Pons - Wikipedia

Anteroinferior view of the medulla oblongata and pons. Details. Part of, Brain stem · Artery · pontine arteries · Vein, transverse and lateral pontine veins. Pons FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Partofthebrainsteminhumansandotherbipeds Forotheruses,seePons(disambiguation). PonsPonsinthebrainstemAnteroinferiorviewofthemedullaoblongataandponsDetailsPartofBrainstemArterypontinearteriesVeintransverseandlateralpontineveinsIdentifiersMeSHD011149NeuroNames547NeuroLexIDbirnlex_733TA98A14.1.03.010TA25921FMA67943Anatomicaltermsofneuroanatomy[editonWikidata] Thepons(fromLatinpons,"bridge")ispartofthebrainstemthatinhumansandotherbipedsliesinferiortothemidbrain,superiortothemedullaoblongataandanteriortothecerebellum. TheponsisalsocalledtheponsVarolii("bridgeofVarolius"),aftertheItaliananatomistandsurgeonCostanzoVarolio(1543–75).[1]Thisregionofthebrainstemincludesneuralpathwaysandtractsthatconductsignalsfromthebraindowntothecerebellumandmedulla,andtractsthatcarrythesensorysignalsupintothethalamus.[2] Contents 1Structure 1.1Development 1.2Nuclei 2Function 3Clinicalsignificance 4Otheranimals 4.1Evolution 5Additionalimages 6References 7Externallinks Structure[edit] Theponsisinthebrainstemsituatedbetweenthemidbrainandthemedullaoblongata,andinfrontofthecerebellum.Aseparatinggroovebetweentheponsandthemedullaistheinferiorpontinesulcus.[3]Thesuperiorpontinesulcusseparatestheponsfromthemidbrain.[4]Theponscanbebroadlydividedintotwoparts:thebasilarpartofthepons(ventralpons),andthepontinetegmentum(dorsalpons).Runningdownthemidlineoftheventralsurfaceisthebasilarsulcus,agrooveforthebasilarartery.Mostoftheponsissuppliedbythepontinearteries,whicharisefromthebasilarartery.Asmallerportionoftheponsissuppliedbytheanteriorandposteriorinferiorcerebellararteries. Theponsinhumansmeasuresabout2.5centimetres(0.98 in)inlength.Mostofitappearsasabroadanteriorbulgeabovethemedulla.Posteriorly,itconsistsmainlyoftwopairsofthickstalkscalledcerebellarpeduncles.Theyconnectthecerebellumtothepons(middlecerebellarpeduncle)andmidbrain(superiorcerebellarpeduncle).[2] Development[edit] Duringembryonicdevelopment,themetencephalondevelopsfromtherhombencephalonandgivesrisetotwostructures:theponsandthecerebellum.[2]Thealarplateproducessensoryneuroblasts,whichwillgiverisetothesolitarynucleusanditsspecialvisceralafferent(SVA)column;thecochlearandvestibularnuclei,whichformthespecialsomaticafferent(SSA)fibersofthevestibulocochlearnerve,thespinalandprincipaltrigeminalnervenuclei,whichformthegeneralsomaticafferentcolumn(GSA)ofthetrigeminalnerve,andthepontinenucleiwhichrelaystothecerebellum. Basalplateneuroblastsgiverisetotheabducensnucleus,whichformsthegeneralsomaticefferentfibers(GSE);thefacialandmotortrigeminalnuclei,whichformthespecialvisceralefferent(SVE)column,andthesuperiorsalivatorynucleus,whichformsthegeneralvisceralefferentfibers(GVE)ofthefacialnerve. Nuclei[edit] Cross-sectionoflowerpons,axonsshowninblue,greymatterinlightgrey.Anteriorisdownandposteriorisup Anumberofcranialnervenucleiarepresentinthepons: mid-pons:the'chief'or'pontine'nucleusofthetrigeminalnervesensorynucleus(V) mid-pons:themotornucleusforthetrigeminalnerve(V) lowerdowninthepons:abducensnucleus(VI) lowerdowninthepons:facialnervenucleus(VII) lowerdowninthepons:vestibulocochlearnuclei(vestibularnucleiandcochlearnuclei)(VIII) Function[edit] Functionsofthesefourcranialnerves(V-VIII)includeregulationofrespiration,controlofinvoluntaryactions,sensoryrolesinhearing,equilibrium,andtaste,andinfacialsensationssuchastouchandpain,aswellasmotorrolesineyemovement,facialexpressions,chewing,swallowing,andthesecretionofsalivaandtears.[2] Theponscontainsnucleithatrelaysignalsfromtheforebraintothecerebellum,alongwithnucleithatdealprimarilywithsleep,respiration,swallowing,bladdercontrol,hearing,equilibrium,taste,eyemovement,facialexpressions,facialsensation,andposture.[2] Withintheponsisthepneumotaxiccenterconsistingofthesubparabrachialandthemedialparabrachialnuclei.Thiscenterregulatesthechangefrominhalationtoexhalation.[2] Theponsisimplicatedinsleepparalysis,andmayalsoplayaroleingeneratingdreams.[5] Clinicalsignificance[edit] Centralpontinemyelinolysisisademyelinatingdiseasethatcausesdifficultywithsenseofbalance,walking,senseoftouch,swallowingandspeaking.Inaclinicalsetting,itisoftenassociatedwithtransplantorrapidcorrectionofbloodsodium.Undiagnosed,itcanleadtodeathorlocked-insyndrome. Otheranimals[edit] Evolution[edit] Theponsfirstevolvedasanoffshootofthemedullaryreticularformation.[6]Sincelampreyspossessapons,ithasbeenarguedthatitmusthaveevolvedasaregiondistinctfromthemedullabythetimethefirstagnathansappeared,525millionyearsago.[7] Additionalimages[edit] LocationandtopographyofPons(animation) Axialsectionofthepons,atitsupperpart Hind-andmid-brains;posterolateralview Mediansagittalsectionofbrain Nucleioftheponsandbrainstem Cerebrum.Deepdissection.Inferiordissection. References[edit] ^HenryGray(1862).Anatomy,descriptiveandsurgical.BlanchardandLea.pp. 514–.Retrieved10November2010. ^abcdefSaladinKennethS.(2007)Anatomy&physiologytheunityofformandfunction.Dubuque,IA:McGraw-Hill ^"BrainInfo".braininfo.rprc.washington.edu. ^Carpenter,M(1985).Coretextofneuroanatomy(3rd ed.).Williams&Wilkins.p. 42.ISBN 0683014552. ^Koch,Christof."DreamStates:APeekintoConsciousness".ScientificAmerican.ScientificAmerican.Retrieved17September2020. ^PritchardandAllowayMedicalNeuroscience ^ButlerandHodosComparativevertebrateneuroanatomy:evolutionandadaptation Pritchard,TE&Alloway,D(1999).Medicalneuroscience.HayesBartonPress.ISBN 978-1-59377-200-0. Butler,AB&Hodos,W(2005).Comparativevertebrateneuroanatomy:evolutionandadaptation.Wiley-Blackwell.ISBN 978-0-471-21005-4. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoPons. DiagramatUCC Stainedbrainsliceimageswhichincludethe"Pons"attheBrainMapsproject vteNervoussystemCentralnervoussystem Meninges Spinalcord Brain Hindbrain Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Opticnerve Cerebrum Limbicsystem PeripheralnervoussystemSomatic Sensorynerve Motornerve Cranialnerve Spinalnerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric vteAnatomyoftheponsDorsal/(tegmentum)Surface Cerebellopontineangle Superiormedullaryvelum Sulcuslimitans Medialeminence Facialcolliculus White:Sensory Trapezoidbody Trigeminallemniscus Dorsaltrigeminaltract Ventraltrigeminaltract Mediallemniscus Laterallemniscus Centraltegmentaltract Mediallongitudinalfasciculus Vestibulo-oculomotorfibers White:Motor Inferiorcerebellarpeduncle Vestibulocerebellartract Mediallongitudinalfasciculus Vestibulospinaltract Medialvestibulospinaltract Lateralvestibulospinaltract Grey:Cranialnucleiafferent: GSA Trigeminal Principal Spinal Cochlearnucleus Dorsal Anterior Vestibularnuclei Superior efferent: SVE:Trigeminalmotornucleus Facialmotornucleus GSE:Abducensnucleus GVE:Superiorsalivarynucleus Inferiorsalivarynucleus Grey:Othernuclei Pedunculopontinenucleus Apneusticcenter Pneumotaxiccenter Parabrachialnuclei Subparabrachialnucleus Medialparabrachialnucleus Lateralparabrachialnucleus Superiorolivarynucleus Locuscoeruleus Ventral/(base)Grey Pontinenuclei White:Motor/descending Corticospinaltract Corticobulbartract Corticopontinefibers MCP Pontocerebellarfibers Surface Basilarsulcus Othergrey:Raphe/reticular Reticularformation Caudal Oral Tegmental Paramedian Raphenuclei Median Authoritycontrol:Scientificdatabases TerminologiaAnatomica Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pons&oldid=1086124333" Categories:PonsHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUsedmydatesfromApril2017ArticlescontainingLatin-languagetextCommonscategorylinkisonWikidataArticleswithTA98identifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages العربيةবাংলাBosanskiCatalàČeštinaDanskDeutschΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGalego한국어ՀայերենItalianoעבריתქართულიҚазақшаLatviešuLietuviųმარგალურიBahasaMelayuNederlands日本語Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaСрпски/srpskiSuomiSvenskaTagalogไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаئۇيغۇرچە/Uyghurche粵語中文 Editlinks