmyAwardwinners,47TonyAwardlaureates,and10AcademyAwardwinners.[14]CarnegieMellonenrolls14,799studentsfrom117countriesandemploys1,400facultymembers.[15] Contents 1Institutionalformation 2Campus 2.1Campusarchitectureanddesign 2.2Present 3Academics 3.1Rankings 3.2Admissions 3.3Research 4Internationalactivities 5Inpopularculture 6Schoolsanddivisions 6.1Libraries 6.2CollaborationwiththeUniversityofPittsburgh 7Discoveriesandinnovation 7.1Naturalsciences 7.2Computerandappliedsciences 7.3Companiesandentrepreneurship 8Alumniandfaculty 9Studentlife 9.1Traditions 9.2Housing 9.3Fraternitiesandsororities 10Athletics 10.1Football 10.2Trackandcrosscountry 10.3Volleyball 10.4Intramurals 11Studentresources 11.1CMUfoodpantry 12Seealso 13Notesandreferences 14Externallinks Institutionalformation[edit] AndrewCarnegie,founderoftheCarnegieTechnicalSchools TheCarnegieTechnicalSchoolswerefoundedin1900inPittsburgh[16]bytheScottish-AmericanindustrialistandphilanthropistAndrewCarnegie,whowrote"Myheartisinthework",whenhedonatedthefundstocreatetheinstitution.Carnegie'svisionwastoopenavocationaltrainingschoolforthesonsanddaughtersofworking-classPittsburghers(manyofwhomworkedinhismills).CarnegiewasinspiredforthedesignofhisschoolbythePrattInstituteinBrooklyn,NewYork,foundedbyindustrialistCharlesPrattin1887.[17]In1912,theinstitutionchangeditsnametoCarnegieInstituteofTechnology(CIT)andbeganofferingfour-yeardegrees.Duringthistime,CITconsistedoffourconstituentschools:theSchoolofFineandAppliedArts,theSchoolofApprenticesandJourneymen,theSchoolofScienceandTechnology,andtheMargaretMorrisonCarnegieSchoolforWomen. TheMellonInstituteofIndustrialResearchwasfoundedin1913bybankerandindustrialistbrothersAndrewMellon(whowentontobecomeU.S.TreasurySecretary)andRichardB.Melloninhonoroftheirfather,ThomasMellon,patriarchoftheMellonfamily.TheInstitutebeganasaresearchorganizationwhichperformedworkforgovernmentandindustryonacontractandwasinitiallyestablishedasadepartmentwithintheUniversityofPittsburgh.In1927,theMellonInstituteincorporatedasanindependentnonprofit.In1937,theMellonInstitute'siconicbuildingwascompletedanditmovedtoitsnew,andcurrent,locationonFifthAvenue.[18] In1967,withsupportfromPaulMellon,CarnegieTechmergedwiththeMellonInstituteofIndustrialResearchtobecomeCarnegieMellonUniversity.CarnegieMellon'scoordinatewomen'scollege,theMargaretMorrisonCarnegieCollege,closedin1973andmergeditsacademicprogramswiththerestoftheuniversity.[19] AndrewMellon,co-founderoftheMellonInstituteTheindustrialresearchmissionoftheMellonInstitutesurvivedthemergerastheCarnegieMellonResearchInstitute(CMRI)andcontinueddoingworkoncontracttoindustryandgovernment.CMRIclosedin2001anditsprogramsweresubsumedbyotherpartsoftheuniversityorspunoffintoautonomousentities.[20] Campus[edit] ThemaincampusinPittsburghasseenfromthe36thflooroftheCathedralofLearningattheUniversityofPittsburgh,August2015. CarnegieMellon's140-acre(57 ha)[5]maincampusisthreemiles(5 km)fromdowntownPittsburgh,betweenSchenleyParkandtheSquirrelHill,Shadyside,andOaklandneighborhoods.CarnegieMellonisborderedtothewestbythecampusoftheUniversityofPittsburgh.CarnegieMellonowns81buildingsintheOaklandandSquirrelHillneighborhoodsofPittsburgh. Fordecadesthecenterofstudentlifeoncampuswas"SkiboHall",theuniversity'sstudentunion.Builtinthe1950s,SkiboHall'sdesignwastypicalofMid-CenturyModernarchitecture,butwaspoorlyequippedtodealwithadvancesincomputerandinternetconnectivity.TheoriginalSkibowasrazedinthesummerof1994andreplacedbyanewstudentunionthatisfullywi-fienabled.KnownasUniversityCenter,thebuildingwasdedicatedin1996.In2014,CarnegieMellonre-dedicatedtheUniversityCenterastheCohonUniversityCenterinrecognitionoftheeighthpresidentoftheuniversity,JaredCohon.[21] Alargegrassyareaknownas"theCut"formsthebackboneofthecampus,withaseparategrassyareaknownas"theMall"runningperpendicular.TheCutwasformedbyfillinginaravine(hencethename)withsoilfromanearbyhillthatwasleveledtobuildtheCollegeofFineArtsbuilding. Thenorthwesternpartofthecampus(hometoHamburgHall,Newell-SimonHall,SmithHall,andGatesHillmanComplex)wasacquiredfromtheUnitedStatesBureauofMinesinthe1980s. In2006,CarnegieMellonTrusteeJillGansmanKrausdonatedthe80-foot(24 m)-tallsculptureWalkingtotheSky,whichwasplacedonthelawnfacingForbesAvebetweentheCohonUniversityCenterandWarnerHall.Thesculpturewascontroversialforitsplacement,thegenerallackofinputthatthecampuscommunityhad,andits(lackof)aestheticappeal.[22] InApril2015,CarnegieMellon,incollaborationwithJonesLangLaSalle,announcedtheplanningofasecondofficespacestructure,alongsidetheRobertMehrabianCollaborativeInnovationCenter,anupscaleandfull-servicehotel,andretailanddiningdevelopmentalongForbesAvenue.ThiscomplexwillconnecttotheTepperQuadrangle,theHeinzCollege,theTataConsultancyServicesBuilding,andtheGates-HillmanCentertocreateaninnovationcorridorontheuniversitycampus.Theeffortisintendedtocontinuetoattractmajorcorporatepartnershipstocreateopportunitiesforresearch,teaching,andemploymentwithstudentsandfaculty.[23] ApanoramicviewofCarnegieMellonUniversity'sPittsburghcampusfromtheCollegeofFineArtsLawn.Fromlefttoright:CollegeofFineArts,HuntLibrary,BakerandPorterHall,HamerschlagHall,UniversityofPittsburgh'sCathedralofLearning(inthebackground),WeanHallandDohertyHall,PurnellCenter,andtheCohonUniversityCenter.Alsovisibleare"TheFence,"andthe"WalkingtotheSky"sculpture. Campusarchitectureanddesign[edit] ThecampusbegantotakeshapeintheBeaux-ArtsarchitecturestyleofHenryHornbostel,awinnerofthe1904competitiontodesigntheoriginalinstitutionandlaterthefounderofwhatisnowtheCarnegieMellonSchoolofArchitecture. TherewaslittlechangetothecampusbetweenthefirstandsecondWorldWar.A1938masterplanbyGithensandKeallysuggestedacquisitionofnewlandalongForbesAvenue,buttheplanwasnotfullyimplemented.TheperiodstartingwiththeconstructionoftheHalloftheArts(formerGraduateSchoolofIndustrialAdministration)building(1952)andendingwithWeanHall(1971)sawtheinstitutionalchangefromCarnegieInstituteofTechnologytoCarnegieMellonUniversity.Newfacilitieswereneededtorespondtotheuniversity'sgrowingnationalreputationinartificialintelligence,business,roboticsandthearts.Inaddition,anexpandingstudentpopulationresultedinaneedforimprovedfacilitiesforstudentlife,athleticsandlibraries.ThecampusfinallyexpandedtoForbesAvenuefromitsoriginallandalongSchenleyPark.Aravinelongknownas"TheCut"wasgraduallyfilledintocampuslevel,joining"theMall"asamajorcampusopenspace. Hamerschlag,Roberts,andScottHallsarethreeoftheteachingfacilitiesoftheCollegeofEngineering Thebuildingsofthiserareflectcurrentattitudestowardarchitecturalstyle.TheInternationalStyle,withitsrejectionofhistoricaltraditionanditsemphasesonfunctionalismandexpressionofstructure,hadbeeninvogueinurbansettingssincethe1930s,butmostlyinGermanyandotherpartsofCentralEurope.ItcamelatetotheCarnegiecampusbecauseofthehiatusinbuildingactivityandageneralreluctanceamongallinstitutionsofhighereducationintheUnitedStatestoabandonhistoricalstyles.Bythe1960s,itwasseenasawaytoaccomplishtheneededexpansionandatthesametimegivethecampusanewimage,aswellaspotentialbuildquicklyandcheaply,desirablegoalswiththeswellingofAmericanuniversitystudentranksintheaftermathofthepassageoftheGIBillin1944.Eachbuildingwasauniquearchitecturalstatementthatmayhaveacknowledgedtheexistingcampusinitsplacement,butnotinitsformormaterials. Duringthe1970sand1980s,thetenureofUniversityPresidentRichardCyert(1972–1990)witnessedaperiodofgrowthanddevelopment.TheresearchbudgetgrewfromroughlyUS$12millionannuallyintheearly1970stomorethanUS$110millioninthelate1980s.Theworkofresearchersinnewfieldslikeroboticsandsoftwareengineeringhelpedtheuniversitytobuildonitsreputation.Oneexampleofthisapproachwastheintroductionoftheuniversity's"Andrew"computingnetworkinthemid-1980s.Thispioneeringproject,whichlinkedallcomputersandworkstationsoncampus,setthestandardforeducationalcomputingandestablishedCarnegieMellonasaleaderintheuseoftechnologyineducationandresearch.OnApril24,1984,cmu.edu,CarnegieMellon'sInternetdomainbecameoneofthefirstsix.edudomainnames. Present[edit] WeanHall,homeoftheworld'sfirstinternet-enabledsodavendingmachine.[24] Inthe1990sandintothe2000s,CarnegieMellonsolidifieditsstatusamongAmericanuniversities,consistentlyrankinginthetop25inthenationalU.S.News&WorldReportrankings,andinthetop60(ranking55thin2013)amongstuniversitiesworldwide.[25][26]CarnegieMellonisdistinctinitsinterdisciplinaryapproachtoresearchandeducation.Throughtheestablishmentofprogramsandcentersthatareoutsidethelimitationsofdepartmentsorcolleges,theuniversityhasestablishedleadershipinfieldssuchascomputationalfinance,informationsystems,cognitivesciences,management,artsmanagement,productdesign,behavioraleconomics,energyscienceandeconomics,human–computerinteraction,entertainmenttechnology,anddecisionscience.Withinthepasttwodecades,theuniversityhasbuiltanewuniversitycenter(CohonUniversityCenter),theateranddramabuilding(PurnellCenter),businessschoolbuilding(PosnerHall),studentunionandseveraldormitories.BakerHallwasrenovatedintheearly2000s(decade),andnewchemistrylabswereestablishedinDohertyHallsoonafter.Severalcomputersciencebuildings,suchasNewellSimonHall,alsowereestablished,renovatedorrenamedintheearly2000s(decade).TheuniversityhasmostrecentlycompletedbuildingtheGatesHillmanComplexandcontinuesrenovatinghistoricacademicandresidencehalls. TheGatesHillmanComplex,whichhousestheSchoolofComputerScience. TheGatesHillmanComplex,openedforoccupancyonAugust11,2009,sitsona5.6-acre(2.3 ha)siteontheuniversity'sWestCampus,surroundedbyCyertHall,thePurnellCenterfortheArts,DohertyHall,Newell-SimonHall,SmithHall,HamburgHallandtheRobertMehrabianCollaborativeInnovationCenter.Itcontains318officesaswellaslabs,computerclusters,lecturehalls,classroomsanda255-seatauditorium.TheGatesHillmanComplexwasmadepossiblebya$20millionleadgiftfromtheBill&MelindaGatesFoundationandanadditional$10milliongrantfromtheHenryL.HillmanFoundation.TheGatesHillmanComplexandthePurnellCenterfortheArtsareconnectedbytheRandyPauschMemorialFootbridge.[27] CohonUniversityCenter,whichcontainsanindoorswimmingpool,bookstore,studentclubfacilities,gym,andcafeteria. OnApril15,1997,JaredL.Cohon,formerdeanoftheYaleSchoolofForestry&EnvironmentalStudies,waselectedpresidentbyCarnegieMellon'sboardoftrustees.DuringCohon'spresidency,CarnegieMelloncontinueditstrajectoryofinnovationandgrowth.Hisstrategicplanaimedtoleveragetheuniversity'sstrengthstobenefitsocietyintheareasofbiotechnologyandlifesciences,informationandsecuritytechnology,environmentalscienceandpractices,thefineartsandhumanities,andbusinessandpublicpolicy.In2006,followingnegotiationsbetweenPresidentCohonandSouthAustralianPremierMikeRann,CMUopenedacampusoftheHeinzCollegeinthehistoricTorrensBuildinginAdelaide,Australia.PresidentCohon'stermendedonJune30,2013,afterwhichhereturnedtothefacultyatCarnegieMellon. OnJuly1,2003,CarnegieMellonlaunched"Insp!reInnovation",a$1billioncomprehensivefundraisingcampaign.Halfofthecampaigngoalisintendedfortheendowmenttoprovidelong-lastingsupportforfaculty,studentsandbreakthroughinnovations.Thecampaignbroughtinatotalof$1.19billion,with$578.5milliongoingtowardCarnegieMellon'sendowment.Italsoenabledtheuniversitytoestablish31endowedprofessorships,97endowedfellowshipsand250endowedscholarships.[28]OnSeptember7,2011,WilliamS.DietrichII,theformerchairmanofDietrichIndustries,Inc.,asubsidiaryofWorthingtonIndustries,Inc.,pledgedagiftof$265million,effectiveonOctober6,2011,uponhisdeath.Inresponsetothisgift,CarnegieMellonrenamedtheCollegeofHumanitiesandSocialSciencesastheMariannaBrownDietrichCollegeofHumanitiesandSocialSciencesafterWilliamDietrich'smother.[29] NewYork'sMayorMichaelR.Bloomberg,andNewYorkUniversity'sPresidentJohnSextononApril23,2012,announcedanagreementbetweenNewYorkCity,NewYork'sMTA,andaconsortiumofacademicinstitutions,andprivatetechnologycompanies,thatwillleadtothecreationinNewYorkofaCenterforUrbanScienceandProgress(CUSP).TheCenterforUrbanScienceandProgress(CUSP)isanappliedscienceresearchinstitutewhichwillbeapartnershipofinstitutionsfromaroundtheglobe,ledbyNewYorkUniversitywithaconsortiumofuniversitiesincludingtheUniversityofWarwick,CarnegieMellon,theCityUniversityofNewYork,theIndianInstituteofTechnologyBombay,andtheUniversityofToronto. InSeptember2012,CarnegieMellonannouncedtheconstructionoftheShermanandJoyceBowieScottHallonthePittsburghcampus.ThenewbuildingissituatedbetweenHamerschlagHall,RobertsHall,andWeanHallandhousestheuniversity-wideWiltonE.ScottInstituteforEnergyInnovation,anewnanotechnologyresearchcenter,theInstituteforComplexEngineeredSystems,andtheBiomedicalEngineeringDepartment.[30]Further,inNovember2013,CarnegieMellonannounceda$67milliongiftfromDavidTepper,whopreviouslydonated$56million,todeveloptheTepperQuadrangleonthenorthcampus.TheTepperQuadincludesanewTepperSchoolofBusinessfacilityacrossForbesAvenuefromarenovatedandexpandedHeinzCollege[31]aswellasotheruniversity-widebuildingsandawelcomecenterwhichservesasapublicgatewaytotheuniversity.[32]AlongsidetheTepperQuadandHamburgHall,CarnegieMellonwillconstructaninnovationcenterwitha$35milliongiftfromTataConsultancyServiceswhichwillpartnerwithCarnegieMellontodeveloptechnologyandbusinesssolutions.[buzzword][33] OnFebruary5,2013,CarnegieMellonannouncedtheselectionofSubraSuresh,DirectoroftheNationalScienceFoundationandDeanoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologySchoolofEngineering,asitsninthpresidenteffectiveJuly1,2013.[34]SureshsteppeddowninJune2017[35]andwasreplacedbyFarnamJahanian,theuniversity'sinterim-presidentandformerprovost,inMarch2018.[36] Academics[edit] Rankings[edit] Academicrankings National ARWU[37] 40 Forbes[38] 49 THE/WSJ[39] 20 U.S.News&WorldReport[40] 25 WashingtonMonthly[41] 50 Global ARWU[42] 95 QS[43] 51 THE[44] 28 U.S.News&WorldReport[45] 102 Nationally,U.S.News&WorldReportplacesCarnegieMelloninatiefor25thplaceamongAmericanresearchuniversitiesintheir2022rankings.[46]Severalofitsgraduateprogramshavebeenrankedinnationalandinternationalsurveys.U.S.NewsrankedCarnegieMellonastiedat1stforgraduatestudiesincomputerscience,6thforfinearts,8thforstatistics,14thforpublicaffairs,17thforpsychology,32ndformathematics,35thforphysics,39thforbiologicalsciences,41stforchemistry,44thforhistory,and51stforEnglish.ItrankedCarnegieMellon'sgraduateprogramoutrightat4thforengineering,17thforbusiness,and20thforeconomics.[47] Globally,CarnegieMellonistiedfor94thasrankedbyU.S.News,95thbyARWU,28thbyTimesHigherEducationand51stbyQSWorldUniversityRankings. CarnegieMellonwasnamedoneofthe"NewIvies"byNewsweek.[48]In2010,TheWallStreetJournalrankedCarnegieMellon1stincomputerscience,4thinfinance,10thoverall,and21stinengineeringaccordingtojobrecruiters.[49]CarnegieMellonranksthirteenthamong"BestCollegesBySalaryPotential(Bachelor'sOnly)"intheUnitedStatesaccordingtoPayScale's2016–17study.[50]In2018,CarnegieMellon'sTepperSchoolofBusinessplaced12thinanannualrankingofU.S.businessschoolsbyBloombergBusinessweek.[51] In2016,TheHollywoodReporterrankedtheSchoolofDrama3rdintheworldamongundergraduatedramaschools.[52]In2015,thesamepublicationrankedtheMFAprogramattheSchoolofDrama5thintheworld.[53] CarnegieMellon'sDietrichCollegeofHumanitiesandSocialScienceswasranked55thforsocialsciencesand60thforhumanitiesintheworldbyTimesHigherEducationfor2020.[54][55]DietrichCollegeisalsoranked20thforsocialsciencesamongShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity'sworld'stop100universities.[56] CarnegieMellonisoneof62electedmembersoftheAssociationofAmericanUniversitiesandoneof25members(oneof12Americanmembers)oftheWorldEconomicForumGlobalUniversityLeadersForum.[57] Admissions[edit] 2020[58] 2019[59] 2018[60] 2017[61] 2016[62] Applicants 26,189 27,634 24,351 20,497 21,189 Admits 4,524 4,267 4,170 4,550 4,601 Admitrate 17.27% 15.44% 17.12% 22.20% 21.71% Enrolled 1,637 1,585 1,572 1,676 1,552 Yield 36.18% 37.15% 37.70% 36.68% 33.73% Fortheclassof2024(enrollingfall2020),CarnegieMellonreceived26,189applicationsandaccepted4,524(17.27%),with1,637enrolling.[58]Fortheclassof2023(enrollingfall2019),CarnegieMellonreceived27,634applicationsandaccepted4,265(15.4%),with1,585enrolling.[63]TheacceptanceratesoftheindividualcollegesandprogramsrangedfromCarnegieMellonSchoolofArchitecture's30%toCarnegieMellonSchoolofDrama's3%.[64]Thelargestcollege,intermsoftheclassof2023enrollment,istheCollegeofEngineeringwith407students,followedbytheDietrichCollegeofHumanities&SocialScienceswith277,andtheSchoolofComputerSciencewith218.[64]ThesmallestcollegeistheSchoolofDesign,with34.[64]Themiddle50%rangeofSATscoresofenrolledfreshmenwas700-760forreadingandwriting,and760-800formath,whilethemiddle50%rangeoftheACTcompositescorewas33–35.[63] In2019CarnegieMellonenrolledstudentsfrom48U.S.statesandmorethan70countries.[64]Undergraduatetuitionandfeesfor2019-2020is$57,119androomandboardis$14,972.[64] Research[edit] PosnerHall,formerhomeoftheTepperSchoolofBusiness CMUisclassifiedamong"R1:DoctoralUniversities–VeryHighResearchActivity".[65]Forthe2006fiscalyear,theuniversityspent$315milliononresearch.TheprimaryrecipientsofthisfundingweretheSchoolofComputerScience($100.3million),theSoftwareEngineeringInstitute($71.7million),theCollegeofEngineering($48.5million),andtheMellonCollegeofScience($47.7million).Theresearchmoneycomeslargelyfromfederalsources,withafederalinvestmentof$277.6million.ThefederalagenciesthatinvestthemostmoneyaretheNationalScienceFoundationandtheDepartmentofDefense,whichcontribute26%and23.4%ofthetotaluniversityresearchbudgetrespectively.[citationneeded] TherecognitionofCarnegieMellonasoneofthebestresearchfacilitiesinthenationhasalonghistory—asearlyasthe1987FederalbudgetCMUwasrankedasthirdintheamountofresearchdollarswith$41.5million,withonlyMITandJohnsHopkinsreceivingmoreresearchfundsfromtheDepartmentofDefense.[66] ThePittsburghSupercomputingCenter(PSC)isajointeffortbetweenCarnegieMellon,UniversityofPittsburgh,andWestinghouseElectricCompany.PSCwasfoundedin1986byitstwoscientificdirectors,Dr.RalphRoskiesoftheUniversityofPittsburghandDr.MichaelLevineofCarnegieMellon.PSCisaleadingpartnerintheTeraGrid,theNationalScienceFoundation'scyberinfrastructureprogram.[67]ScarablunarroverisbeingdevelopedbytheRI. TheRoboticsInstitute(RI)isadivisionoftheSchoolofComputerScienceandconsideredtobeoneoftheleadingcentersofroboticsresearchintheworld.TheFieldRoboticsCenter(FRC)hasdevelopedanumberofsignificantrobots,includingSandstormandH1ghlander,whichfinishedsecondandthirdintheDARPAGrandChallenge,andBoss,whichwontheDARPAUrbanChallenge.TheRoboticsInstitutehaspartneredwithaspinoffcompany,AstroboticTechnologyInc.,tolandaCMUrobotonthemoonby2016inpursuitoftheGoogleLunarXPrize.Therobot,knownasAndy,isdesignedtoexplorelunarpits,whichmightincludeentrancestocaves.[68]TheRIisprimarilysitedatCarnegieMellon'smaincampusinNewell-Simonhall.[69] TheSoftwareEngineeringInstitute(SEI)isafederallyfundedresearchanddevelopmentcentersponsoredbytheU.S.DepartmentofDefenseandoperatedbyCarnegieMellon,withofficesinPittsburgh,Pennsylvania,USA;Arlington,Virginia,andFrankfurt,Germany.TheSEIpublishesbooksonsoftwareengineeringforindustry,governmentandmilitaryapplicationsandpractices.TheorganizationisknownforitsCapabilityMaturityModel[70][71](CMM)andCapabilityMaturityModelIntegration(CMMI),whichidentifyessentialelementsofeffectivesystemandsoftwareengineeringprocessesandcanbeusedtoratethelevelofanorganization'scapabilityforproducingqualitysystems.TheSEIisalsothehomeofCERT/CC,thefederallyfundedcomputersecurityorganization.TheCERTProgram'sprimarygoalsaretoensurethatappropriatetechnologyandsystemsmanagementpracticesareusedtoresistattacksonnetworkedsystemsandtolimitdamageandensurecontinuityofcriticalservicessubsequenttoattacks,accidents,orfailures.[72] TheHuman–ComputerInteractionInstitute(HCII)isadivisionoftheSchoolofComputerScienceandisconsideredoneoftheleadingcentersofhuman–computerinteractionresearch,integratingcomputerscience,design,socialscience,andlearningscience.[73]Suchinterdisciplinarycollaborationisthehallmarkofresearchdonethroughouttheuniversity. TheLanguageTechnologiesInstitute(LTI)isanotherunitoftheSchoolofComputerScienceandisfamousforbeingoneoftheleadingresearchcentersintheareaoflanguagetechnologies.Theprimaryresearchfocusoftheinstituteisonmachinetranslation,speechrecognition,speechsynthesis,informationretrieval,parsingandinformationextraction.[74]Until1996,theinstituteexistedastheCenterforMachineTranslationthatwasestablishedin1986.From1996onwards,itstartedawardinggraduatedegreesandthenamewaschangedtoLanguageTechnologiesInstitute. CarnegieMellonisalsohometotheCarnegieSchoolofmanagementandeconomics.ThisintellectualschoolgrewoutoftheTepperSchoolofBusinessinthe1950sand1960sandfocusedontheintersectionofbehavioralismandmanagement.Severalmanagementtheories,mostnotablyboundedrationalityandthebehavioraltheoryofthefirm,wereestablishedbyCarnegieSchoolmanagementscientistsandeconomists. CarnegieMellonalsodevelopscross-disciplinaryanduniversity-wideinstitutesandinitiativestotakeadvantageofstrengthsinvariouscollegesanddepartmentsanddevelopsolutionsincriticalsocialandtechnicalproblems.Todate,thesehaveincludedtheCylabSecurityandPrivacyInstitute,theWiltonE.ScottInstituteforEnergyInnovation,theNeuroscienceInstitute(formerlyknownasBrainHub),theSimonInitiative,andtheDisruptiveHealthcareTechnologyInstitute. CarnegieMellonhasmadeaconcertedefforttoattractcorporateresearchlabs,offices,andpartnershipstothePittsburghcampus.AppleInc.,Intel,Google,Microsoft,Disney,Facebook,IBM,GeneralMotors,BombardierInc.,Yahoo!,Uber,TataConsultancyServices,Ansys,Boeing,RobertBoschGmbH,andtheRandCorporationhaveestablishedapresenceonornearcampus.IncollaborationwithIntel,CarnegieMellonhaspioneeredresearchintoclaytronics.[75] Internationalactivities[edit] InadditiontoitsPittsburghcampus,CarnegieMellonhasabranchcampusintheMiddleEast,CarnegieMellonUniversityinQatar,whichoffersafullundergraduatecurriculumwithdegreeprogramsincomputerscience,businessadministration,biology,computationalbiology,andinformationsystems.ThecampusislocatedinDoha'sEducationCitywhichishometomultipleotherU.S.universitiesallofwhicharefundedbytheQatarFoundation.TheQataricampushasbeenthesubjectofcriticismduetoQatar'sadherencetoShariaLawandlackoffreedomofspeechandintellectualfreedoms.[citationneeded][76]Additionally,CarnegieMellonandotherU.S.UniversitiesinEducationCityhavebeencriticizedforbeingessentiallycomplicitinQatar'sfundingofterroristgroupssuchasAlQaeda,ISIS,andHamasandtheirquestionablehumanrightsrecordbycontinuingtooperatetheredespitetheseissues.[76][77][78][79] Italsohasgraduate-levelextensioncampusesinMountainView,CaliforniaintheheartofSiliconValley(offeringmastersprogramsinSoftwareEngineeringandSoftwareManagement).TheTepperSchoolofBusinessmaintainsasatellitecenterindowntownManhattanandtheHeinzCollegemaintainsoneinAdelaide,Australia.TheHeinzCollege,theInstituteforPoliticsandStrategy,andtheDepartmentofEngineeringandPublicPolicyhostcentersinWashington,D.C.aspartofdegreeprograms,research,andgovernmentaffairsinitiativesaswellasbeingapartoftheUniversityofCalifornia,WashingtonCenter.CarnegieMellonalsoestablishedtheIntegrativeMediaProgramatSteinerStudiosinBrooklyn,NewYork.CarnegieMellonalsomaintainstheCarnegieMellonLosAngelesCenterinNorthHollywood,CaliforniawherestudentsintheMasterofEntertainmentIndustryManagementprogramarerequiredtorelocatetoLosAngelesintheirsecondyearandattendclassesatthisfacility. CarnegieMellon'sInformationNetworkingInstituteoffersgraduateprogramsinAthens,GreeceandKobe,Japan,incollaborationwithAthensInformationTechnologyandtheHyogoInstituteofInformationEducationFoundation,respectively.Inthefallof2007,thecitiesofAveiroandLisbon,PortugalwereaddedtotheInformationNetworkingInstitute'sremotelocations.TheInstituteforSoftwareResearchInternational(ISRI)offersgraduateprogramsinCoimbra,Portugal.TheEntertainmentTechnologyCenteroffersgraduateprogramsinPortugal,Japan,andSingapore.TheHuman–ComputerInteractionInstituteoffersamaster'sdegreeinconjunctionwiththeUniversityofMadeira,inPortugalatthejointlyfoundedMadeiraInteractiveTechnologiesInstitute.TheCollegeofEngineeringhasaninternationallocationinKigali,RwandaofferingtheMasterofScienceinInformationTechnologyandtheMasterofScienceinElectricalandComputerEngineering. Inpopularculture[edit] Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(November2016)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) ThecampusofCarnegieMelloninPittsburghhasservedasthelocaleformanymotionpictures.AlumnusGeorgeA.RomerofilmedCreepshow(1982)inandaroundMargaretMorrisonCarnegieHall.[80]Muchoftheon-campusscenesinthe2000filmWonderBoys,starringMichaelDouglasandTobeyMaguire,werefilmedinCarnegieMellon'scampus.[81]OthermoviesfilmedatCarnegieMellonincludeTheMothmanProphecies,Dogma,Lorenzo'sOil,Hoffa,TheDarkKnightRises,Where'dYouGo,Bernadette,andFlashdance.TheuniversityisalsofeaturedprominentlyinthefilmsSmartPeople,MonkeyShines,andintheanimeSummerWars.ItwasalsoreferencedonanepisodeofTheSimpsons,Weeds,30Rock,AmericanHousewife,andinthetelevisionfilmMeanGirls2.CarnegieMellonwasidentifiedastheuniversity"Rat"wenttointhesciencefictionfilmTheCore,aswellastheuniversitythatoneoftheastronautsattendedinthefilmDeepImpact.[82]Inthe2020AmazonPrimeVideowebseries,Upload,astheuniversityNathanwenttoforhisComputerEngineeringdegree. ThemusicalPippinwasoriginallyconceivedbyStephenSchwartzasastudentmusicalperformedbytheScotch'n'Sodastudenttheatretroupe.[83]SchwartzalsocollaboratedwithdramastudentJohn-MichaelTebelaktoexpandhismaster'sthesisprojecttitledGodspell,createdunderthedirectionofLawrenceCarra,intoamusical.[84] WhileenrolledatCarnegieMellon,actingstudentsMichaelMcKeanandDavidLander(classof1969)createdthecharacters"Lenny&Squiggy".[85]ThepaircontinuedperformingthecharactersinlivecomedyroutinesbeforejoiningthecastoftheTVseriesLaverneandShirley. In2008,CarnegieMellonprofessorRandyPausch's"LastLecture"becameapopculturephenomenon.BasedonalecturehegaveinSeptember2007–shortlyafterhelearnedhiscancerhadmetastasized–hisbookquicklyrosetothetopofbestsellerlistsaroundthecountry.NamedinTimeMagazine's"Time100"listofinfluentialpeople,hediedinJuly2008frompancreaticcancer.[86] In2003,CarnegieMellonestablishedtheRobotHallofFameinpartnershipwiththeCarnegieScienceCenter. The68thTonyAwardsin2014announcedCarnegieMellonasitsfirsteducationalpartnerinjointlyawardingthe"TonyHonorforExcellenceinTheatreEducation",whichwill"honorkindergartenthroughhighschool(K-12)theatreeducators".[87] Schoolsanddivisions[edit] MargaretMorrisonCarnegieHall,homeoftheCarnegieMellonSchoolofArchitectureandCarnegieMellonSchoolofDesign TheCollegeofEngineeringincludessevenengineeringdepartments(BiomedicalEngineering,ChemicalEngineering,CivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,ElectricalandComputerEngineering,EngineeringandPublicPolicy,MechanicalEngineering,andMaterialsScienceandEngineering),twointerdisciplinaryinstitutes(theInformationNetworkingInstituteandtheIntegratedInnovationInstitute),andtheEngineeringResearchAccelerator. TheCollegeofFineArtsisoneoftheoldestcollegesoffineartsintheUnitedStates,andtodayitisafederationoffivedistinctschools:TheSchoolofArchitecture,TheSchoolofMusic,TheSchoolofDesign,TheSchoolofDrama,andTheSchoolofArt.UnliketheothercollegesatCMU,whereswitchingbetweenundergraduateprogramswithinthestudent'scurrentlyenrolledcollegeisrelativelystraightforward,switchingtoadifferentschoolwithinCFAoftenrequiresthestudentgothroughanapplicationprocesssimilartothatofaHighSchoolstudent.[88][89][90]Thecollegesharesresearchprojects,interdisciplinarycentersandeducationalprogramswithotherunitsacrosstheuniversity.[91]TheCollegeofFineArtsrunsmastersprogramsinArtsManagementandEntertainmentIndustryManagementwiththeHeinzCollege,aswellasinterdisciplinaryundergraduateprogramspartneredwithDietrichCollegeofHumanitiesandSocialSciences(BHA),MellonCollegeofScience(BSA),andtheSchoolofComputerScience(SCS).[92] TheDietrichCollegeofHumanitiesandSocialSciencesistheuniversity'sliberalartsandprofessionalstudiescollegeandemphasizesthestudyofthehumanconditionthroughrigorousanalysisandtechnology.DepartmentsincludeEnglish,History,ModernLanguages,Philosophy,Psychology,SocialandDecisionSciencesandStatisticsaswellasanInstituteforPoliticsandStrategy.ThecollegealsooffersundergraduatedegreeprogramsinInformationSystems,Economics(thelatterjointlywiththeTepperSchoolofBusiness),andtheBachelorofHumanitiesandArts(BHA)withtheCollegeofFineArts.[93] TheH.JohnHeinzIIICollegeofInformationSystemsandPublicPolicyofferstop-rankedmaster'sdegreesinPublicPolicyandManagement,HealthCarePolicyandManagement,MedicalManagement,PublicManagement,InformationSystemsandManagement,InformationTechnology,andInformationSecurityPolicyandManagement.TheHeinzCollegealsorunsmastersprogramsinArtsManagementandEntertainmentIndustryManagementwiththeCollegeofFineArts.ItconsistsoftheSchoolofInformationSystems&ManagementandtheSchoolofPublicPolicy&Management.ItalsooffersseveralPhDandexecutiveeducationprograms. TheMellonCollegeofScienceincludesfourdepartments:BiologicalSciences,Chemistry,MathematicalSciencesandPhysics.Inaddition,thecollegeisexpandingeffortsingreenchemistry,bioinformatics,computationalbiology,nanotechnology,computationalfinance,cosmology,sensorresearchandbiologicalphysics.ItalsooffersanundergraduateBachelorofScienceandArts(BSA)degreeinconjunctionwiththeCollegeofFineArts.[94] TheHuntLibraryatCarnegieMellonUniversityisthelargestlibraryonthePittsburghCampus TheGatesCenterattheuniversity'scomputerscienceschool. TheSchoolofComputerScience:CarnegieMellonhelpeddefine,andcontinuallyredefines,thefieldofcomputerscience.TheSchoolofComputerScienceisrecognizedinternationallyasoneofthetopschoolsforcomputerscience.[95]TheSchoolofComputerScienceincludessevendepartments:theComputerScienceDepartment,ComputationalBiologyDepartment,RoboticsInstitute,MachineLearningDepartment,InstituteforSoftwareResearch,Human–ComputerInteractionInstitute,andtheLanguageTechnologiesInstitute.ItadditionallyofferstheundergraduateBachelorofComputerScienceandArts(BCSA)degreeinconjunctionwiththeCollegeofFineArts.[96] TheTepperSchoolofBusiness(formerlytheGraduateSchoolofIndustrialAdministration-GSIA)offersundergraduateprogramsinBusinessAdministrationandEconomics(thelatterjointlywiththeDietrichCollege),master'sdegreesinBusinessAdministration(MBA)(theMBAwasformerlynamedMSIA)andjointdegreesinComputationalFinance(MSCF)withtheDietrichCollegeofHumanitiesandSocialSciences,theMellonCollegeofScience,theHeinzCollege,andtheSchoolofComputerScience.Inaddition,jointdegreesareofferedwithCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringandtheHeinzCollege.TheTepperSchoolalsooffersdoctoraldegreesinseveralareasandpresentsanumberofexecutiveeducationprograms.Followinga$67milliondonationfromDavidA.Tepperin2013,theuniversitysoughttoexpandtheundergraduatebusinessprogram.Insummerof2015,thebusinessprogramwasrevampedandanewcurriculumwasformallyinstated.[97] CarnegieMellonalsorunstheIntegrativeDesign,Arts,andTechnology(IDeATe)Networktoprovideuniversity-wideartsandtechnologyeducationtostudentsfromeverycollege.IDeATeallowsstudentstotakeminorsorconcentrationsinAnimationandSpecialEffects,EntrepreneurshipforCreativeIndustries,GameDesign,IntelligentEnvironments,LearningMedia,MediaDesign,PhysicalComputing,andSoundDesign.IDeAtewillalsooffergraduatemaster'sdegreesinEmergingMedia,GameDesign,IntegrativeInnovationforProductsandServices,ComputationalDataScience,UrbanDesign,andProductionTechnologyandManagement.IDeATealsomanagestheEntertainmentTechnologyCenter(ETC)inconjunctionwiththeSchoolofComputerScienceandtheCollegeofFineArts.Eachmaster'sdegreeprogramhasanoptiontostudyintheCMUIntegrativeMediaProgram(IMP)atSteinerStudiosinNewYorkCity.IDeATeNetworkwillbebasedonthePittsburghcampusuponthedevelopmentofrecentlyacquiredpropertyonForbesAvenuewestofJunctionHollow.[98] Inadditiontoresearchandacademicinstitutions,theuniversityhostsseveralothereducationallydrivenprograms.ThePennsylvaniaGovernor'sSchoolfortheSciences,astate-fundedsummerprogramthataimstofosterinterestinscienceamongstgiftedhighschoolstudentsisrunoncampuseverysummer.TheuniversityalsorunsPre-College,a6-weekresidentialprogramforrisingjuniorsandseniorsinhighschool,withprogramsinDrama,Music,Art&Design,Architecture,GameDesign&Development,Humanities&Sciences,Mathematics,andComputerScience.TheCyertCenterforEarlyEducationisachildcarecenterforCarnegieMellonfacultyandstaff,aswellasanobservationalsettingforstudentsinchilddevelopmentcourses.TheOpenLearningInitiativeprovidesfreecoursesonlineinavarietyoffieldstostudentsglobally. Libraries[edit] TheLibrariesofCarnegieMellonincludeHuntLibrary,theRogerSorrellsEngineering&ScienceLibrary,theMellonInstituteLibrary,thePosnerCenter,andtheQatarLibrary.Additionally,theLibraries'MillionBookProject(2001–)sparkeddevelopmentoftheUniversalDigitalLibrary.TheUniversityLibrarieshostanumberoffulltextspecialcollectionsforpublicaccess,includingtheAndrewCarnegieCollection,HerbertA.SimonCollection,AllenNewellCollection,theH.JohnHeinzIIICollection,thePittsburghJewishNewspapersProject,andthePosnerMemorialCollection.CarnegieMellonstudentsandfacultyhaveaccesstotheCarnegieLibraryofPittsburghandsomeUniversityofPittsburghlibrariesthroughconsortialagreementswiththoseinstitutions.TheHuntInstituteforBotanicalDocumentation(HIBD),[99]dedicatedastheRachelMcMastersMillerHuntBotanicalLibraryin1961,hasbeenaresearchdivisionofCMUstartedasaninternationalbibliographicalresearchandserviceinthefieldsofbotany,horticultureandthehistoryoftheplantsciences,whichhasasignificantresearchlibraryandartholdingsonthe5thfloorofHuntLibrary.Theuniversity'sSoftwareEngineeringInstitutealsohousesaresearchlibrary. CarnegieMellonalsomanagestheNavalReserveOfficerTrainingCorpsinPittsburghonwhichstudentsthroughoutPittsburgh'suniversitiesrely.CarnegieMellonreliesontheUniversityofPittsburghtoprovideopportunitiesinArmyReserveOfficers'TrainingCorpsandAirForceReserveOfficerTrainingCorpstoitsstudents. CarnegieMellonisaccreditedbytheMiddleStatesCommissiononHigherEducation.[100] CollaborationwiththeUniversityofPittsburgh[edit] CarnegieMellonneighborsthecampusoftheUniversityofPittsburgh,andinsomecases,buildingsofthetwouniversitiesareintermingled.Thishelpstofacilitatemyriadacademicandresearchcollaborationsbetweenthetwoschools,[101]includingsuchprojectsasthePittsburghSupercomputingCenter,thePittsburghLifeSciencesGreenhouse,theImmuneModelingCenter,theCenterfortheNeuralBasisofCognition,theUniversityofPittsburghCancerInstitute,aswellastheNationalScienceFoundation-supportedPittsburghScienceofLearningCenter.[102][103]Further,theuniversitiesalsooffermultipledualandjointdegreeprogramssuchastheMedicalScientistTrainingProgram,theMolecularBiophysicsandStructuralBiologyGraduateProgram,theJointCMU-PittPh.D.PrograminComputationalBiology,theCenterforNeuralBasisofCognition,andtheLawandBusinessAdministrationprogram.Someprofessorsholdjointprofessorshipsbetweenthetwoschools,andstudentsateachuniversitymaytakeclassesattheother(withappropriateapprovals).[104]CMUstudentsandfacultyalsohaveaccesstotheUniversityofPittsburghlibrarysystem,aswellastheCarnegieLibraryofPittsburgh.Thetwouniversitiesalsoco-hostacademicconferences,suchasthe2012SecondLanguageResearchForum.[105]In2015,inconjunctionwiththeUniversityofPittsburghandUPMC,CarnegieMellonbecameapartnerofthePittsburghHealthDataAlliancetoleveragedataanalysisinhealthcare.[106] Discoveriesandinnovation[edit] SimplifiedevolutionofUnixsystems.TheMachkernelwasaforkfromBSD4.3thatledtoNeXTSTEP/OPENSTEP,uponwhichmacOSandiOSisbased. Naturalsciences[edit] Electrondiffraction–ClintonDavissonwonthe1937NobelPrizeinPhysicsforhisdiscoveryofelectrondiffractioninthefamousDavisson–Germerexperiment,whichconfirmedthedeBrogliehypothesisthatparticlesofmatterhaveawave-likenature,whichisacentraltenetofquantummechanics.Inparticular,theirobservationofdiffractionallowedthefirstmeasurementofawavelengthforelectrons. Kevlar–DevelopedbyStephanieKwolekatDuPontin1965,thehigh-strengthmaterialwasfirstusedcommerciallyintheearly1970sasareplacementforsteelinracingtires.Kevlarhasmanyapplications,rangingfrombicycletiresandracingsailstobulletproofvests,allduetoitshightensilestrength-to-weightratio;bythismeasure,itisfivetimesstrongerthansteel. Spectroscopy–JohnL.Hallwonthe2005NobelPrizeinPhysicswithTheodorW.HänschandRoyJ.Glauberforhispioneeringworkonlaser-basedprecisionspectroscopyandtheopticalfrequencycombtechnique. Neutronscattering–CliffordG.Shullwasawardedthe1994NobelPrizeinPhysicswithCanadianBertramBrockhousefortheirpioneeringworkinneutronscattering,atechniquethatrevealswhereatomsarewithinamateriallikericochetingbulletsrevealwhereobstaclesareinthedark. Computerandappliedsciences[edit] Alice(software)–freeware(fornon-commercialpurposes)object-basededucationalprogramminglanguagewithanintegrateddevelopmentenvironment(IDE).[107] AndrewProject–distributedcomputingenvironmentdevelopedatCarnegieMellonbeginningin1982.Itwasanambitiousprojectforitstimeandresultedinanunprecedentedlyvastandaccessibleuniversitycomputinginfrastructure.Thegoalwastohaveconnected3Mcomputerworkstations.[108] Artificialintelligence–SeveralofthefirstAIsoftwareprogramswerecreatedatCarnegieMellon.TheseincludetheLogicTheorist,GeneralProblemSolver,andSoar. Autonomousvehicle–Navlab,thefirstautonomouscarprogramwasdevelopedbyCarnegieMellon.Sincethen,H1ghlanderandSandstormautonomousvehiclesweredevelopedatCarnegieMellonandplaced3rdand2ndintheDARPAGrandChallengeandCarnegieMellon'sBosswontheDARPAGrandChallenge(2007).[109]Theuniversitycontinuestobealeaderinautonomousresearchanddevelopment. Dynamicrandom-accessmemory–In1966,RobertH.Dennardinventedtheone-transistormemorycellconsistingofatransistorandacapacitorforwhichapatentwasissuedin1968.Itbecamethebasisfortoday'sdynamicrandom-accessmemory(DRAM). MEMS–HarveyC.NathansoninventedthefirstMEMS(micro-electro-mechanicalsystems)deviceofthetypenowfoundinproductsrangingfromiPhonestoautomobiles.TypicalMEMSdevicesincludetheaccelerometersfoundinsmartphonesandvideogamecontrollers,andthegyroscopesusedinautomobilesandwearables. XeroxPARC–Foundedin1969byGeorgePakeandJackGoldman,XeroxPARChasbeenattheheartofnumerousrevolutionarycomputerdevelopmentsaslaserprinting,Ethernet,themodernpersonalcomputer,graphicaluserinterface(GUI)anddesktopparadigm,object-orientedprogramming,ubiquitouscomputing,electronicpaper,amorphoussilicon(a-Si)applications,thecomputermouse,andadvancingvery-large-scaleintegration(VLSI)forsemiconductors. BLISS–systemprogramminglanguagedevelopedatCarnegieMellonbyW.A.Wulf,D.B.Russell,andA.N.Habermannaround1970.ItwasperhapsthebestknownsystemsprogramminglanguageuntilCmadeitsdebutin1972.[110] Emoticon–ThefirsttrueemoticonwasdevelopedatCarnegieMellonbyScottFahlmanin1982. Hashtag–Ina2007tweet,ChrisMessinaproposedvertical/associationalgroupingofmessages,trends,andeventsonTwitterbythemeansofhashtags. Java–class-basedobjectorientedprogramminglanaguagethatwasoriginallydevelopedbyJamesGoslingatSunMicrosystems(whichhassincebeenacquiredbyOracle)andreleasedin1995asacorecomponentofSunMicrosystems'Javaplatform. Mach(kernel)–RichardRashidandAvieTevaniandevelopedMachatCarnegieMellonfrom1985to1994,endingwithMach3.0,whichisatruemicrokernel.MachwasdevelopedasareplacementforthekernelintheBSDversionofUnix,sononewoperatingsystemwouldhavetobedesignedaroundit.ExperimentalresearchonMachappearstohaveended,althoughMachanditsderivativesexistwithinanumberofcommercialoperatingsystems.TheseincludeNeXTSTEPandOPENSTEP,uponwhichmacOSandiOSarebased.[111] Wi-Finetwork–AlexHillscreatedthefirstwi-finetworkusingalocalareanetwork(LAN)ontheCarnegieMelloncampusin1993.[112][113] Companiesandentrepreneurship[edit] CarnegieMellon'salumni,faculty,andstaffhavefoundedmanynotablecompanies,someofwhichareshownbelow.[114][115] ActivisionBlizzard,1979(asActivision),foundingCEOJimLevy(B.S.,M.S.). AdobeSystems,1982,co-founderCharlesGeschke(Ph.D.). SunMicrosystems,1982,co-foundersVinodKhosla(M.S.)andAndyBechtolsheim(M.S.). AccelPartners,1983,co-founderJimSwartz(M.S.). NeXT,1985,co-foundingVPEngineeringAvieTevanian(M.S.,Ph.D.). MicrosoftResearch,1991,founderRichardRashid(Professor) IDEO,1991,founderDavidM.Kelley(B.S.). AppaloosaManagement,1993,founderDavidTepper(M.B.A). RedHat,1993,co-founderMarcEwing(B.S.). Cognizant,1994,co-founderFranciscoD'Souza(M.B.A). JuniperNetworks,1996,founderPradeepSindhu(Ph.D.). SymphonyTechnologyGroup,2002,founderRomeshWadhwani(Ph.D.). GoogleX,2010,co-foundersSebastianThrun(Professor),YokyMatsuoka(Professor),andAstroTeller(Ph.D.). Nest,2010,co-founderMattRogers(B.S.,M.S.). Duolingo,2011,foundersLuisvonAhn(Ph.D.)&SeverinHacker(Ph.D.). Coursera,2012,founderAndrewNg(B.S.). DefenseInnovationUnit,2015,founderMaynardHolliday(B.S.) ArgoAI,2016,co-founderPeterRander(M.S.,Ph.D.). Nuro,2016,co-founderDaveFerguson(M.S.,Ph.D.). Alumniandfaculty[edit] Mainarticle:ListofCarnegieMellonUniversitypeople Therearemorethan100,000CarnegieMellonalumniworldwidewiththegraduatingclassof2015.[116]Alumniandcurrent/formerfacultyinclude20Nobellaureates,fiveMembersoftheNationalAcademyofMedicine,17MembersoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,57MembersoftheNationalAcademyofEngineering,sevenPackardFellows,124EmmyAwardrecipients(includingtentimerecipientStevenBochco),10AcademyAwardrecipients,47TonyAwardrecipients,twowinnersoftheStockholmPrizeinCriminology,and13TuringAwardrecipients.[14] FamousalumniincludeartistsAndyWarhol,PhilipPearlstein,[117]JohnCurrin,[118]ShalomNeuman,[119]JonathanBorofsky[120]andBurtonMorris;[121]AuthorsJohn-MichaelTebelakandKurtVonnegut;ScreenwriterMichaelGoldenberg;televisionseriescreator,StevenBochco,[122]actorsRenéAuberjonois,KatyMixon,HollyHunter,MattBomer,andZacharyQuinto,CharlesGeschke,co-founderandchairmanofAdobeSystems;[123]StephanieKwolek,inventorofKevlar;JamesGosling,creatoroftheJavaprogramminglanguage;DavidEdwardByrd,RockandBroadwayTheaterPosterArtistandgraphicdesigner;[124]AndyBechtolsheim,co-founderofSunMicrosystems;DavidKelly,co-founderofIDEO;GeorgePake,founderofXeroxPARC;MarcEwing,co-founderofRedHat;JimLevy,foundingCEOofActivision;formerGeneralMotorsCEOandSecretaryofDefense,CharlesErwinWilson;IndianfilmactorSushmaSeth,billionairehedgefundinvestorandowneroftheCarolinaPanthersoftheNationalFootballLeagueDavidTepper;mountaineerandauthorAronRalston;ScottFahlman,creatoroftheemoticon;ChrisMessina,creatorofthehashtag;andastronautsEdgarMitchell(ofApollo14)andJudithResnik,whoperishedintheSpaceShuttleChallengerdisaster.[125]JohnForbesNash,a1948graduateandwinnerofthe1994NobelMemorialPrizeinEconomics,wasthesubjectofthebookandsubsequentfilmABeautifulMind.AlanPerlis,a1943graduate,wasapioneerinprogramminglanguagesandrecipientofthefirstTuringAward. CharlesWilson,formerUSSecretaryofDefense JohnForbesNash,winnerofthe1994NobelPrizeinEconomics EdgarMitchell,NASAastronautandsixthmantowalkonthemoon DavidTepper,billionairehedgefundinvestorandowneroftheCarolinaPanthers AndreasBechtolsheim,co-founderofSunMicrosystems InventorofJava,JamesGosling AndyWarhol,popartist StephanieKwolek,InventorofKevlar Chairmanandco-founderofAdobeSystemsCharlesGeschke RandyPausch,authorofTheLastLecture MichaelChabon,PulitzerPrize-winningnovelist GeorgeA.Romero,directorofNightoftheLivingDeadandDawnoftheDead JoshGroban,singer-songwriterandactor VanDykeParks,musician,composer,arranger,andproducer HenryMancini,citedasoneofthegreatestfilmcomposersinhistoryandrecipientoftwentyGrammyAwards StephenSchwartz,musicaltheatercomposerforWicked,Pippin,andGodspell KurtVonnegut,authorofSlaughterhouse-FiveandCat'sCradle ZacharyQuinto,actorknownforHeroesandStarTrek HollyHunter,AcademyAward-winningactress MattBomer,actorknownforWhiteCollar,MagicMike,andTheBoysintheBand SuttonFoster,TonyAward-winningactressforThoroughlyModernMillieandAnythingGoes;starofYounger TedDanson,EmmyAward-winningactorknownforCheersandCSI JoshGad,actorknownforTheBookofMormon,Frozen,andBeautyandtheBeast JoeManganiello,actorknownforTrueBloodandMagicMike StevenBochco,ten-timeEmmyAwardrecipient CotedePablo,actressknownforNCIS Studentlife[edit] CarnegieMellon'sstudentlifeincludesover400studentorganizations,artgalleries,andvariousuniquetraditions.Studentorganizationsprovidesocial,service,media,academic,spiritual,recreational,sport,religious,political,cultural,andgovernanceopportunities.CarnegieMellon'scampushousesseveralgalleriessuchasTheFrame,astudent-devotedgallery,andtheReginaGougerMillerGallery,anartgallerythatspecializesincontemporaryprofessionalartists.TheCarnegieMellonSchoolofMusic,CarnegieMellonSchoolofDramaandthestudent-runtheatricalorganizationScotch'n'Sodaprovidescampuswithavarietyofperformanceartsevents.TheuniversityhasastrongScottishmotifinspiredbyAndrewCarnegie'sScottishheritage,aswellastheMellonfamily'sScots-Irishancestry.ExamplesincludeScotty,theScottishTerriermascot,TheTartanstudentnewspaper,SkiboGymnasium,TheThistleyearbook,andtheCéilidhweekendeveryfallsemesterforhomecoming.[citationneeded] Traditions[edit] Mainarticle:CarnegieMellonUniversitytraditions TheFence TheFence–IntheearlydaysofCarnegieTech,therewasasinglebridgewhichconnectedMargaretMorrisonWomen'sCollegewiththeCarnegieInstituteofTechnology.Thebridgewasameetingplaceforstudents.In1916,thebridgewastakendownandtheuniversityfilledinthearea.Theadministrationbuiltawoodenfenceasanewmeetingplace.Thestudentsdidnotunderstandwhyanyonewouldwanttomeetatafence.Theadministrationwasabouttogiveupandtearitdown,butthatnightafraternity,asaprank,paintedtheentirefenceadvertisingafraternityparty.Eversince,paintingtheFencehasbeenaCarnegieMellontradition.[126]TheFenceatCarnegieMellonliesatthecenterofcampus,intheareaknownas"theCut".Studentsguardthefence24hoursaday,and,aslongastwovigilsaremaintained,nootherstudentmay"take"thefence.Thefencecanthenbepaintedbythegroupthathasit,butonlybetweenmidnightand6 am.Onlyhandbrushesmaybeused;theuseofspraypaintorpaintrollersisconsideredvandalismandresultsinafine.Thepreviouspaintcannotbestripped,andeachnewpaintingaddsanewlayer.Theoriginalwoodenfencefinallycollapsedinthe1990sduetotheweightfromover1'ofsurroundingpaint,andwasimmediatelyreplacedwithanidenticalonemanufacturedfromconcrete.Todaythefenceisconsidered"theworld'smostpaintedobject,"bytheGuinnessBookofWorldRecords.[citationneeded] SpringCarnival–UsuallyheldinApril,SpringCarnivalisthebiggesteventoftheschoolyear.Inadditiontoclassiccarnivalattractions,theSpringCarnivalfeaturesthe"BuggySweepstakes"and"Booth"(acompetitionbetweenvariousorganizationstobuildsmall,elaborateboothsbasedonathemechoseneachyear). TwopushersexchangethebuggyforKappaDeltaRhoonthefirsthillofSweepstakes. BuggyRaces–Buggy,officiallycalledSweepstakes,isaracearoundSchenleyPark.Itcanbethoughtofasarelayracewithfiverunners,usingthebuggyvehicleasthebaton.Entrantssubmitasmall,usuallytorpedo-shaped,vehiclethatispusheduphillandthenallowedtorolldownhill.Thevehiclesareunpowered,includingtheprohibitionofsuchenergy-storingdevicesasflywheels.Theyare,however,steeredbyadriverwhoisusuallyapetitefemalestudentlyingprone,armsstretchedforwardtosteerviaaturningmechanism.Spaceissotightinsidethebuggiesthatthedriversusuallycannotchangepositionbeyondturningtheirheads. AMobotcompetingintheannualMobotchallenge Mobot–"Mobot,'from"mobilerobot,"isanannualcompetitionatCarnegieMellonthatmadeitsdebutin1994.Inthisevent,robotstry(autonomously)topassthroughgates,inorder,andreachthefinishline.Thereisawhitelineonthepavementconnectingthegates,andthelineisnormallyusedtofindthegates,thoughitisnotmandatedbytherulesthattherobotsfollowtheline. Bagpipers–Asoneofonlyahandfulofcollegesofferingabachelor'sdegreeinbagpipemusicandtheonlytoofferaMasters,CarnegieMellon'sPipesandDrumsfeaturesthesoundsofScottishbagpipesandperformsatUniversityevents.DirectorofthePipesandDrumsischampionpiperAndrewCarlislefromNorthernIreland,ahighlydecoratedsolopiperandlongtimememberofninetimesWorldPipeBandChampionsFieldMarshalMontgomery.TheensembleactivelycompetesatHighlandGamesinGradeThreeintheEasternUnitedStates. TheKiltieBand-CarnegieMellon'sKiltieBand,dressedinfullScottishregalia,includingkiltsandkneesocks,performsduringeveryhomefootballgame. AutographingtheGreenRoom–SeniorsintheCollegeofFineArtssigntheGreenRoom'swallsandceilingsbeforeleavingtheuniversity.Supposedly,Oscar-winningactressHollyHunterbrokeuniversitytraditionbysigningtheGreenRoomduringherfreshmanyear.WiththeconstructionofthePurnellCenterin1998theSchoolofDramanolongeroccupiedtheoldGreenRoom,sothistraditionhasgoneaway. Housing[edit] CarnegieMellonoffersconventionalhousingforitsstudentsthroughsingle-gender,coeducational,andspecialinterestoptions.Studentscanchoosefromavarietyofhousingoptions.Thethreeoptionsforfirst-yearstudentsarestandard,prime,andapartment-styleliving.TheStandardisatypicalcollegedormitorysetting,alonghallwaywithaseriesofdouble(twopeopletoaroom).Primeoffersmoreprivacythroughsuite-stylerooms.Apartment-stylelivingisavailablethroughtheResidenceonFifthandShirleyapartments.Upperclassmenhaveadditionaloptionsforhousing,whichincludetownhousesandalargervarietyofoneortwobedroomapartments.Thereare20residentialbuildingsoncampusandfiveoffcampusintheOaklandareaofPittsburgh.[127] First-yearstudentsareassignedtothededicatedfirst-yearresidencehallsoncampusincluding:MorewoodE-Tower,ResidenceonFifth,ShirleyApartments,aswellasBoss,Donner,Hamerschlag,McGill,Mudge,Scobell,andSteverhouses.Approximatelyathirdofupperclassmenchoosetocontinuelivingoncampusthroughuniversityhousing.Optionsforupperclassmeninclude:MorewoodGardens,WestWing,Doherty,Fairfax,MargaretMorrison,FifthNeville,ShadyOak,Shirley,andWoodlawnApartmentsaswellasHenderson,Resnik,Roselawn,Spirit,Tech,Webster,andWelchhouses.[127] Fraternitiesandsororities[edit] Mainarticle:FraternitiesandsororitiesatCarnegieMellonUniversity TheGreektraditionatCarnegieMellonbeganover100yearsagowiththefoundingofthefirstfraternityoncampus,ThetaXi,in1912.ThePanhellenicsororitycommunitywasfoundedin1945,byChiOmega,DeltaDeltaDelta,DeltaGamma,KappaAlphaTheta,andKappaKappaGamma.TheChiOmegachapteratCarnegieMellontransformedintoanindependentsorority,ZetaPsiSigma,andhassincebecomeAlphaChiOmega.TheAlphaPhichapterwascreatedinApril2013.ThereisoneAsianAmericaninterestsorority–alphaKappaDeltaPhi(colony),andoneAsianAmericaninterestfraternity–LambdaPhiEpsilon. Currently,CarnegieMellonhasthirteenactivefraternities:AlphaEpsilonPi,AlphaPhiAlpha,AlphaTauOmega(colony),AlphaSigmaPhi,DeltaTauDelta,KappaSigma,LambdaPhiEpsilon,PhiDeltaTheta,PiKappaAlpha,SigmaAlphaEpsilon,SigmaChi,SigmaNu,andSigmaPhiEpsilon. InadditiontoparticipatingincampustraditionssuchasBuggyandBooth,thefraternitiesandsororitiesholdanannualfundraisercalledGreekSing,oneofthelargestGreekeventsoftheyear.Eachyear,theorganizationsvoteonacausetosupportandraisemoneythroughticketsales,adsales,corporatesponsorshipsanddonations.Eachorganizationperformsa13-minute-longoriginalshoworarenditionofapopularshow.InSpring2010,GreekSingraisedover$42,000forSt.JudeChildren'sResearch Athletics[edit] TheCarnegieMellonTartanswereafoundingmemberoftheUniversityAthleticAssociationofNCAADivisionIII.PriortoWorldWarIICarnegieMellon(asCarnegieTech)playedwithwhatarenowclassifiedasNCAADivisionIteams.In1936,theCarnegieTechrifleryteamwonthenationalintercollegiatechampionship.[128]TheCarnegieTechmen'sbasketballteamwasamemberoftheEasternIntercollegiateConferencethroughouttheconference'sexistencefrom1932to1939[129]andwontheconferencechampionshipin1936,defeatingPittsburghinaconferencechampionshipplayoffgame.[130] Currently,varsityteamsarefieldedinbasketball,track,crosscountry,football,golf,soccer,swimminganddiving,volleyball,tennis,hockey,androwing.Inaddition,clubteamsexistinultimatefrisbee,[131]rowing,[132]rugby,lacrosse,hockey,[133]baseball,[134]softball,skiing&snowboarding,[135]soccer,volleyball,waterpolo,[136]andcycling.[137]CarnegieMellonAthleticsrunsacomprehensiveandpopularintramuralsystem,maintainsfacilities(primarilySkiboGymnasium,CohonUniversityCenter,andGeslingStadium),andofferscoursestostudentsinfitnessandsports.CarnegieMellon'sprimaryathleticrivalsarefellowUAAschoolsCaseWesternReserveUniversityandWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis;theTartanshadanespeciallyintenserivalrywiththelatter'sfootballteamfromthe2000sto2017. CarnegieMellontenniscourts. Football[edit] Mainarticle:CarnegieMellonTartansfootball FootballatGeslingStadium. OnNovember28,1926,the6–2CarnegieTechnicalInstitutefootballteamshutouttheundefeatedNotreDameFightingIrish19–0atForbesField.KnuteRockne,thecoachoftheIrishatthetime,wassoconfidentthattheIrishwoulddefeat"tinyCarnegieTech"thathedecidedtoskipthegameandtraveltoChicagotowatchtheArmy-Navyfootballgameforscoutingpurposes.ItwasonlylaterthathefoundoutbytelegramthattheIrishhadsufferedtheirfirstlossoftheseason.ESPNcomparedtheupsettotheAppalachianStatevictoryovertheUniversityofMichiganin2007.[138]Thegamewasrankedthefourth-greatestupsetincollegefootballhistorybyESPN.[139] Since2014,theTartansplayinthePresidents'AthleticConferenceattheNCAADivisionIIIlevel.TheheadcoachofthefootballteamisRichLackner,210-114-2(32)atCMU. Trackandcrosscountry[edit] Inrecentyears,thevarsitytrackandcrosscountryprogramshaveseenoutstandingsuccessontheDivisionIIInationallevel.Themen'scrosscountryteamhasfinishedinthetop15inthenationeachofthelastthreeyears,andhasboastedseveralindividualAll-Americans.Themen'strackteamhasalsoboastedseveralindividualAll-Americansspanningsprinting,distance,andfielddisciplines.RecentAll-AmericansfromthetrackteamareTommyVandenberg(2014–2015),BrianHarvey(2007–2009),DaveyQuinn(2007),NikBonaddio(2004,2005),MarkDavis(2004,2005),RusselVerbofsky(2004,2005)andKileyWilliams(2005).[140]CarolynLowe(10,000meters1992)istheonlytrackathletetowinanNCAADivisionIIIchampionship. Volleyball[edit] Withmuchoftheteam'ssupport,LaurenSchmidtreceivedtheNCAAPennsylvaniaWomanoftheYearaward(2003),wasatwo-timeAll-American(2001and2002),afour-timeAll-UniversityAthleticAssociationselection(1999–2002),andtheconference'sPlayeroftheYear(2001).[141] Intramurals[edit] TheCarnegieMellonstudentculturehasfacilitatedthegrowthofarobustintramuralsportingcommunity.Studentscanparticipateinanylevelofcompetitionacrossmultiplesportsincludingwiffleball,dodgeball,basketball,flagfootball,ultimatefrisbeeandmanymore.[142] CMUintramuralwiffleballchampions2019 Studentresources[edit] CMUfoodpantry[edit] InOctober2017,CarnegieMellontookpartinastudyconductedbytheUniversityofPittsburgh'sOfficeofChildDevelopmentthatexaminedfoodinsecurityamongstudents.TheresultsfromtheCMUsurveydemonstratedthat19%ofstudentrespondentsfeltsomesenseoffoodinsecurity,whichisdefinedbythestudyas"alackofconsistentaccesstoenoughfoodforanactive,healthylife."[143]Inanefforttoaddresstheneedforfoodsecurity,CMUopenedthedoorstoanon-campuspantryonNovember9,2018. Thepantrygivesvisitorstheopportunitytopickupnon-perishablesandfreshproducefortheirhouseholdfreeofchargeeverytwoweeks.ThepantryisaccessibletoallgraduateandundergraduateCMUstudents,andislocatedintheResidenceonFifthdormitoryinOakland. 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