Diurnality - Wikipedia

The common adjective used for daytime activity is "diurnal". The timing of activity by an animal depends on a variety of environmental factors such as the ... Diurnality FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Formofbehaviorcharacterizedbyactivityduringdaytime Steppeeaglesarediurnal,andhuntduringtheday Diurnalityisaformofplantandanimalbehaviorcharacterizedbyactivityduringdaytime,withaperiodofsleepingorotherinactivityatnight.Thecommonadjectiveusedfordaytimeactivityis"diurnal".Thetimingofactivitybyananimaldependsonavarietyofenvironmentalfactorssuchasthetemperature,theabilitytogatherfoodbysight,theriskofpredation,andthetimeofyear.Diurnalityisacycleofactivitywithina24-hourperiod;cyclicactivitiescalledcircadianrhythmsareendogenouscyclesnotdependentonexternalcuesorenvironmentalfactorsexceptforazeitgeber.Animalsactiveduringtwilightarecrepuscular,thoseactiveduringthenightarenocturnal,andanimalsactiveatsporadictimesduringbothnightanddayarecathemeral. Plantsthatopentheirflowersduringthedaytimearedescribedasdiurnal,whilethosethatbloomduringnighttimearenocturnal.Thetimingoffloweropeningisoftenrelatedtothetimeatwhichpreferredpollinatorsareforaging.Forexample,sunflowersopenduringthedaytoattractbees,whereasthenight-bloomingcereusopensatnighttoattractlargesphinxmoths. Contents 1Inanimals 1.1Evolutionofdiurnality 1.2Light 1.3Otherenvironmentalinfluences 2Inplants 3Intechnologyoperations 4Seealso 5References Inanimals[edit] Abeardeddragon,adiurnalreptile Manytypesofanimalsareclassifiedasbeingdiurnal,meaningtheyareactiveduringthedaytimeandinactiveorhaveperiodsofrestduringthenighttime.[1]Commonlyclassifieddiurnalanimalsincludemammals,birds,andreptiles.[2][3][4]Mostprimatesarediurnal.[5]Scientificallyclassifyingdiurnalitywithinanimalscanbeachallenge,apartfromtheobviousincreasedactivitylevelsduringthedaytimelight.[6] Evolutionofdiurnality[edit] Achimpanzee,adiurnalsimian Initially,mostanimalswerediurnal,butadaptationsthatallowedsomeanimalstobecomenocturnaliswhathelpedcontributetothesuccessofmany,especiallymammals.[7]Thisevolutionarymovementtonocturnalityallowedthemtobetteravoidpredatorsandgainresourceswithlesscompetitionfromotheranimals.[8]Thisdidcomewithsomeadaptationsthatmammalslivewithtoday.Visionhasbeenoneofthemostgreatlyaffectedsensesfromswitchingbackandforthfromdiurnalitytonocturnality,andthiscanbeseenusingbiologicalandphysiologicalanalysisofrodnucleifromprimateeyes.[8]Thisincludeslosingtwooffourconeopsinsthatassistsincolourvision,makingmanymammalsdichromats.[8]Whenearlyprimatesconvertedbacktodiurnality,bettervisionthatincludedtrichromaticcolourvisionbecameveryadvantageous,makingdiurnalityandcolourvisionadaptivetraitsofsimiiformes,whichincludeshumans.[8]Studiesusingchromatindistributionanalysisofrodnucleifromdifferentsimianeyesfoundthattransitionsbetweendiurnalityandnocturnalityoccurredseveraltimeswithinprimatelineages,withswitchingtodiurnalitybeingthemostcommontransitions.[8] Stilltoday,diurnalityseemstobereappearinginmanylineagesofotheranimals,includingsmallrodentmammalsliketheNilegrassratandgoldenmantlesquirrelandreptiles.[7][4]Morespecifically,geckos,whichwerethoughttobenaturallynocturnalhaveshownmanytransitionstodiurnality,withabout430speciesofgeckosnowshowingdiurnalactivity.[4]Withsomanydiurnalspeciesrecorded,comparativeanalysisstudiesusingnewerlineagesofgeckospecieshavebeendonetostudytheevolutionofdiurnality.Withabout20transitionscountedforthegeckolineages,itshowsthesignificanceofdiurnality.[4]Strongenvironmentalinfluenceslikeclimatechange,predationrisk,andcompetitionforresourcesareallcontributingfactors.[4]Usingtheexampleofgeckos,itisthoughtthatspecieslikeMediodactylusamictopholisthatliveathigheraltitudeshaveswitchedtodiurnalitytohelpgainmoreheatthroughtheday,andthereforeconservemoreenergy,especiallywhencolderseasonaltemperatureshit.[4] Light[edit] Lightisoneofthemostdefiningenvironmentalfactorsthatdeterminesananimal'sactivitypattern.[5]Photoperiodoralightdarkcycleisdeterminedbythegeographicallocation,withdaytimebeingassociatedwithmuchambientlight,andnighttimebeingassociatedwithlittleambientlight.[5]Lightisoneofthestrongestinfluencesofthesuprachiasmaticnucleus(SCN)whichispartofthehypothalamusinthebrainthatcontrolsthecircadianrhythminmostanimals.Thisiswhatdetermineswhetherananimalisdiurnalornot.[9]TheSCNusesvisualinformationlikelighttostartacascadeofhormonesthatarereleasedandworkonmanyphysiologicalandbehaviouralfunctions.[7] Lightcanproducepowerfulmaskingeffectsonananimal'scircadianrhythm,meaningthatitcan"mask"orinfluencetheinternalclock,changingtheactivitypatternsofananimal,eithertemporarilyoroverthelongtermifexposedtoenoughlightoveralongperiodoftime.[7][2]Maskingcanbereferredtoeitheraspositivemaskingornegativemasking,withiteitherincreasingandiurnalanimalsactivityordecreasinganocturnalanimal'sactivity,respectively.[2]Thiscanbedepictedwhenexposingdifferenttypesofrodentstothesamephotoperiods.WhenadiurnalNilegrassratandnocturnalmouseareexposedtothesamephotoperiodandlightintensity,increasedactivityoccurredwithinthegrassrat(positivemasking),anddecreasedactivitywithinthemouse(negativemasking).[2] Evensmallamountsofenvironmentallightchangehaveshowntohaveaneffectontheactivityofmammals.AnobservationalstudydoneontheactivityofnocturnalowlmonkeysintheGranChacoinSouthAmericashowedthatincreasedamountsofmoonlightatnightincreasedtheiractivitylevelsthroughthenight,whichledtoadecreaseofdaytimeactivity.[5]Meaningthatforthisspecies,ambientmoonlightisnegativelycorrelatedwithdiurnalactivity.[5]Thisisalsoconnectedwiththeforagingbehavioursofthemonkeys,aswhentherewerenightsoflittletonomoonlight,itaffectedthemonkey'sabilitytoforageefficiently,sotheywereforcedtobemoreactiveinthedaytofindfood.[5] Otherenvironmentalinfluences[edit] Diurnalityhasshowntobeanevolutionarytraitinmanyanimalspecies,withdiurnalitymostlyreappearinginmanylineages.Otherenvironmentalfactorslikeambienttemperature,foodavailability,andpredationriskcanallinfluencewhetherananimalwillevolvetobediurnal,oriftheireffectsarestrongenough,thenmaskovertheircircadianrhythm,changingtheiractivitypatternstobecomingdiurnal.[5]Allthreefactorsofteninvolveoneanother,andanimalsneedtobeabletofindabalancebetweenthemiftheyaretosurviveandthrive. Ambienttemperaturehasbeenshowntoaffectandevenconvertnocturnalanimalstodiurnalityasitisawayforthemtoconservemetabolicenergy.[10][1]Nocturnalanimalsareoftenenergeticallychallengedduetobeingmostactiveinthenighttimewhenambienttemperaturesarelowerthanthroughtheday,andsotheylosealotofenergyintheformofbodyheat.[10]Accordingtothecircadianthermos-energetics(CTE)hypothesis,animalsthatareexpendingmoreenergythantheyaretakingin(throughfoodandsleep)willbemoreactiveinthelightcycle,meaningtheywillbemoreactiveintheday.[10]Thishasbeenshowninstudiesdoneonsmallnocturnalmiceinalaboratorysetting.Whentheywereplacedunderacombinationofenoughcoldandhungerstress,theyconvertedtodiurnalitythroughtemporalnicheswitching,whichwasexpected.[10]Anothersimilarstudythatinvolvedenergeticallychallengingsmallmammalsshowedthatdiurnalityismostbeneficialwhentheanimalhasashelteredlocationtorestin,reducingheatloss.[1]Bothstudiesconcludedthatnocturnalmammalsdochangetheiractivitypatternstobemorediurnalwhenenergeticallystressed(duetoheatlossandlimitedfoodavailability),butonlywhenpredationisalsolimited,meaningtherisksofpredationarelessthantheriskoffreezingorstarvingtodeath.[1][10] Inplants[edit] Manyplantsarediurnalornocturnal,dependingonthetimeperiodwhenthemosteffectivepollinators,i.e.,insects,visittheplant.Mostangiospermplantsarevisitedbyvariousinsects,sothefloweradaptsitsphenologytothemosteffectivepollinators.Thus,theeffectivenessofrelativediurnalornocturnalspeciesofinsectsaffectsthediurnalornocturnalnatureoftheplantstheypollinate,causinginsomeinstancesanadjustmentoftheopeningandclosingcyclesoftheplants.[11]Forexample,thebaobabispollinatedbyfruitbatsandstartsbloominginlateafternoon;theflowersaredeadwithintwenty-fourhours.[12] Intechnologyoperations[edit] Servicesthatalternatebetweenhighandlowutilizationinadailycyclearedescribedasbeingdiurnal.Manywebsiteshavethemostusersduringthedayandlittleutilizationatnight,orviceversa.Operationsplannerscanusethiscycletoplan,forexample,maintenancethatneedstobedonewhentherearefewerusersonthewebsite.[13] Seealso[edit] LookupdiurnalinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. DiurnalCycle Crypsis Nocturnality Crepuscular Cathemeral References[edit] ^abcdVinne,Vincentvander;Gorter,JenkeA.;Riede,SjaakJ.;Hut,RoelofA.(1August2015)."Diurnalityasanenergy-savingstrategy:energeticconsequencesoftemporalnicheswitchinginsmallmammals".JournalofExperimentalBiology.218(16):2585–2593.doi:10.1242/jeb.119354.ISSN 0022-0949.PMID 26290592. ^abcdShuboni,DorelaD.;Cramm,ShannonL.;Yan,Lily;Ramanathan,Chidambaram;Cavanaugh,BreyannaL.;Nunez,AntonioA.;Smale,Laura(2014)."AcuteeffectsoflightonthebrainandbehaviorofdiurnalArvicanthisniloticusandnocturnalMusmusculus".Physiology&Behavior.138:75–86.doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.09.006.PMC 4312475.PMID 25447482. ^Ward,MichaelP.;Alessi,Mark;Benson,ThomasJ.;Chiavacci,ScottJ.(2014)."Theactivenightlifeofdiurnalbirds:extraterritorialforaysandnocturnalactivitypatterns".AnimalBehaviour.88:175–184.doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.11.024.S2CID 53175677. ^abcdefGamble,Tony;Greenbaum,Eli;Jackman,ToddR.;Bauer,AaronM.(1August2015)."Intothelight:diurnalityhasevolvedmultipletimesingeckos".BiologicalJournaloftheLinneanSociety.115(4):896–910.doi:10.1111/bij.12536.ISSN 0024-4066. ^abcdefgFernandez-Duque,Eduardo(1September2003)."Influencesofmoonlight,ambienttemperature,andfoodavailabilityonthediurnalandnocturnalactivityofowlmonkeys(Aotusazarai)".BehavioralEcologyandSociobiology.54(5):431–440.doi:10.1007/s00265-003-0637-9.ISSN 0340-5443.S2CID 32421271. ^Refinetti,R.(1July2006)."Variabilityofdiurnalityinlaboratoryrodents".JournalofComparativePhysiologyA.192(7):701–714.doi:10.1007/s00359-006-0093-x.ISSN 0340-7594.PMID 16421752.S2CID 4450067. ^abcdSmale,Lee,Nunez(2003)."MammalianDiurnality:SomeFactsandGaps".JournalofBiologicalRhythms.18(5):356–366.doi:10.1177/0748730403256651.PMID 14582852.S2CID 23670047.{{citejournal}}:CS1maint:multiplenames:authorslist(link) ^abcdeJoffe,Boris;Peichl,Leo;Hendrickson,Anita;Leonhardt,Heinrich;Solovei,Irina(1March2014)."DiurnalityandNocturnalityinPrimates:AnAnalysisfromtheRodPhotoreceptorNucleiPerspective".EvolutionaryBiology.41(1):1–11.doi:10.1007/s11692-013-9240-9.ISSN 0071-3260.S2CID 15356355. ^Challet,Etienne(1December2007)."Minireview:EntrainmentoftheSuprachiasmaticClockworkinDiurnalandNocturnalMammals".Endocrinology.148(12):5648–5655.doi:10.1210/en.2007-0804.ISSN 0013-7227.PMID 17901231. ^abcdevanderVinne,Vincent;Riede,SjaakJ.;Gorter,JenkeA.;Eijer,WillemG.;Sellix,MichaelT.;Menaker,Michael;Daan,Serge;Pilorz,Violetta;Hut,RoelofA.(21October2014)."Coldandhungerinducediurnalityinanocturnalmammal".ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.111(42):15256–15260.Bibcode:2014PNAS..11115256V.doi:10.1073/pnas.1413135111.PMC 4210334.PMID 25288753. ^"DiurnalandNocturnalPollinationArticle".doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1537-2197.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4July2008.Retrieved22August2008. ^Hankey,Andrew(February2004)."AdansoniadigitataAL."PlantZAfrica.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10January2016.Retrieved14January2016. ^ThomasA.Limoncelli;StrataR.Chalup;ChristinaJ.Hogan(30March2014).ThePracticeofCloudSystemAdministration:DesigningandOperatingLargeDistributedSystems.AddisonWesleyProfessional.pp. 4–.ISBN 978-0-321-94318-7. vteBiologicalrhythmsInternalrhythms Circadianrhythm Infradianrhythm Ultradianrhythm Lunarrhythm Annualrhythm Externalcycles Diurnality Diurnalcycle Nocturnality Cathemerality Crepuscular Matutinal Vespertine Seasonality Photoperiodism Vernalization Fields Behaviouralecology Chronobiology Ethology Seealso Chronotype Dielverticalmigration Lightpollution Solunartheory Partsofaday Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diurnality&oldid=1070868519" Categories:EthologyCircadianrhythmDayHiddencategories:CS1maint:multiplenames:authorslistArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUsedmydatesfromNovember2019 Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages العربيةDanskEspañolفارسیFrançais한국어हिन्दीBahasaIndonesiaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתMagyarമലയാളംBahasaMelayu日本語PortuguêsRomânăРусскийSimpleEnglishSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaதமிழ்TürkçeTiếngViệt粵語中文 Editlinks