Sydney Harbour Bridge - Wikipedia

The Sydney Harbour Bridge is a heritage-listed steel through arch bridge in Sydney, spanning Sydney Harbour from the central business district (CBD) to the ... SydneyHarbourBridge FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch BridgeacrossSydneyHarbourinAustralia SydneyHarbourBridgeViewfromPortJacksonCoordinates33°51′08″S151°12′38″E/33.85222°S151.21056°E/-33.85222;151.21056Coordinates:33°51′08″S151°12′38″E/33.85222°S151.21056°E/-33.85222;151.21056Carries 6lanesofBradfieldHighway 2tracksofNorthShorerailwayline Grade-separatedfootpath(east) Grade-separatedcycleway(west) CrossesPortJackson(SydneyHarbour)LocaleSydney,NewSouthWales,AustraliaBeginsDawesPoint(south)EndsMilsonsPoint(north)OwnerGovernmentofNewSouthWalesMaintainedbyTransportforNSWPrecededbyGladesvilleBridgeCharacteristicsDesignThrougharchbridgeMaterialSteelPierconstructionGranite-facedconcreteTotallength1,149 m(3,770 ft)Width48.8 m(160 ft)Height134 m(440 ft)Longestspan503 m(1,650 ft)No.ofspans1Clearancebelow49 m(161 ft)atmid-spanNo.oflanes8RailcharacteristicsNo.oftracks2Trackgauge1,435 mm(4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)standardgaugeElectrified1500VDCoverheadHistoryConstructedbyDormanLong&CoConstructionstart28 July 1923 (1923-07-28)Constructionend19 January 1932 (1932-01-19)Opened19 March 1932 (1932-03-19)Inaugurated19 March 1932 (1932-03-19)ReplacedbySydneyHarbourTunnel(concurrentusesince1992:motorvehiclesonly)StatisticsTollTime-of-day(southboundonly) AustralianNationalHeritageListOfficialnameSydneyHarbourBridge,BradfieldHwy,DawesPoint-MilsonsPoint,NSW,AustraliaTypeNationalHeritageListDesignated19March2007Reference no.105888ClassHistoricPlaceFileNo.1/12/036/0065 NewSouthWalesHeritageRegisterOfficialnameSydneyHarbourBridge,approachesandviaducts(roadandrail);PylonLookout;MilsonsPointRailwayStation;BradfieldPark;BradfieldParkNorth;DawesPointPark;BradfieldHighwayTypeStateheritage(complex/group)Designated25June1999Reference no.781TypeRoadBridgeCategoryTransport-Land Location TheSydneyHarbourBridgeisaheritage-listedsteelthrougharchbridgeinSydney,spanningSydneyHarbourfromthecentralbusinessdistrict(CBD)totheNorthShore.Theviewofthebridge,theharbour,andthenearbySydneyOperaHouseiswidelyregardedasaniconicimageofSydney,andofAustraliaitself.Nicknamed"TheCoathanger"becauseofitsarch-baseddesign,thebridgecarriesrail,vehicular,bicycleandpedestriantraffic.[1][2] UnderthedirectionofJohnBradfieldoftheNewSouthWalesDepartmentofPublicWorks,thebridgewasdesignedandbuiltbyBritishfirmDormanLongofMiddlesbrough(whobasedthedesignontheir1928TyneBridgeinNewcastleuponTyne)andopenedin1932.[3][4]Thebridge'sgeneraldesign,whichBradfieldtaskedtheNSWDepartmentofPublicWorkswithproducing,wasaroughcopyoftheHellGateBridgeinNewYorkCity.Thisgeneraldesigndocument,however,didnotformanypartoftherequestfortender,whichremainedsufficientlybroadastoallowcantilever(Bradfield'soriginalpreference)andevensuspensionbridgeproposals.ThedesignchosenfromthetenderresponseswasoriginalworkcreatedbyDormanLong,wholeveragedsomeofthedesignfromtheirownTyneBridgewhich,thoughsuperficiallysimilar,doesnotsharethegracefulflaresattheendsofeacharchwhichmaketheharbourbridgesodistinctive.[5]Itistheeighthlongestspanning-archbridgeintheworldandthetalleststeelarchbridge,measuring134 m(440 ft)fromtoptowaterlevel.[6]Itwasalsotheworld'swidestlong-spanbridge,at48.8 m(160 ft)wide,untilconstructionofthenewPortMannBridgeinVancouverwascompletedin2012.[7][8] TheSydneyHarbourBridgewentontobeaddedtotheAustralianNationalHeritageListon19March2007[9]andtotheNewSouthWalesStateHeritageRegisteron25June1999.[10] Contents 1Structure 1.1Arch 1.2Pylons 2History 2.1Earlyproposals 2.2Planning 2.3Construction 2.4Opening 3Operations 3.1Road 3.2Tidalflow 3.3Tolls 3.4Pedestrians 3.5Cyclists 3.6Rail 3.7Maintenance 4Tourism 4.1South-eastpylon 4.2BridgeClimb 5Celebrationsandprotests 5.150thAnniversarycelebrations(1982) 5.2BicentennialAustraliaDaycelebrations(1988) 5.3SydneyNewYear'sEve(1993–present) 5.4WalkforReconciliation(2000) 5.5Sydney2000Olympics 5.6FormulaOnepromotion(2005) 5.775thanniversary(2007) 5.8BreakfastontheBridge(2009–10) 5.980thanniversary 5.10Protests 6Flags 7Quotations 8Heritagelisting 9Engineeringheritageaward 10Seealso 11References 11.1Bibliography 11.2Attribution 12Externallinks Structure[edit] SydneyHarbourfromtheair,showingtheOperaHouse,theCBD,CircularQuay,theBridge,theParramattaRiver,NorthSydneyandKirribilliintheforeground ThesouthernendofthebridgeislocatedatDawesPointinTheRocksarea,andthenorthernendatMilsonsPointinthelowerNorthShorearea.Therearesixoriginallanesofroadtrafficthroughthemainroadway,plusanadditionaltwolanesofroadtrafficonitseasternside,usinglanesthatwereformerlytramtracks.Adjacenttotheroadtraffic,apathforpedestrianuserunsalongtheeasternsideofthebridge,whilstadedicatedpathforbicycleuseonlyrunsalongthewesternside;betweenthemainroadwayandthewesternbicyclepathliestheNorthShorerailwayline. ThemainroadwayacrossthebridgeisknownastheBradfieldHighwayandisabout2.4 km(1.5 mi)long,makingitoneoftheshortesthighwaysinAustralia.[11] Arch[edit] Thebridgeilluminatedatnight Thearchiscomposedoftwo28-panelarchtrusses;theirheightsvaryfrom18 m(59 ft)atthecentreofthearchto57 m(187 ft)attheendsnexttothepylons.[12] Thearchhasaspanof504 m(1,654 ft)anditssummitis134 m(440 ft)abovemeansealevel;expansionofthesteelstructureonhotdayscanincreasetheheightofthearchby18 cm(7.1 in).[13]Oneofthenutsthatholdthebridgeonitsabutments;thisoneisatthenorthend.Thetotalweightofthesteelworkofthebridge,includingthearchandapproachspans,is52,800tonnes(52,000longtons;58,200shorttons),withthearchitselfweighing39,000tonnes(38,000longtons;43,000shorttons).[14]About79%ofthesteel,specificallythosetechnicalsectionsconstitutingthecurveofthearch,wasimportedpre-formedfromEngland,withtherestbeingsourcedfromNewcastle.[15]Onsite,thecontractors(DormanLongandCo.)setuptwoworkshopsatMilsonsPoint,atthesiteofthepresentdayLunaPark,andfabricatedthesteelintothegirdersandotherrequiredparts.[15] ThebridgeisheldtogetherbysixmillionAustralian-madehand-drivenrivetssuppliedbytheMcPhersoncompanyofMelbourne,[16][17]thelastbeingdriventhroughthedeckon21January1932.[15][18]Therivetswereheatedred-hotandinsertedintotheplates;theheadlessendwasimmediatelyroundedoverwithalargepneumaticrivetgun.[19]Thelargestoftherivetsusedweighed3.5 kg(8 lb)andwas39.5 cm(15.6 in)long.[14][20]Thepracticeofrivetinglargesteelstructures,ratherthanwelding,was,atthetime,aprovenandunderstoodconstructiontechnique,whilststructuralweldinghadnotatthatstagebeenadequatelydevelopedforuseonthebridge.[19] Pylons[edit] Thesouth-easternpyloncontainingthetouristlookout,madeofgranitequarriedatMoruya,NSW Ateachendofthearchstandsapairof89-metre-high(292 ft)concretepylons,facedwithgranite.[21]ThepylonsweredesignedbytheScottisharchitectThomasS.Tait,[22]apartnerinthearchitecturalfirmJohnBurnet&Partners.[23] Some250Australian,Scottish,andItalianstonemasonsandtheirfamiliesrelocatedtoatemporarysettlementatMoruya,NSW,300 km(186 mi)southofSydney,wheretheyquarriedaround18,000 m3(635,664 cu ft)ofgraniteforthebridgepylons.[15]Thestonemasonscut,dressed,andnumberedtheblocks,whichwerethentransportedtoSydneyonthreeshipsbuiltspecificallyforthispurpose.TheMoruyaquarrywasmanagedbyJohnGilmore,aScottishstonemasonwhoemigratedwithhisyoungfamilytoAustraliain1924,attherequestoftheprojectmanagers.[15][24][25]TheconcreteusedwasalsoAustralian-madeandsuppliedfromKandos,NewSouthWales.[26][27][28][29] Abutmentsatthebaseofthepylonsareessentialtosupporttheloadsfromthearchandholditsspanfirmlyinplace,butthepylonsthemselveshavenostructuralpurpose.Theywereincludedtoprovideaframeforthearchpanelsandtogivebettervisualbalancetothebridge.Thepylonswerenotpartoftheoriginaldesign,andwereonlyaddedtoallaypublicconcernaboutthestructuralintegrityofthebridge.[30] Althoughoriginallyaddedtothebridgesolelyfortheiraestheticvalue,allfourpylonshavenowbeenputtouse.Thesouth-easternpyloncontainsamuseumandtouristcentre,witha360°lookoutatthetopprovidingviewsacrosstheharbourandcity.Thesouth-westernpylonisusedbytheNewSouthWalesRoadsandTrafficAuthority(RTA)tosupportitsCCTVcamerasoverlookingthebridgeandtheroadsaroundthatarea.ThetwopylonsonthenorthshoreincludeventingchimneysforfumesfromtheSydneyHarbourTunnel,withthebaseofthesouthernpyloncontainingtheRMSmaintenanceshedforthebridge,andthebaseofthenorthernpyloncontainingthetrafficmanagementshedfortowtrucksandsafetyvehiclesusedonthebridge.[citationneeded] In1942,thepylonsweremodifiedtoincludeparapetsandanti-aircraftgunsdesignedtoassistinbothAustralia'sdefenceandgeneralwareffort.[31]Thetoplevelofstoneworkwasneverremoved.[citationneeded] History[edit] Earlyproposals[edit] Sketchesofdesignssubmittedwhentenderswerecalledforaharbourcrossingin1900 Therehadbeenplanstobuildabridgeasearlyas1815,whenconvictandnotedarchitectFrancisGreenwayreputedlyproposedtoGovernorLachlanMacquariethatabridgebebuiltfromthenortherntothesouthernshoreoftheharbour.[6][32]In1825,Greenwaywrotealettertothethen"TheAustralian"newspaperstatingthatsuchabridgewould"giveanideaofstrengthandmagnificencethatwouldreflectcreditandgloryonthecolonyandtheMotherCountry".[32] NothingcameofGreenway'ssuggestions,buttheidearemainedalive,andmanyfurthersuggestionsweremadeduringthenineteenthcentury.In1840,navalarchitectRobertBrindleyproposedthatafloatingbridgebebuilt.EngineerPeterHendersonproducedoneoftheearliestknowndrawingsofabridgeacrosstheharbouraround1857.Asuggestionforatrussbridgewasmadein1879,andin1880ahigh-levelbridgeestimatedat£850,000wasproposed.[32] In1900,theLynegovernmentcommittedtobuildinganewCentralrailwaystationandorganisedaworldwidecompetitionforthedesignandconstructionofaharbourbridge.LocalengineerNormanSelfesubmittedadesignforasuspensionbridgeandwonthesecondprizeof£500.In1902,whentheoutcomeofthefirstcompetitionbecamemiredincontroversy,Selfewonasecondcompetitionoutright,withadesignforasteelcantileverbridge.Theselectionboardwereunanimous,commentingthat,"Thestructurallinesarecorrectandintrueproportion,and...theoutlineisgraceful".[33]Howeverduetoaneconomicdownturnandachangeofgovernmentatthe1904NSWStateelectionconstructionneverbegan.[citationneeded] Three-spanbridgelinkingMillersPointwithBallsHeadandBalmain,proposedbyErnestStowe,1922 Auniquethree-spanbridgewasproposedin1922byErnestStowewithconnectionsatBallsHead,MillersPoint,andBalmainwithamemorialtowerandhubonGoatIsland.[34][35] Planning[edit] In1914JohnBradfieldwasappointed"ChiefEngineerofSydneyHarbourBridgeandMetropolitanRailwayConstruction",andhisworkontheprojectovermanyyearsearnedhimthelegacyasthe"father"ofthebridge.[3]Bradfield'spreferenceatthetimewasforacantileverbridgewithoutpiers,andin1916theNSWLegislativeAssemblypassedabillforsuchaconstruction,howeveritdidnotproceedastheLegislativeCouncilrejectedthelegislationonthebasisthatthemoneywouldbebetterspentonthewareffort.[32] FollowingWorldWarI,planstobuildthebridgeagainbuiltmomentum.[6]Bradfieldperseveredwiththeproject,fleshingoutthedetailsofthespecificationsandfinancingforhiscantileverbridgeproposal,andin1921hetravelledoverseastoinvestigatetenders.HisConfidentialSecretaryKathleenM.Butlerhandledalltheinternationalcorrespondenceduringhisabsence,hertitlebelyingherroleasatechnicaladviser.[36][37]OnreturnfromhistravelsBradfielddecidedthatanarchdesignwouldalsobesuitable[32]andheandofficersoftheNSWDepartmentofPublicWorkspreparedageneraldesign[6]forasingle-archbridgebaseduponNewYorkCity'sHellGateBridge.[5][38]In1922thegovernmentpassedtheSydneyHarbourBridgeActNo.28,specifyingtheconstructionofahigh-levelcantileverorarchbridgeacrosstheharbourbetweenDawesPointandMilsonsPoint,alongwithconstructionofnecessaryapproachesandelectricrailwaylines,[32]andworldwidetenderswereinvitedfortheproject.[3] NormanSelfe'swinningdesignatthesecondcompetitionc.1903 TheHellGateBridgeinNewYorkCityinspiredthefinaldesignofSydneyHarbourBridge. Asaresultofthetenderingprocess,thegovernmentreceivedtwentyproposalsfromsixcompanies;on24March1924thecontractwasawardedtoBritishfirmDormanLongandCoLtd,ofMiddlesbroughwellknownasthecontractorswholaterbuiltthesimilarTyneBridgeofNewcastleUponTyne,foranarchbridgeataquotedpriceofAU£4,217,72111s10d.[3][32]Thearchdesignwascheaperthanalternativecantileverandsuspensionbridgeproposals,andalsoprovidedgreaterrigiditymakingitbettersuitedfortheheavyloadsexpected.[32]In1924,KathleenButlertravelledtoLondontosetuptheprojectofficewithinthoseofDorman,Long&Co.,"attendingthemostdifficultandtechnicalquestionsandtechnicalquestionsinregardtothecontract,anddealingwithamassofcorrespondence".[39] BradfieldandhisstaffwereultimatelytooverseethebridgedesignandbuildingprocessasitwasexecutedbyDormanLongandCo,whoseConsultingEngineer,SirRalphFreemanofSirDouglasFoxandPartners,andhisassociateMr.G.C.Imbault,carriedoutthedetaileddesignanderectionprocessofthebridge.[3]ArchitectsforthecontractorswerefromtheBritishfirmJohnBurnet&PartnersofGlasgow,Scotland.[23]LawrenceEnnis,ofDormanLong,servedasDirectorofConstructionandprimaryonsitesupervisorthroughouttheentirebuild,alongsideEdwardJudge,DormanLong'sChiefTechnicalEngineer,whofunctionedasConsultingandDesigningEngineer. ThebuildingofthebridgecoincidedwiththeconstructionofasystemofundergroundrailwaysinSydney'sCBD,knowntodayastheCityCircle,andthebridgewasdesignedwiththisinmind.Thebridgewasdesignedtocarrysixlanesofroadtraffic,flankedoneachsidebytworailwaytracksandafootpath.BothsetsofrailtrackswerelinkedintotheundergroundWynyardrailwaystationonthesouth(city)sideofthebridgebysymmetricalrampsandtunnels.Theeastern-siderailwaytrackswereintendedforusebyaplannedraillinktotheNorthernBeaches;[40]intheinterimtheywereusedtocarrytramsfromtheNorthShoreintoaterminalwithinWynyardstation,andwhentramserviceswerediscontinuedin1958,theywereconvertedintoextratrafficlanes.TheBradfieldHighway,whichisthemainroadwaysectionofthebridgeanditsapproaches,isnamedinhonourofBradfield'scontributiontothebridge. Construction[edit] SydneyHarbourBridgeunderconstruction Thearchbeingconstructed AerialviewofSydneyandCircularQuayonthedayoftheofficialopeningoftheSydneyHarbourBridge,19March1932 HMAS Canberrasailingunderthecompletedarchfromwhichthedeckisbeingsuspendedin1930 BradfieldvisitedthesitesporadicallythroughouttheeightyearsittookDormanLongtocompletethebridge.Despitehavingoriginallychampionedacantileverconstructionandthefactthathisownarchedgeneraldesignwasusedinneitherthetenderprocessnorasinputtothedetaileddesignspecification(andwasanywayaroughcopyoftheDevil'sGatebridgeproducedbytheNSWWorksDepartment),BradfieldsubsequentlyattemptedtoclaimpersonalcreditforDormanLong'sdesign.Thisledtoabitterargument,withDormanLongmaintainingthatinstructingotherpeopletoproduceacopyofanexistingdesigninadocumentnotsubsequentlyusedtospecifythefinalconstructiondidnotconstitutepersonaldesigninputonBradfield'spart.Thisfrictionultimatelyledtoalargecontemporarybrassplaquebeingboltedverytightlytothesideofoneofthegranitecolumnsofthebridgetomakesthingsclear.[citationneeded] Theofficialceremonytomarkthe"turningofthefirstsod"occurredon28July1923,onthespotatMilsonsPointonthenorthshorewheretwoworkshopstoassistinbuildingthebridgeweretobeconstructed.[41][42] Anestimated469buildingsonthenorthshore,bothprivatehomesandcommercialoperations,weredemolishedtoallowconstructiontoproceed,withlittleornocompensationbeingpaid.Workonthebridgeitselfcommencedwiththeconstructionofapproachesandapproachspans,andbySeptember1926concretepierstosupporttheapproachspanswereinplaceoneachsideoftheharbour.[41] Asconstructionoftheapproachestookplace,workwasalsostartedonpreparingthefoundationsrequiredtosupporttheenormousweightofthearchandloadings.Concreteandgranitefacedabutmenttowerswereconstructed,withtheangledfoundationsbuiltintotheirsides.[41] Onceworkhadprogressedsufficientlyonthesupportstructures,agiant"creepercrane"waserectedoneachsideoftheharbour.[43]Thesecraneswerefittedwithacradle,andthenusedtohoistmenandmaterialsintopositiontoallowforerectionofthesteelwork.Tostabiliseworkswhilebuildingthearches,tunnelswereexcavatedoneachshorewithsteelcablespassedthroughthemandthenfixedtotheuppersectionsofeachhalf-archtostopthemcollapsingastheyextendedoutwards.[41] Archconstructionitselfbeganon26October1928.Thesouthernendofthebridgewasworkedonaheadofthenorthernend,todetectanyerrorsandtohelpwithalignment.Thecraneswould"creep"alongthearchesastheywereconstructed,eventuallymeetingupinthemiddle.Inlessthantwoyears,onTuesday,19August1930,thetwohalvesofthearchtouchedforthefirsttime.Workersrivetedbothtopandbottomsectionsofthearchtogether,andthearchbecameself-supporting,allowingthesupportcablestoberemoved.On20August1930thejoiningofthearcheswascelebratedbyflyingtheflagsofAustraliaandtheUnitedKingdomfromthejibsofthecreepercranes.[41][44] GraceCossingtonSmith'spaintingofthearchunderconstruction. JohnBradfieldridingthefirsttesttrainacrossthebridgeon19January1932 Oncethearchwascompleted,thecreepercraneswerethenworkedbackdownthearches,allowingtheroadwayandotherpartsofthebridgetobeconstructedfromthecentreout.Theverticalhangerswereattachedtothearch,andthesewerethenjoinedwithhorizontalcrossbeams.Thedeckfortheroadwayandrailwaywerebuiltontopofthecrossbeams,withthedeckitselfbeingcompletedbyJune1931,andthecreepercranesweredismantled.Railsfortrainsandtramswerelaid,androadwassurfacedusingconcretetoppedwithasphalt.[41]Powerandtelephonelines,andwater,gas,anddrainagepipeswerealsoalladdedtothebridgein1931.[citationneeded] Thepylonswerebuiltatoptheabutmenttowers,withconstructionadvancingrapidlyfromJuly1931.Carpentersbuiltwoodenscaffolding,withconcretersandmasonsthensettingthemasonryandpouringtheconcretebehindit.Gangersbuiltthesteelworkinthetowers,whiledaylabourersmanuallycleanedthegranitewithwirebrushes.Thelaststoneofthenorth-westpylonwassetinplaceon15January1932,andthetimbertowersusedtosupportthecraneswereremoved.[21][41] On19January1932,thefirsttesttrain,asteamlocomotive,safelycrossedthebridge.[45]LoadtestingofthebridgetookplaceinFebruary1932,withthefourrailtracksbeingloadedwithasmanyas96steamlocomotivespositionedend-to-end.Thebridgeunderwenttestingforthreeweeks,afterwhichitwasdeclaredsafeandreadytobeopened.[41]Theconstructionworkshedsweredemolishedafterthebridgewascompleted,andthelandthattheywereonisnowoccupiedbyLunaPark.[46] Thestandardsofindustrialsafetyduringconstructionwerepoorbytoday'sstandards.Sixteenworkersdiedduringconstruction,[47]butsurprisinglyonlytwofromfallingoffthebridge.Severalmorewereinjuredfromunsafeworkingpracticesundertakenwhilstheatingandinsertingitsrivets,andthedeafnessexperiencedbymanyoftheworkersinlateryearswasblamedontheproject.HenriMallardbetween1930and1932producedhundredsofstills[48]andfilmfootage[49]whichrevealatclosequartersthebraveryoftheworkersintoughDepression-eraconditions.[citationneeded] Interviewswereconductedbetween1982-1989withavarietyoftradesmenwhoworkedonthebuildingofthebridge.Amongthetradesmeninterviewedweredrillers,riveters,concretepackers,boilermakers,riggers,ironworkers,plasterers,stonemasons,anofficialphotographer,sleepcutters,engineersanddraughtsmen.[50] ThetotalfinancialcostofthebridgewasAU£6.25million,whichwasnotpaidoffinfulluntil1988.[51] Opening[edit] ThebridgewasformallyopenedonSaturday,19March1932.[52]AmongthosewhoattendedandgavespeechesweretheGovernorofNewSouthWales,SirPhilipGame,andtheMinisterforPublicWorks,LawrenceEnnis.ThePremierofNewSouthWales,JackLang,wastoopenthebridgebycuttingaribbonatitssouthernend.[53] DeGrootcuttingtheribbonattheofficialopeningoftheBridge,19March1932 However,justasLangwasabouttocuttheribbon,amaninmilitaryuniformrodeuponahorse,slashingtheribbonwithhisswordandopeningtheSydneyHarbourBridgeinthenameofthepeopleofNewSouthWalesbeforetheofficialceremonybegan.Hewaspromptlyarrested.[54]TheribbonwashurriedlyretiedandLangperformedtheofficialopeningceremonyandGamethereafterinauguratedthenameofthebridgeas'SydneyHarbourBridge'andtheassociatedroadwayasthe'BradfieldHighway'.Aftertheydidso,therewasa21-gunsaluteandanRAAFflypast.TheintruderwasidentifiedasFrancisdeGroot.Hewasconvictedofoffensivebehaviourandfined£5afterapsychiatrictestprovedhewassane,butthisverdictwasreversedonappeal.DeGrootthensuccessfullysuedtheCommissionerofPoliceforwrongfularrestandwasawardedanundisclosedoutofcourtsettlement.DeGrootwasamemberofaright-wingparamilitarygroupcalledtheNewGuard,opposedtoLang'sleftistpoliciesandresentfulofthefactthatamemberoftheRoyalFamilyhadnotbeenaskedtoopenthebridge.[54]DeGrootwasnotamemberoftheregulararmybuthisuniformallowedhimtoblendinwiththerealcavalry.ThisincidentwasoneofseveralinvolvingLangandtheNewGuardduringthatyear.[citationneeded] Asimilarribbon-cuttingceremonyonthebridge'snorthernsidebyNorthSydney'smayor,AldermanPrimrose,wascarriedoutwithoutincident.ItwaslaterdiscoveredthatPrimrosewasalsoaNewGuardmemberbuthisroleinandknowledgeofthedeGrootincident,ifany,areunclear.[citationneeded]ThepairofgoldenscissorsusedintheribboncuttingceremoniesonbothsidesofthebridgewasalsousedtocuttheribbonatthededicationoftheBayonneBridge,whichhadopenedbetweenBayonne,NewJersey,andNewYorkCitytheyearbefore.[55][56] DespitethebridgeopeninginthemidstoftheGreatDepression,openingcelebrationswereorganisedbytheCitizensofSydneyOrganisingCommittee,aninfluentialbodyofprominentmenandpoliticiansthatformedin1931underthechairmanshipofthelordmayortooverseethefestivities.Thecelebrationsincludedanarrayofdecoratedfloats,aprocessionofpassengershipssailingbelowthebridge,andaVenetianCarnival.[57]AmessagefromaprimaryschoolinTottenham,515 km(320 mi)awayinruralNewSouthWales,arrivedatthebridgeonthedayandwaspresentedattheopeningceremony.IthadbeencarriedallthewayfromTottenhamtothebridgebyrelaysofschoolchildren,withthefinalrelaybeingrunbytwochildrenfromthenearbyFortStreetBoys'andGirls'schools. Aftertheofficialceremonies,thepublicwasallowedtowalkacrossthebridgeonthedeck,somethingthatwouldnotberepeateduntilthe50thanniversarycelebrations.[32]Estimatessuggestthatbetween300,000andonemillionpeopletookpartintheopeningfestivities,[32]aphenomenalnumbergiventhattheentirepopulationofSydneyatthetimewasestimatedtobe1,256,000.[58] Therehadalsobeennumerouspreparatoryarrangements.On14March1932,threepostagestampswereissuedtocommemoratetheimminentopeningofthebridge.Severalsongswerecomposedfortheoccasion.[59]Intheyearoftheopening,therewasasteepriseinbabiesbeingnamedArchieandBridgetinhonourofthebridge.[60] ThebridgeitselfwasregardedasatriumphoverDepressiontimes,earningthenickname"theIronLung",asitkeptmanyDepression-eraworkersemployed.[61] Operations[edit] In2010,theaveragedailytrafficincluded204trains,160,435vehiclesand1650bicycles.[62] Road[edit] Mainarticle:BradfieldHighway,Sydney Theroadwayofthebridge,fromthesouthernorcityapproach.Fromleft:walkway,eighttrafficlanes(thetwoleftmostoncecarriedtheSydneytrams),tworailwaytracks,andcycleway.Thegantrieswithlightscontrollingtraffictidalflowareclearlyvisible,whilethetollboothscanbeseennearthebasesofthehigh-risebuildings FromtheSydneyCBDside,motorvehicleaccesstothebridgeisnormallyviaGrosvenorStreet,ClarenceStreet,KentStreet,theCahillExpressway,ortheWesternDistributor.DriversonthenorthernsidewillfindthemselvesontheWarringahFreeway,thoughitiseasytoturnoffthefreewaytodrivewestwardsintoNorthSydneyoreastwardstoNeutralBayandbeyonduponarrivalonthenorthernside.[citationneeded] Thebridgeoriginallyonlyhadfourwidertrafficlanesoccupyingthecentralspacewhichnowhassix,asphotostakensoonaftertheopeningclearlyshow.In1958tramservicesacrossthebridgewerewithdrawnandthetracksreplacedbytwoextraroadlanes;theselanesarenowtheleftmostsouthboundlanesonthebridgeandarestillclearlydistinguishablefromtheothersixroadlanes.Lanes7and8nowconnectthebridgetotheelevatedCahillExpresswaythatcarriestraffictotheEasternDistributor. In1988,workbegantobuildatunneltocomplementthebridge.Itwasdeterminedthatthebridgecouldnolongersupporttheincreasedtrafficflowofthe1980s.TheSydneyHarbourTunnelwascompletedinAugust1992andcarriesonlymotorvehicles. TheBradfieldHighwayisdesignatedasaTravellingStockRoute[63]whichmeansthatitispermissibletoherdlivestockacrossthebridge,butonlybetweenmidnightanddawn,andaftergivingnoticeofintentiontodoso.Inpractice,thelasttimelivestockcrossedthebridgewasin1999fortheGelbviehCattleCongress.[64] Tidalflow[edit] Thebridgeisequippedfortidalflowoperation,permittingthedirectionoftrafficflowonthebridgetobealteredtobettersuitthemorningandeveningpeakhourtrafficpatterns.[65] Thebridgehaseightlanesintotal,numberedonetoeightfromwesttoeast.Lanesthree,fourandfivearereversible.Oneandtwoalwaysflownorth.Six,seven,andeightalwaysflowsouth.Thedefaultisfoureachway.Forthemorningpeakhour,thelanechangesonthebridgealsorequirechangestotheWarringahFreeway,withitsinnerwesternreversiblecarriagewaydirectingtraffictothebridgelanenumbersthreeandfoursouthbound.[citationneeded] Thebridgehasaseriesofoverheadgantrieswhichindicatethedirectionofflowforeachtrafficlane.Agreenarrowpointingdowntoatrafficlanemeansthelaneisopen.Aflashingred"X"indicatesthelaneisclosing,butisnotyetinusefortraffictravellingintheotherdirection.Astaticred"X"meansthelaneisinuseforoncomingtraffic.Thisarrangementwasintroducedinthe1990s,replacingaslowoperationwherelanemarkersweremanuallymovedtomarkthecentremedian.[citationneeded] Itispossibletoseeoddarrangementsofflowduringnightperiodswhenmaintenanceoccurs,whichmayinvolvecompletelyclosingsomelanes.Normallythisisdonebetweenmidnightanddawn,becauseoftheenormoustrafficdemandsplacedonthebridgeoutsidethesehours.[citationneeded] WhentheSydneyHarbourTunnelopenedinAugust1992,Lane7becameabuslane.[66][67] Tolls[edit] Northboundviewoftollgates,1933 Thevehiculartrafficlanesonthebridgeareoperatedasatollroad.SinceJanuary2009,thereisavariabletollingsystemforallvehiclesheadedintotheCBD(southbound).Thetollpaidisdependentonthetimeofdayinwhichthevehiclepassesthroughthetollplaza.Thetollvariesfromaminimumvalueof$2.50toamaximumvalueof$4.[68]Thereisnotollfornorthboundtraffic(thoughtaxistravellingnorthmaychargepassengersthetollinanticipationofthetollthetaximustpayonthereturnjourney).In2017,theBradfieldHighwaynortherntollplazainfrastructurewasremovedandreplacedwithnewoverheadgantriestoserviceallsouthboundtraffic.[69]Andfollowingonfromthisupgrade,in2018allsoutherntollplazainfrastructurewasalsoremoved.[70]OnlytheCahillExpresswaytollplazainfrastructureremains. Thetollwasoriginallyplacedontravelacrossthebridge,inbothdirections,torecoupthecostofitsconstruction.Thiswaspaidoffin1988,butthetollhasbeenkept(indeedincreased)torecoupthecostsoftheSydneyHarbourTunnel.[71][72] AfterthedecisiontobuildtheSydneyHarbourTunnelwasmadeintheearly1980s,thetollwasincreased(from20centsto$1,thento$1.50,andfinallyto$2bythetimethetunnelopened)topayforitsconstruction.Thetunnelalsohadaninitialtollof$2southbound.Aftertheincreaseto$1,theconcretebarrieronthebridgeseparatingtheBradfieldHighwayfromtheCahillExpresswaywasincreasedinheight,becauseofthelargenumbersofdriverscrossingitillegallyfromlane6to7,toavoidthetoll.Thetollforallsouthboundvehicleswasincreasedto$3inMarch2004.[citationneeded] Originallyitcostacarormotorcyclesixpencetocross,ahorseandriderbeingthreepence.Useofthebridgebybicycleriders(providedthattheyusethecycleway)andbypedestriansisfree.Latergovernmentscappedthefeeformotorcyclesatone-quarterofthepassenger-vehiclecost,butnowitisagainthesameasthecostforapassengervehicle,althoughquarterlyflat-feepassesareavailablewhicharemuchcheaperforfrequentusers.[73]Originallythereweresixtollboothsatthesouthernendofthebridge,thesewerereplacedby16boothsin1950.[74]Thetollwaschargedinbothdirectionsuntil4July1970whenchangedtoonlybeappliedtosouthboundtraffic.[75] InJuly2008anewelectronictollingsystemcallede-TAGwasintroduced.TheSydneyHarbourTunnelwasconvertedtothisnewtollingsystemwhiletheSydneyHarbourBridgeitselfhadseveralcashlanes.Theelectronicsystemasof12January2009hasnowreplacedallboothswithE-taglanes.[76]InJanuary2017workcommencedtoremovethesoutherntollbooths.[77]InAugust2020,theremainingtollboothsatMilsonsPointwereremoved.[78][79] Pedestrians[edit] Acyclistusingthecycleway.Sidefenceswereaddedtopreventpeoplefromcommittingsuicidebyjumpingfromthebridge. Thepedestrian-onlyfootwayislocatedontheeastsideofthebridge.Accessfromthenorthernsideinvolvesclimbinganeasilyspottedflightofstairs,locatedontheeastsideofthebridgeatBroughtonSt,Kirribilli.Pedestrianaccessonthesouthernsideismorecomplicated,butsignpostsintheRocksareanowdirectpedestrianstothelongandshelteredflightofstairsthatleadstothebridge'ssouthernend.ThesestairsarelocatednearGloucesterStreetandCumberlandStreet.[citationneeded] ThebridgecanalsobeapproachedfromthesouthbyaccessingCahillWalk,whichrunsalongtheCahillExpressway.PedestrianscanaccessthiswalkwayfromtheeastendofCircularQuaybyaflightofstairsoralift.AlternativelyitcanbeaccessedfromtheBotanicGardens.[80] Cyclists[edit] Mainarticle:SydneyHarbourBridgecycleway Thebike-onlycyclewayislocatedonthewesternsideofthebridge.Accessfromthenorthernsideinvolvescarryingorpushingabicycleupastaircase,consistingof55steps,locatedonthewesternsideofthebridgeatBurtonSt,MilsonsPoint.Awidesmoothconcretestripinthecentreofthestairspermitscyclestobewheeledupanddownfromthebridgedeckwhilsttheriderisdismounted.AcampaigntoeliminatethestepsonthispopularcyclingroutetotheCBDhasbeenrunningsinceatleast2008.[81][82]On7December2016theNSWRoadsMinisterDuncanGayconfirmedthatthenorthernstairwaywouldbereplacedwithaA$20millionrampalleviatingtheneedsforcycliststodismount.AtthesametimetheNSWGovernmentannouncedplanstoupgradethesouthernrampataprojectedcostofA$20million.Bothprojectsareexpectedtobecompletedbylate2020.[83][84][85]AccesstothecyclewayonthesouthernsideisviathenorthernendoftheKentStreetcyclewayand/orUpperFortStreetinTheRocks.[86] Rail[edit] ThebridgeliesbetweenMilsonsPointandWynyardrailwaystations,locatedonthenorthandsouthshoresrespectively,withtwotracksrunningalongthewesternsideofthebridge.ThesetracksarepartoftheNorthShorerailwayline. In1958,tramservicesacrossthebridgewerewithdrawnandthetrackstheyhadusedwereremovedandreplacedbytwoextraroadlanes;theselanesarenowtheleftmostsouthboundlanesonthebridgeandarestillclearlydistinguishablefromtheothersixroadlanes.TheoriginalrampthattookthetramsintotheirterminusattheundergroundWynyardrailwaystationisstillvisibleatthesouthernendofthemainwalkwayunderlanes7and8,althougharound1964,theformertramtunnelsandstationwereconvertedforuseasacarparkfortheMenziesHotelandaspublicparking.OneofthetunnelswasconvertedforuseasastoragefacilityafterreportedlybeingusedbytheNSWpoliceasapistolfiringrange.[87] Therailcorridorrunsalongthewesternsideofthebridge Trainstraversingthebridge AtramandatrainarriveatMilsonsPointstation,1935 Maintenance[edit] TheSydneyHarbourBridgerequiresconstantinspectionsandothermaintenanceworktokeepitsafeforthepublic,andtoprotectfromcorrosion.Amongthetradesemployedonthebridgearepainters,ironworkers,boilermakers,fitters,electricians,plasterers,carpenters,plumbers,andriggers.[38] Themostnoticeablemaintenanceworkonthebridgeinvolvespainting.Thesteelworkofthebridgethatneedstobepaintedisacombined485,000 m2(120acres),theequivalentofsixtyfootballfields.Eachcoatonthebridgerequiressome30,000 L(6,600 imp gal)ofpaint.[38]Aspecialfast-dryingpaintisused,sothatanypaintdropshavedriedbeforereachingthevehiclesorbridgesurface.[20]Onenotableidentityfrompreviousbridge-paintingcrewsisAustraliancomedianandactorPaulHogan,whoworkedasabridgeriggerbeforerisingtomediafameinthe1970s.[6] In2003theRoads&TrafficAuthoritybegancompletelyrepaintingthesouthernapproachspansofthebridge.Thisinvolvedremovingtheoldlead-basedpaint,andrepaintingthe90,000 m2(22acres)ofsteelbelowthedeck.Workersoperatedfromself-containedplatformsbelowthedeck,witheachplatformhavinganairextractionsystemtofilterairborneparticles.Anabrasiveblastingwasused,withtheleadwastecollectedandsafelyremovedfromthesitefordisposal.[38] BetweenDecember2006andMarch2010thebridgewassubjecttoworksdesignedtoensureitslongevity.Theworkincludedsomestrengthening.[88] Since2013,twogrit-blastingrobotsspeciallydevelopedwiththeUniversityofTechnology,Sydneyhavebeenemployedtohelpwiththepaintstrippingoperationonthebridge.[89]Therobots,nicknamedRosieandSandy,[90]areintendedtoreduceworkers'potentialexposuretodangerousleadpaintandasbestosandtheblastingequipmentwhichhasenoughforcetocutthroughclothesandskin.[91] StanGiddings,maintenanceworkerpaintingSydneyHarbourBridge,1945,byAlecIverson Maintenancecrewpaintingthebridge Bridgearchafterstrengthening,withsomenewsteeloutlinedinred Tourism[edit] Furtherinformation:TourisminSydney South-eastpylon[edit] Historictouristsignsforthepylonlookout,fromRentoul's'AllAustralianExhibition',1948–1971 WhitecatonSouth-EastPylon,SydneyHarbourBridge,16June1951,byNormanHerfort Evenduringitsconstruction,thebridgewassuchaprominentfeatureofSydneythatitwouldattracttouristinterest.Oneoftheongoingtouristattractionsofthebridgehasbeenthesouth-eastpylon,whichisaccessedviathepedestrianwalkwayacrossthebridge,andthenaclimbtothetopofthepylonofabout200steps.[18] Notlongafterthebridge'sopening,commencingin1934,ArcherWhitfordfirstconvertedthispylonintoatouristdestination.[92]Heinstalledanumberofattractions,includingacafé,acameraobscura,anAboriginalmuseum,a"Mother'sNook"wherevisitorscouldwriteletters,anda"pashometer".Themainattractionwastheviewingplatform,where"charmingattendants"assistedvisitorstousethetelescopesavailable,[92]andacoppercladding(stillpresent)overthegraniteguardrailsidentifiedthesuburbsandlandmarksofSydneyatthetime.[93] TheoutbreakofWorldWarIIin1939sawtouristactivitiesonthebridgecease,asthemilitarytookoverthefourpylonsandmodifiedthemtoincludeparapetsandanti-aircraftguns.[94] In1948,YvonneRentoulopenedthe"AllAustralianExhibition"inthepylon.Thiscontaineddioramas,anddisplaysaboutAustralianperspectivesonsubjectssuchasfarming,sport,transport,mining,andthearmedforces.Anorientationtablewasinstalledattheviewingplatform,alongwithawallguideandbinoculars.Theownerkeptseveralwhitecatsinarooftopcattery,whichalsoservedasanattraction,andtherewasasouvenirshopandpostaloutlet.[95]Rentoul'sleaseexpiredin1971,andthepylonanditslookoutremainedclosedtothepublicforoveradecade.[96] Thepylonwasreopenedin1982,withanewexhibitioncelebratingthebridge's50thanniversary.[97]In1987a"BicentennialExhibition"wasopenedtomarkthe200thanniversaryofEuropeansettlementinAustraliain1988.[98] ThepylonwasclosedfromApriltoNovember2000fortheRoads&TrafficAuthorityandBridgeClimbtocreateanewexhibitioncalled"ProudArch".TheexhibitionfocussedonBradfield,andincludedaglassdirectionfinderontheobservationlevel,andvariousimportantheritageitems.[99] Thepylonagainclosedforfourweeksin2003fortheinstallationofanexhibitcalled"DangerousWorks",highlightingthedangerousconditionsexperiencedbytheoriginalconstructionworkersonthebridge,andtwostainedglassfeaturewindowsinmemoryoftheworkers.[100] BridgeClimb[edit] BridgeClimbparticipants,wearingthemandatoryspecialjumpsuits Inthe1950sand1960s,therewereoccasionalnewspaperreportsofclimberswhohadmadeillegalarchtraversalsofthebridgebynight.In1973PhilippePetitwalkedacrossawirebetweenthetwopylonsatthesouthernendoftheSydneyHarbourBridge.Since1998,BridgeClimb[101]hasmadeitpossiblefortouriststolegallyclimbthesouthernhalfofthebridge.Toursrunthroughouttheday,fromdawntonight,andareonlycancelledforelectricalstormsorhighwind.[102] Groupsofclimbersareprovidedwithprotectiveclothingappropriatetotheprevailingweatherconditions,andaregivenanorientationbriefingbeforeclimbing.Duringtheclimb,attendeesaresecuredtothebridgebyawirelifeline.Eachclimbbeginsontheeasternsideofthebridgeandascendstothetop.Atthesummit,thegroupcrossestothewesternsideofthearchforthedescent.Eachclimbtakesthree-and-a-half-hours,includingthepreparations.[102] InDecember2006,BridgeClimb[101]launchedanalternativetoclimbingtheupperarchesofthebridge.TheDiscoveryClimballowsclimberstoascendthelowerchordofthebridgeandviewitsinternalstructure.Fromtheapexofthelowerchord,climbersascendastaircasetoaplatformatthesummit.[101] Celebrationsandprotests[edit] Sincetheopening,thebridgehasbeenthefocalpointofmuchtourism,nationalprideandevenprotests[103] 50thAnniversarycelebrations(1982)[edit] In1982,the50thanniversaryoftheopeningofthebridgewascelebrated.Forthefirsttimesinceitsopeningin1932,thebridgewasclosedtomostvehicleswiththeexceptionofvintagevehicles,andpedestrianswereallowedfullaccessfortheday.[15]ThecelebrationswereattendedbyEdwardJudge,whorepresentedDormanLong.[citationneeded][104] Postagestamp,Australia,1932 BicentennialAustraliaDaycelebrations(1988)[edit] Australia'sbicentennialcelebrationson26January1988attractedlargecrowdsinthebridge'svicinityasmerrymakersflockedtotheforeshorestoviewtheeventsontheharbour.ThehighlightwasthebiggestparadeofsaileverheldinSydney,square-riggersfromallovertheworld,surroundedbyhundredsofsmallercraftofeverydescription,passingmajesticallyundertheSydneyHarbourBridge.Theday'sfestivitiesculminatedinafireworksdisplayinwhichthebridgewasthefocalpointofthefinale,withfireworksstreamingfromthearchandroadway.Thiswastobecomethepatternforlaterfireworkdisplays.[citationneeded] SydneyNewYear'sEve(1993–present)[edit] Mainarticle:SydneyNewYear'sEve TheHarbourBridgehasbeenanintegralpartoftheSydneyNewYear'sEvecelebrations,generallybeingusedinspectacularwaysduringthefireworksdisplaysat9pmandmidnight.Inrecenttimes,thebridgehasincludedaropelightdisplayonaframeworkinthecentreoftheeasternarch,whichisusedtocomplementthefireworks.Thescaffoldingandframeworkwereclearlyvisibleforsomeweeksbeforetheevent,revealingtheoutlineofthedesign. Duringthemillenniumcelebrationsin2000,theSydneyHarbourBridgewaslitupwiththeword"Eternity",asatributetothelegacyofArthurStaceaSydneyartistwhoformanyyearsinscribedthatwordonpavementsinchalkinbeautifulcopperplatewritingdespitethefactthathewasilliterate.[105] Theeffectshavebeenasfollows:[citationneeded] Theopeningsequencetothe2008–09MidnightFireworks,usingtheSunforitsbridgeeffect. NYE1997:Smileyface NYE1999:Theword"Eternity"incopperplatewriting[106] NYE2000:RainbowSerpentandFederationStar NYE2001:Uluru,theSouthernCrossandtheDoveofPeace NYE2002:DoveofPeaceandtheword"PEACE" NYE2003:Lightshow NYE2004:"Fanfare" NYE2005:Threeconcentrichearts NYE2006:Coathangerandadiamond NYE2007:Mandala NYE2008:TheSun NYE2009:TaijituSymbol,aBluemoonandaringoffire NYE2010:Handprint,"X"MarkandaSpot NYE2011:ThoughtBubble,SunandEndlessRainbow NYE2012:ButterflyandaLip NYE2013:Eye NYE2014:Lightbulb NYE2015onwards:Lightshows ThenumbersfortheNewYear'sEvecountdownalsoappearontheeasternsideoftheBridgepylons.[107] WalkforReconciliation(2000)[edit] Furtherinformation:ReconciliationinAustralia InMay2000,thebridgewasclosedtovehicularaccessforadaytoallowaspecialreconciliationmarch—the"WalkforReconciliation"–totakeplace.ThiswaspartofaresponsetoanAboriginalStolenGenerationsinquiry,whichfoundwidespreadsufferinghadtakenplaceamongstAustralianAboriginalchildrenforciblyplacedintothecareofwhiteparentsinalittle-publicisedstategovernmentscheme.Between200,000and300,000peoplewereestimatedtohavewalkedthebridgeinasymbolicgestureofcrossingadivide.[108] Sydney2000Olympics[edit] DuringtheSydney2000OlympicsinSeptemberandOctober2000,thebridgewasadornedwiththeOlympicRings.ItwasincludedintheOlympictorch'sroutetotheOlympicstadium.Themen'sandwomen'sOlympicmarathoneventslikewiseincludedthebridgeaspartoftheirroutetotheOlympicstadium.Afireworksdisplayattheendoftheclosingceremonyendedatthebridge.Theeast-facingsideofthebridgehasbeenusedseveraltimessinceasaframeworkfromwhichtohangstaticfireworks,especiallyduringtheelaborateNewYear'sEvedisplays.[109] FormulaOnepromotion(2005)[edit] In2005MarkWebberdroveaWilliams-BMWFormulaOnecaracrossthebridge.[110] 75thanniversary(2007)[edit] WalkerswithLEDcapsonthebridge's75thAnniversary Thecommemorativehatsgiventowalkers In2007,the75thanniversaryofitsopeningwascommemoratedwithanexhibitionattheMuseumofSydney,called"BridgingSydney".[111]AninitiativeoftheHistoricHousesTrust,theexhibitionfeatureddramaticphotographsandpaintingswithrareandpreviouslyunseenalternativebridgeandtunnelproposals,plansandsketches.[112] On18March2007,the75thanniversaryoftheSydneyHarbourBridgewascelebrated.Theoccasionwasmarkedwitharibbon-cuttingceremonybythegovernor,MarieBashirandthepremierofNewSouthWales,MorrisIemma.ThebridgewassubsequentlyopentothepublictowalksouthwardfromMilsonsPointorNorthSydney.Severalmajorroads,mainlyintheCBD,wereclosedfortheday.AnAboriginalsmokingceremonywasheldat7:00pm.[113][114] Approximately250,000people(50,000morethanwereregistered)tookpartintheevent.Brightyellowsouvenircapsweredistributedtowalkers.Aseriesofspeakersplacedatintervalsalongthebridgeformedasoundinstallation.Eachgroupofspeakersbroadcastsoundandmusicfromaparticularera(e.g.KingEdwardVIII'sabdicationspeech;GoughWhitlam'sspeechatParliamentHousein1975),theoveralleffectbeingthatthesoundscapewould"flow"throughhistoryaswalkersproceededalongthebridge.Alight-showbeganaftersunsetandcontinuedlateintothenight,thebridgebeingbathedinconstantlychanging,multi-colouredlighting,designedtohighlightstructuralfeaturesofthebridge.Intheeveningthebrightyellowcapswerereplacedbyorangecapswithasmall,brightLEDattached.Thebridgewasclosedtowalkersatabout8:30pm.[citationneeded] BreakfastontheBridge(2009–10)[edit] On25October2009,turfwaslaidacrosstheeightlanesofbitumen,and6,000peoplecelebratedapicniconthebridgeaccompaniedbylivemusic.[115]Theeventwasrepeatedin2010.[116]Althoughoriginallyscheduledagainin2011,thiseventwasmovedtoBondiBeachduetotrafficconcernsabouttheprolongedclosingofthebridge.[117][118] 80thanniversary[edit] On19March2012,the80thanniversaryoftheSydneyHarbourBridgewascelebratedwithapicnicdedicatedtothestoriesofpeoplewithpersonalconnectionstothebridge.[119]Inaddition,GooglededicateditsGoogleDoodleonthe19thtotheevent.[120] TheproposaltoupgradethebridgetollingequipmentwasannouncedbytheNSWRoadsMinisterDuncanGay.[121] Protests[edit] VariousprotestshavecauseddisruptionsontheSydneyHarbourBridge.In2019,Greenpeaceactivistsscaledthebridgeandtheywerearrestedsoonafter.[122]Soonafterthis,anumberoftruckandbusdriverscloggedthebridgeforanumberofhours;theywereprotestingtheCOVID-19lockdown.[123] Flags[edit] SinceFebruary5,2022boththeAustralianflagandtheAboriginalflagwillformallyflypermanentlyonflagpolesabovetheSydneyHarbourbridgestructure.[124][125] Quotations[edit] The"InternationalHistoricCivilEngineeringLandmark"plaquepresentedtoSydneyHarbourBridgebytheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineersin1988 TheretheproudarchColossuslikebestrideYonglitteringstreamsandboundthestrafingtide.— PropheticobservationofSydneyCovebyErasmusDarwin,grandfatherofCharlesDarwin,fromhispoem"VisitofHopetoSydneyCove,nearBotanyBay",(1789). IopenthisbridgeinthenameofHisMajestytheKingandallthedecentcitizensofNSW.— FrancisdeGroot"opening"theSydneyHarbourBridge,(1932).Hisorganisation,theNewGuard,hadresentedthefactthatKingGeorgeVhadnotbeenaskedtoopenthebridge.[126] TogetoninAustralia,youmustmaketwoobservations.Say,"Youhavethemostbeautifulbridgeintheworld"and"TheytellmeyoutrouncedEnglandagaininthecricket."Thefirststatementwillbealie.SydneyBridge[sic]isbig,utilitarianandthesymbolofAustralia,liketheStatueofLibertyortheEiffelTower.Butitisveryugly.NoAustralianwilladmitthis.— JamesMichenerassessestheSydneyHarbourBridgeinhisbookReturntoParadise,(1951).[127] ...inagestureofanomalousexhilaration,attheworsttimeofthedepressionSydneyopeneditsHarbourBridge,oneofthetalismanicstructuresoftheearth,andbyfarthemoststrikingthingeverbuiltinAustralia.Atthatmoment,Ithink,contemporarySydneybegan,perhapsdefinitiveSydney.— JanMorrisgivesherownassessmentofthebridgeinherbookSydney,(1982)[128] ...youcanseeitfromeverycornerofthecity,creepingintoframefromtheoddestangles,likeanunclewhowantstogetintoeverysnapshot.Fromadistanceithasakindofgallantrestraint,majesticbutnotassertive,butupcloseitisallmight.Itsoarsaboveyou,sohighthatyoucouldpassaten-storeybuildingbeneathit,andlooksliketheheaviestthingonearth.Everythingthatisinit–thestoneblocksinitsfourtowers,thelatticeworkofgirders,themetalplates,thesix-millionrivets(withheadslikehalvedapples)–isthebiggestofitstypeyouhaveeverseen...Thisisagreatbridge.— Americantravel-writerBillBryson'simpressionsoftheSydneyHarbourBridgeinhisbookDownUnder(2000).[129] SydneyHarbourBridgeasviewedfromKirribilliontheNorthShore,withtheSydneyOperaHouseontheleft. Heritagelisting[edit] TheHarbourBridgeisanimportantaspectofSydney'sculturalandarchitecturalheritage Atthetimeofconstructionanduntilrecently,thebridgewasthelongestsinglespansteelarchbridgeintheworld.Thebridge,itspylonsanditsapproachesareallimportantelementsintownscapeofareasbothnearanddistantfromit.Thecurvednorthernapproachgivesagrandsweepingentrancetothebridgewithcontinuallychangingviewsofthebridgeandharbour.ThebridgehasbeenanimportantfactorinthepatternofgrowthofmetropolitanSydney,particularlyinresidentialdevelopmentinpostWorldWarIIyears.Inthe1960sand1970stheCentralBusinessDistricthadextendedtothenorthernsideofthebridgeatNorthSydneywhichhasbeendueinparttotheeasyaccessprovidedbythebridgeandalsototheincreasingtrafficproblemsassociatedwiththebridge.[130][10] SydneyHarbourBridgewaslistedontheNewSouthWalesStateHeritageRegisteron25June1999havingsatisfiedthefollowingcriteria.[10] Theplaceisimportantindemonstratingthecourse,orpattern,ofculturalornaturalhistoryinNewSouthWales. Thebridgeisoneofthemostremarkablefeatsofbridgeconstruction.Atthetimeofconstructionanduntilrecentlyitwasthelongestsinglespansteelarchbridgeintheworldandisstillinageneralsensethelargest.[130][10] BradfieldParkNorth(SandstoneWalls) "ThearchaeologicalremainsaredemonstrativeofanearlierphaseofurbandevelopmentwithinMilsonsPointandthewiderNorthSydneyprecinct.Thewallsarephysicalevidencethatanumberof19thcenturyresidencesexistedonthesitewhichwereresumedanddemolishedaspartoftheSydneyHarbourBridgeconstruction".[10][131][132] Theplaceisimportantindemonstratingaestheticcharacteristicsand/orahighdegreeofcreativeortechnicalachievementinNewSouthWales. Thebridge,itspylonsanditsapproachesareallimportantelementsintownscapeofareasbothnearanddistantfromit.Thecurvednorthernapproachgivesagrandsweepingentrancetothebridgewithcontinuallychangingviewsofthebridgeandharbour.[130][10] TheplacehasastrongorspecialassociationwithaparticularcommunityorculturalgroupinNewSouthWalesforsocial,culturalorspiritualreasons. ThebridgehasbeenanimportantfactorinthepatternofgrowthofmetropolitanSydney,particularlyinresidentialdevelopmentinpostWorldWarIIyears.Inthe1960sand1970stheCentralBusinessDistricthadextendedtothenorthernsideofthebridgeatNorthSydneywhichhasbeendueinparttotheeasyaccessprovidedbythebridgeandalsototheincreasingtrafficproblemsassociatedwiththebridge.[130][10] TheplacehaspotentialtoyieldinformationthatwillcontributetoanunderstandingoftheculturalornaturalhistoryofNewSouthWales. BradfieldParkNorth(SandstoneWalls) "ThearchaeologicalremainshavesomepotentialtoyieldinformationaboutthepreviousresidentialandcommercialoccupationofMilsonsPointpriortotheconstructionoftheSydneyHarbourBridgetransportlink".[10][131][132] Engineeringheritageaward[edit] ThebridgewaslistedasaNationalEngineeringLandmarkbyEngineersAustraliain1988,aspartofitsEngineeringHeritageRecognitionProgram.[133] Seealso[edit] Architectureportal Transportportal Engineeringportal Australianlandmarks Listofthelargestarchbridges ComparisonofthesideelevationsoftheSydneyHarbourBridgeandsomenotablebridgesatthesamescale.(clickforinteractiveversion) References[edit] ^"7BridgesWalk.com.au".BridgeHistory.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29August2007.Retrieved23October2006. ^"SydneyHarbourBridge".AustralianGovernment.14August2008.Archivedfromtheoriginalon12May2012.Retrieved29May2012. ^abcde"DrJ.J.C.Bradfield".PylonLookout:SydneyHarbourBridge.Archivedfromtheoriginalon18February2011.Retrieved18December2010. ^"OlympicconnectionsacrosstheUK".Bbc.co.uk.19January2012.Archivedfromtheoriginalon20March2012.Retrieved19March2012. ^abJamesWeirick(2007)."RadarExhibition–BridgingSydney".Archivedfromtheoriginalon6September2008.Retrieved20March2012. ^abcde"SydneyHarbourBridge".culture.gov.au.AustralianGovernment.Archivedfromtheoriginalon20September2010.Retrieved1October2010. ^"WidestBridge".GuinnessWorldRecords.Archivedfromtheoriginalon14September2012.Retrieved15September2012. ^"PortMannBridge".TRANSPORTATIONINVESTMENTCORPORATION.BritishColumbia:ProvinceofBritishColumbia.2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon11September2012.Retrieved15September2012.Oncecomplete,thenew10-lanePortMannBridgewillthesecondlargestandlongestcable-supportedbridgeinNorthAmerica,andat65metreswideitwillbethewidestbridgeintheworld. ^"SydneyHarbourBridge,BradfieldHwy,DawesPoint-MilsonsPoint,NSW,Australia(PlaceID105888)".AustralianHeritageDatabase.AustralianGovernment.Retrieved28October2018. 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