Oxford University Press - Wikipedia

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest ... OxfordUniversityPress FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch PublishingarmoftheUniversityofOxford "OUP"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeOUP(disambiguation). OxfordUniversityPressParentcompanyUniversityofOxfordFounded1586;435 yearsago (1586)CountryoforiginUnitedKingdomHeadquarterslocationOxford,EnglandKeypeopleNigelPortwood,CEOPublicationtypesBooks,journals,sheetmusicImprintsClarendonPressNo.ofemployees6,000Officialwebsiteglobal.oup.com OxfordUniversityPressbuildingfromWaltonStreet OxfordUniversityPress(OUP)istheuniversitypressoftheUniversityofOxford.Itisthelargestuniversitypressintheworld,andthesecondoldestafterCambridgeUniversityPress.[1][2][3]ItisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxfordandisgovernedbyagroupof15academicsappointedbythevice-chancellorknownasthedelegatesofthepress.Theyareheadedbythesecretarytothedelegates,whoservesasOUP'schiefexecutiveandasitsmajorrepresentativeonotheruniversitybodies.OxfordUniversityPresshashadasimilargovernancestructuresincethe17thcentury.[4]ThePressislocatedonWaltonStreet,Oxford,oppositeSomervilleCollege,intheinnersuburbofJericho. Contents 1Earlyhistory 217thcentury:WilliamLaudandJohnFell 318thcentury:ClarendonBuildingandBlackstone 419thcentury:PriceandCannan 4.1Londonbusiness 4.2Conflictoversecretaryship 520th–21stcentury 5.1Developmentofoverseastrade 5.1.1NorthAmerica 5.1.2SouthAmerica 5.1.3Indianbranch 5.1.4EastandSouthEastAsia 5.1.5Africa 5.2EstablishmentofMusicDepartment 5.3ClosureofOxuniprint 6Museum 6.1ClarendonPress 7Importantseriesandtitles 7.1OxfordLanguages 7.1.1English 7.1.1.1Dictionaries 7.1.1.2Englishlanguageteaching 7.1.1.3Englishlanguagetests 7.1.2Otherlanguages 7.2Bibliographies 7.3Indology 7.4Classics 7.5Literature 7.6History 7.7Bibles 7.8Atlases 7.9Music 8Scholarlyjournals 9ClarendonScholarships 10Seealso 11Notes 12References 12.1Citations 12.2Sources 13Furtherreading 14Externallinks Earlyhistory[edit] Theuniversitybecameinvolvedintheprinttradearound1480,andgrewintoamajorprinterofBibles,prayerbooks,andscholarlyworks.[5]OUPtookontheprojectthatbecametheOxfordEnglishDictionaryinthelate19thcentury,andexpandedtomeettheever-risingcostsofthework.[6]Asaresult,thelasthundredyearshasseenOxfordpublishfurtherEnglishandbilingualdictionaries,children'sbooks,schooltextbooks,music,journals,theWorld'sClassicsseries,andarangeofEnglishlanguageteachingtexts.MovesintointernationalmarketsledtoOUPopeningitsownofficesoutsidetheUnitedKingdom,beginningwithNewYorkCityin1896.[7]Withtheadventofcomputertechnologyandincreasinglyharshtradingconditions,thePress'sprintinghouseatOxfordwasclosedin1989,anditsformerpapermillatWolvercotewasdemolishedin2004.Bycontractingoutitsprintingandbindingoperations,themodernOUPpublishessome6,000newtitlesaroundtheworldeachyear.[citationneeded] ThefirstprinterassociatedwithOxfordUniversitywasTheodericRood.AbusinessassociateofWilliamCaxton,RoodseemstohavebroughthisownwoodenprintingpresstoOxfordfromCologneasaspeculativeventure,andtohaveworkedinthecitybetweenaround1480and1483.ThefirstbookprintedinOxford,in1478,[8]aneditionofRufinus'sExpositioinsymbolumapostolorum,wasprintedbyanother,anonymous,printer.Famously,thiswasmis-datedinRomannumeralsas"1468",thusapparentlypre-datingCaxton.Rood'sprintingincludedJohnAnkywyll'sCompendiumtotiusgrammaticae,whichsetnewstandardsforteachingofLatingrammar.[9] AfterRood,printingconnectedwiththeuniversityremainedsporadicforoverhalfacentury.Recordsofsurvivingworkarefew,andOxforddidnotputitsprintingonafirmfootinguntilthe1580s;thissucceededtheeffortsofCambridgeUniversity,whichhadobtainedalicenceforitspressin1534.InresponsetoconstraintsonprintingoutsideLondonimposedbytheCrownandtheStationers'Company,OxfordpetitionedElizabethIofEnglandfortheformalrighttooperateapressattheuniversity.Thechancellor,RobertDudley,1stEarlofLeicester,pleadedOxford'scase.Someroyalassentwasobtained,sincetheprinterJosephBarnesbeganwork,andadecreeofStarChambernotedthelegalexistenceofapressat"theuniversitieofOxforde"in1586.[10] 17thcentury:WilliamLaudandJohnFell[edit] Oxford'schancellor,ArchbishopWilliamLaud,consolidatedthelegalstatusoftheuniversity'sprintinginthe1630s.Laudenvisagedaunifiedpressofworldrepute.Oxfordwouldestablishitonuniversityproperty,governitsoperations,employitsstaff,determineitsprintedwork,andbenefitfromitsproceeds.Tothatend,hepetitionedCharlesIforrightsthatwouldenableOxfordtocompetewiththeStationers'CompanyandtheKing'sPrinter,andobtainedasuccessionofroyalgrantstoaidit.ThesewerebroughttogetherinOxford's"GreatCharter"in1636,whichgavetheuniversitytherighttoprint"allmannerofbooks".[11]Laudalsoobtainedthe"privilege"fromtheCrownofprintingtheKingJamesorAuthorizedVersionofScriptureatOxford.[12]This"privilege"createdsubstantialreturnsinthenext250years,althoughinitiallyitwasheldinabeyance.TheStationers'Companywasdeeplyalarmedbythethreattoitstradeandlostlittletimeinestablishinga"CovenantofForbearance"withOxford.Underthis,theStationerspaidanannualrentfortheuniversitynottoexerciseitscompleteprintingrights –moneyOxfordusedtopurchasenewprintingequipmentforsmallerpurposes.[13] LaudalsomadeprogresswithinternalorganizationofthePress.BesidesestablishingthesystemofDelegates,hecreatedthewide-rangingsupervisorypostof"Architypographus":anacademicwhowouldhaveresponsibilityforeveryfunctionofthebusiness,fromprintshopmanagementtoproofreading.Thepostwasmoreanidealthanaworkablereality,butitsurvived(mostlyasasinecure)inthelooselystructuredPressuntilthe18thcentury.Inpractice,Oxford'sWarehouse-Keeperdealtwithsales,accounting,andthehiringandfiringofprintshopstaff.[14] Laud'splans,however,hitterribleobstacles,bothpersonalandpolitical.Fallingfoulofpoliticalintrigue,hewasexecutedin1645,bywhichtimetheEnglishCivilWarhadbrokenout.OxfordbecameaRoyaliststrongholdduringtheconflict,andmanyprintersinthecityconcentratedonproducingpoliticalpamphletsorsermons.SomeoutstandingmathematicalandOrientalistworksemergedatthistime—notably,textseditedbyEdwardPococke,theRegiusProfessorofHebrew—butnouniversitypressonLaud'smodelwaspossiblebeforetheRestorationoftheMonarchyin1660.[15] MatricesforcastingtypecollectedbyBishopFell,partofhiscollectionnowknownasthe"FellTypes",shownintheOUPMuseum Itwasfinallyestablishedbythevice-chancellor,JohnFell,DeanofChristChurch,BishopofOxford,andSecretarytotheDelegates.FellregardedLaudasamartyr,andwasdeterminedtohonourhisvisionofthePress.UsingtheprovisionsoftheGreatCharter,FellpersuadedOxfordtorefuseanyfurtherpaymentsfromtheStationersanddrewallprintersworkingfortheuniversityontoonesetofpremises.ThisbusinesswassetupinthecellarsofthenewSheldonianTheatre,whereFellinstalledprintingpressesin1668,makingittheuniversity'sfirstcentralprintshop.[16]AtypefoundrywasaddedwhenFellacquiredalargestockoftypographicalpunchesandmatricesfromtheDutchRepublic—theso-called"FellTypes".HealsoinducedtwoDutchtypefounders,HarmanHarmanzandPeterdeWalpergen,toworkinOxfordforthePress.[17]Finally,defyingtheStationers'demands,Fellpersonallyleasedtherighttoprintfromtheuniversityin1672,inpartnershipwithThomasYate,PrincipalofBrasenose,andSirLeolineJenkins,PrincipalofJesusCollege.[18] Fell'sschemewasambitious.Besidesplansforacademicandreligiousworks,in1674hebegantoprintabroadsheetcalendar,knownastheOxfordAlmanack.EarlyeditionsfeaturedsymbolicviewsofOxford,butin1766thesegavewaytorealisticstudiesofcityoruniversity.[19]TheAlmanackshavebeenproducedannuallywithoutinterruptionfromFell'stimetothepresentday.[20] Followingthestartofthiswork,Felldrewupthefirstformalprogrammefortheuniversity'sprinting.Datingfrom1675,thisdocumentenvisagedhundredsofworks,includingtheBibleinGreek,editionsoftheCopticGospelsandworksoftheChurchFathers,textsinArabicandSyriac,comprehensiveeditionsofclassicalphilosophy,poetry,andmathematics,awiderangeofmedievalscholarship,andalso"ahistoryofinsects,moreperfectthananyyetExtant."[21]ThoughfewoftheseproposedtitlesappearedduringFell'slife,Bibleprintingremainedattheforefrontofhismind.AfullvariantGreektextofScriptureprovedimpossible,butin1675OxfordprintedaquartoKingJamesedition,carryingFell'sowntextualchangesandspellings.ThisworkonlyprovokedfurtherconflictwiththeStationers'Company.Inretaliation,Fellleasedtheuniversity'sBibleprintingtothreerogueStationers,MosesPitt,PeterParker,andThomasGuy,whosesharpcommercialinstinctsprovedvitaltofomentingOxford'sBibletrade.[22]Theirinvolvement,however,ledtoaprotractedlegalbattlebetweenOxfordandtheStationers,andthelitigationdraggedonfortherestofFell'slife.Hediedin1686.[23] 18thcentury:ClarendonBuildingandBlackstone[edit] YateandJenkinspredeceasedFell,leavinghimwithnoobviousheirtooverseetheprintshop.Asaresult,hiswillleftthepartners'stockandleaseintrusttoOxfordUniversity,andchargedthemwithkeepingtogether"myfoundingMateriallsofthePress."[24]Fell'smaintrusteewastheDelegateHenryAldrich,DeanofChristChurch,whotookakeeninterestinthedecorativeworkofOxford'sbooks.HeandhiscolleaguespresidedovertheendofParkerandGuy'slease,andanewarrangementin1691wherebytheStationersleasedthewholeofOxford'sprintingprivilege,includingitsunsoldscholarlystock.DespiteviolentoppositionfromsomeprintersintheSheldonian,thisendedthefrictionbetweenOxfordandtheStationers,andmarkedtheeffectivestartofastableuniversityprintingbusiness.[25] In1713,AldrichalsooversawthePressmovingtotheClarendonBuilding.ThiswasnamedinhonourofOxfordUniversity'sChancellor,EdwardHyde,1stEarlofClarendon.OxfordloremaintaineditsconstructionwasfundedbyproceedsfromhisbookTheHistoryoftheRebellionandCivilWarsinEngland(1702–04).Infact,mostofthemoneycamefromOxford'snewBibleprinterJohnBaskett—andtheVice-ChancellorWilliamDelaunedefaultedwithmuchoftheproceedsfromClarendon'swork.Inanyevent,theresultwasNicholasHawksmoor'sbeautifulbutimpracticalstructurebesidetheSheldonianinBroadStreet.ThePressworkedhereuntil1830,withitsoperationssplitintotheso-calledLearnedSideandBibleSideindifferentwingsofthebuilding.[26] Generallyspeaking,theearly18thcenturymarkedalullinthePress'sexpansion.ItsufferedfromtheabsenceofanyfigurecomparabletoFell,anditshistorywasmarkedbyineffectualorfractiousindividualssuchastheArchitypographusandantiquaryThomasHearne,andtheflawedprojectofBaskett'sfirstBible,agorgeouslydesignedvolumestrewnwithmisprints,andknownastheVinegarBibleafteraglaringtypographicalerrorinSt.Luke.OtherprintingduringthisperiodincludedRichardAllestree'scontemplativetexts,andThomasHanmer'ssix-volumeeditionofShakespeare,(1743–44).[27]Inretrospect,theseprovedrelativelyminortriumphs.Theywereproductsofauniversitypressthathadcometoembodyincreasingmuddle,decay,andcorruptpractice,andreliedincreasinglyonleasingofitsBibleandprayerbookworktosurvive.[citationneeded] ThebusinesswasrescuedbytheinterventionofasingleDelegate,WilliamBlackstone.DisgustedbythechaoticstateofthePress,andantagonizedbytheVice-ChancellorGeorgeHuddesford,Blackstonesubjectedtheprintshoptoclosescrutiny,buthisfindingsonitsconfusedorganizationandslyproceduresmetwithonly"gloomyandcontemptuoussilence"fromhiscolleagues,or"atbestwithalanguidindifference."Indisgust,BlackstoneforcedtheuniversitytoconfrontitsresponsibilitiesbypublishingalengthyletterhehadwrittentoHuddesford'ssuccessor,ThomasRandolphinMay1757.Here,BlackstonecharacterizedthePressasaninbredinstitutionthathadgivenupallpretenceofservingscholarship,"languishinginalazyobscurity…anestofimposingmechanics."Tocurethisdisgracefulstateofaffairs,BlackstonecalledforsweepingreformsthatwouldfirmlysetouttheDelegates'powersandobligations,officiallyrecordtheirdeliberationsandaccounting,andputtheprintshoponanefficientfooting.[28]Nonetheless,Randolphignoredthisdocument,anditwasnotuntilBlackstonethreatenedlegalactionthatchangesbegan.TheuniversityhadmovedtoadoptallofBlackstone'sreformsby1760.[29] Bythelate18thcentury,thePresshadbecomemorefocused.EarlycopyrightlawhadbeguntoundercuttheStationers,andtheuniversitytookpainstoleaseoutitsBibleworktoexperiencedprinters.WhentheAmericanWarofIndependencedeprivedOxfordofavaluablemarketforitsBibles,thisleasebecametooriskyaproposition,andtheDelegateswereforcedtooffersharesinthePresstothosewhocouldtake"thecareandtroubleofmanagingthetradeforourmutualadvantage."Forty-eightshareswereissued,withtheuniversityholdingacontrollinginterest.[30]Atthesametime,classicalscholarshiprevived,withworksbyJeremiahMarklandandPeterElmsley,aswellasearly19th-centurytextseditedbyagrowingnumberofacademicsfrommainlandEurope –perhapsthemostprominentbeingAugustImmanuelBekkerandKarlWilhelmDindorf.BothpreparededitionsattheinvitationoftheGreekscholarThomasGaisford,whoservedasaDelegatefor50years.Duringhistime,thegrowingPressestablisheddistributorsinLondon,andemployedthebooksellerJosephParkerinTurlStreetforthesamepurposesinOxford.ParkeralsocametoholdsharesinthePressitself.[31] ThisexpansionpushedthePressoutoftheClarendonbuilding.In1825theDelegatesboughtlandinWaltonStreet.BuildingswereconstructedfromplansdrawnupbyDanielRobertsonandEdwardBlore,andthePressmovedintothemin1830.[32]ThissiteremainsthemainofficeofOUPinthe21stcentury,atthecornerofWaltonStreetandGreatClarendonStreet,northwestofOxfordcitycentre. 19thcentury:PriceandCannan[edit] OxfordUniversityPressearlylogo ThePressnowenteredaneraofenormouschange.In1830,itwasstillajoint-stockprintingbusinessinanacademicbackwater,offeringlearnedworkstoarelativelysmallreadershipofscholarsandclerics.ThePresswastheproductof"asocietyofshyhypochondriacs,"asonehistorianputit.[33]ItstradereliedonmasssalesofcheapBibles,anditsDelegatesweretypifiedbyGaisfordorMartinRouth.Theywerelong-servingclassicists,presidingoveralearnedbusinessthatprinted5or10titleseachyear,suchasLiddellandScott'sGreek-EnglishLexicon(1843),andtheydisplayedlittleornodesiretoexpanditstrade.[34]Steampowerforprintingmusthaveseemedanunsettlingdepartureinthe1830s.[35] Atthistime,ThomasCombejoinedthePressandbecametheuniversity'sPrinteruntilhisdeathin1872.CombewasabetterbusinessmanthanmostDelegates,butstillnoinnovator:hefailedtograspthehugecommercialpotentialofIndiapaper,whichgrewintooneofOxford'smostprofitabletradesecretsinlateryears.[36]Evenso,CombeearnedafortunethroughhissharesinthebusinessandtheacquisitionandrenovationofthebankruptpapermillatWolvercote.HefundedschoolingatthePressandtheendowmentofSt.BarnabasChurchinOxford.[37]Combe'swealthalsoextendedtobecomingthefirstpatronofthePre-RaphaeliteBrotherhood,andheandhiswifeMarthaboughtmostofthegroup'searlywork,includingTheLightoftheWorldbyWilliamHolmanHunt.[38]Combeshowedlittleinterest,however,inproducingfineprintedworkatthePress.[39]Themostwell-knowntextassociatedwithhisprintshopwastheflawedfirsteditionofAlice'sAdventuresinWonderland,printedbyOxfordattheexpenseofitsauthorLewisCarroll(CharlesLutwidgeDodgson)in1865.[40] Ittookthe1850RoyalCommissionontheworkingsoftheuniversityandanewSecretary,BartholomewPrice,toshakeupthePress.[41]Appointedin1868,PricehadalreadyrecommendedtotheuniversitythatthePressneededanefficientexecutiveofficertoexercise"vigilantsuperintendence"ofthebusiness,includingitsdealingswithAlexanderMacmillan,whobecamethepublisherforOxford'sprintingin1863andin1866helpedPricetocreatetheClarendonPressseriesofcheap,elementaryschoolbooks –perhapsthefirsttimethatOxfordusedtheClarendonimprint.[42]UnderPrice,thePressbegantotakeonitsmodernshape.By1865theDelegacyhadceasedtobe'perpetual,'andevolvedintofiveperpetualandfivejuniorpostsfilledbyappointmentfromtheuniversity,withtheViceChancelloraDelegateexofficio:ahothouseforfactionalismthatPricedeftlytendedandcontrolled.[43]Theuniversityboughtbacksharesastheirholdersretiredordied.[44]Accounts'supervisionpassedtothenewlycreatedFinanceCommitteein1867.[45]Majornewlinesofworkbegan.Togiveoneexample,in1875,theDelegatesapprovedtheseriesSacredBooksoftheEastundertheeditorshipofFriedrichMaxMüller,bringingavastrangeofreligiousthoughttoawiderreadership.[46] Equally,PricemovedOUPtowardspublishinginitsownright.ThePresshadendeditsrelationshipwithParker'sin1863andin1870boughtasmallLondonbinderyforsomeBiblework.[47]Macmillan'scontractendedin1880,andwasn'trenewed.Bythistime,OxfordalsohadaLondonwarehouseforBiblestockinPaternosterRow,andin1880itsmanagerHenryFrowde(1841–1927)wasgiventheformaltitleofPublishertotheUniversity.Frowdecamefromthebooktrade,nottheuniversity,andremainedanenigmatomany.OneobituaryinOxford'sstaffmagazineTheClarendonianadmitted,"VeryfewofushereinOxfordhadanypersonalknowledgeofhim."[48]Despitethat,FrowdebecamevitaltoOUP'sgrowth,addingnewlinesofbookstothebusiness,presidingoverthemassivepublicationoftheRevisedVersionoftheNewTestamentin1881[49]andplayingakeyroleinsettingupthePress'sfirstofficeoutsideBritain,inNewYorkCityin1896.[50] PricetransformedOUP.In1884,theyearheretiredasSecretary,theDelegatesboughtbackthelastsharesinthebusiness.[51]ThePresswasnowownedwhollybytheuniversity,withitsownpapermill,printshop,bindery,andwarehouse.ItsoutputhadincreasedtoincludeschoolbooksandmodernscholarlytextssuchasJamesClerkMaxwell'sATreatiseonElectricity&Magnetism(1873),whichprovedfundamentaltoEinstein'sthought.[52]Simplyput,withoutabandoningitstraditionsorqualityofwork,PricebegantoturnOUPintoanalert,modernpublisher.In1879,healsotookonthepublicationthatledthatprocesstoitsconclusion:thehugeprojectthatbecametheOxfordEnglishDictionary(OED).[53] OfferedtoOxfordbyJamesMurrayandthePhilologicalSociety,the"NewEnglishDictionary"wasagrandacademicandpatrioticundertaking.Lengthynegotiationsledtoaformalcontract.Murraywastoeditaworkestimatedtotake10yearsandtocostapproximately£9,000.[54]Bothfigureswerewildlyoptimistic.TheDictionarybegantoappearinprintin1884,butthefirsteditionwasnotcompleteduntil1928,13yearsafterMurray'sdeath,atacostofaround£375,000.[55]ThisvastfinancialburdenanditsimplicationslandedonPrice'ssuccessors.[citationneeded] ThenextSecretarystruggledtoaddressthisproblem.PhilipLytteltonGellwasappointedbytheVice-ChancellorBenjaminJowettin1884.DespitehiseducationatBalliolandabackgroundinLondonpublishing,GellfoundtheoperationsofthePressincomprehensible.TheDelegatesbegantoworkaroundhim,andtheuniversityfinallydismissedGellin1897.[56]TheAssistantSecretary,CharlesCannan,tookoverwithlittlefussandevenlessaffectionforhispredecessor:"Gellwasalwayshere,butIcannotmakeoutwhathedid."[57] Cannanhadlittleopportunityforpublicwitinhisnewrole.Anacutelygiftedclassicist,hecametotheheadofabusinessthatwassuccessfulintraditionaltermsbutnowmovedintounchartedterrain.[58]Bythemselves,specialistacademicworksandtheundependableBibletradecouldnotmeettherisingcostsoftheDictionaryandPresscontributionstotheUniversityChest.Tomeetthesedemands,OUPneededmuchmorerevenue.Cannansetouttoobtainit.Outflankinguniversitypoliticsandinertia,hemadeFrowdeandtheLondonofficethefinancialengineforthewholebusiness.FrowdesteeredOxfordrapidlyintopopularliterature,acquiringtheWorld'sClassicsseriesin1906.Thesameyearsawhimenterintoaso-called"jointventure"withHodder&Stoughtontohelpwiththepublicationofchildren'sliteratureandmedicalbooks.[59]CannaninsuredcontinuitytotheseeffortsbyappointinghisOxfordprotégé,theAssistantSecretaryHumphreyS.Milford,tobeFrowde'sassistant.MilfordbecamePublisherwhenFrowderetiredin1913,andruledoverthelucrativeLondonbusinessandthebranchofficesthatreportedtoituntilhisownretirementin1945.[60]GiventhefinancialhealthofthePress,CannanceasedtoregardscholarlybooksoreventheDictionaryasimpossibleliabilities."IdonotthinktheUniversitycanproduceenoughbookstoruinus,"heremarked.[61] Hiseffortswerehelpedbytheefficiencyoftheprintshop.HoraceHartwasappointedasControllerofthePressatthesametimeasGell,butprovedfarmoreeffectivethantheSecretary.Withextraordinaryenergyandprofessionalism,heimprovedandenlargedOxford'sprintingresources,anddevelopedHart'sRulesasthefirststyleguideforOxford'sproofreaders.Subsequently,thesebecamestandardinprintshopsworldwide.[62]Inaddition,hesuggestedtheideafortheClarendonPressInstitute,asocialclubforstaffinWaltonStreet.WhentheInstituteopenedin1891,thePresshad540employeeseligibletojoinit,includingapprentices.[63]Finally,Hart'sgeneralinterestinprintingledtohimcataloguingthe"FellTypes",thenusingtheminaseriesofTudorandStuartfacsimilevolumesforthePress,beforeillhealthledtohisdeathin1915.[64]Bythen,OUPhadmovedfrombeingaparochialprinterintoawide-ranging,university-ownedpublishinghousewithagrowinginternationalpresence.[citationneeded] Londonbusiness[edit] FrowderegularlyremittedmoneybacktoOxford,butheprivatelyfeltthatthebusinesswasundercapitalizedandwouldprettysoonbecomeaseriousdrainontheuniversity'sresourcesunlessputonasoundcommercialfooting.Hehimselfwasauthorizedtoinvestmoneyuptoalimitinthebusinessbutwaspreventedfromdoingsobyfamilytroubles.Hencehisinterestinoverseassales,forbythe1880sand1890stherewasmoneytobemadeinIndia,whiletheEuropeanbookmarketwasinthedoldrums.ButFrowde'sdistancefromthePress'sdecision-makingmeanthewasincapableofinfluencingpolicyunlessaDelegatespokeforhim.MostofthetimeFrowdedidwhateverhecouldwithinthemandategivenhimbytheDelegates.In1905,whenapplyingforapension,hewrotetoJ.R.Magrath,thethenViceChancellor,thatduringthesevenyearswhenhehadservedasmanageroftheBibleWarehousethesalesoftheLondonBusinesshadaveragedabout£20,000andtheprofits£1,887peryear.By1905,underhismanagementasPublisher,thesaleshadrisentoupwardsof£200,000peryearandtheprofitsinthat29yearsofserviceaveraged£8,242peryear.[citationneeded] Conflictoversecretaryship[edit] Price,tryinginhisownwaytomodernizethePressagainsttheresistanceofitsownhistoricalinertia,hadbecomeoverworkedandby1883wassoexhaustedastowanttoretire.BenjaminJowetthadbecomevicechancelloroftheuniversityin1882.ImpatientoftheendlesscommitteesthatwouldnodoubtattendtheappointmentofasuccessortoPrice,JowettextractedwhatcouldbeinterpretedaspermissionfromthedelegatesandheadhuntedPhilipLytteltonGell,aformerstudentacolyteofhis,tobethenextsecretarytothedelegates.GellwasmakinganameforhimselfatthepublishingfirmofCassell,PetterandGalpin,afirmregardedasscandalouslycommercialbythedelegates.Gellhimselfwasapatricianwhowasunhappywithhiswork,wherehesawhimselfascateringtothetasteof"oneclass:thelowermiddle",[citationneeded]andhegraspedatthechanceofworkingwiththekindoftextsandreadershipsOUPattracted.[citationneeded] JowettpromisedGellgoldenopportunities,littleofwhichheactuallyhadtheauthoritytodeliver.HetimedGell'sappointmenttocoincidewithboththeLongVacation(fromJunetoSeptember)andthedeathofMarkPattison,sopotentialoppositionwaspreventedfromattendingthecrucialmeetings.JowettknewtheprimaryreasonwhyGellwouldattracthostilitywasthathehadneverworkedforthePressnorbeenadelegate,andhehadsulliedhimselfinthecitywithrawcommerce.Hisfearswereborneout.GellimmediatelyproposedathoroughmodernisingofthePresswithamarkedlackoftact,andearnedhimselfenduringenemies.Nevertheless,hewasabletodoalotintandemwithFrowde,andexpandedthepublishingprogrammesandthereachofOUPuntilabout1898.ThenhishealthbrokedownundertheimpossibleworkconditionshewasbeingforcedtoendurebytheDelegates'non-cooperation.Thedelegatesthenservedhimwithanoticeofterminationofservicethatviolatedhiscontract.However,hewaspersuadednottofilesuitandtogoquietly.[65][fullcitationneeded] Thedelegateswerenotopposedprimarilytohisinitiatives,buttohismannerofexecutingthemandhislackofsympathywiththeacademicwayoflife.IntheirviewthePresswas,andalwayswouldbe,anassociationofscholars.Gell'sideaof"efficiency"appearedtoviolatethatculture,althoughsubsequentlyaverysimilarprogrammeofreformwasputintopracticefromtheinside.[citationneeded] 20th–21stcentury[edit] Aconferencebooth(2008) CharlesCannan,whohadbeeninstrumentalinGell'sremoval,succeededGellin1898,andHumphreyS.Milford,hisyoungercolleague,effectivelysucceededFrowdein1907.BothwereOxfordmenwhoknewthesysteminsideout,andtheclosecollaborationwithwhichtheyworkedwasafunctionoftheirsharedbackgroundandworldview.Cannanwasknownforterrifyingsilences,andMilfordhadanuncannyability,testifiedtobyAmenHouseemployees,to'disappear'inaroomratherlikeaCheshirecat,fromwhichobscurityhewouldsuddenlyaddresshissubordinatesandmakethemjump.Whatevertheirreasonsfortheirstyleofworking,bothCannanandMilfordhadaveryhardnosedviewofwhatneededtobedone,andtheyproceededtodoit.Indeed,FrowdeknewwithinafewweeksofMilford'senteringtheLondonofficein[1904]thathewouldbereplaced.Milford,however,alwaystreatedFrowdewithcourtesy,andFrowderemainedinanadvisorycapacitytill1913.MilfordrapidlyteamedupwithJ.E.HodderWilliamsofHodderandStoughton,settingupwhatwasknownastheJointAccountfortheissueofawiderangeofbooksineducation,science,medicineandalsofiction.Milfordbeganputtinginpracticeanumberofinitiatives,includingthefoundationsofmostofthePress'sglobalbranches.[citationneeded] Developmentofoverseastrade[edit] Milfordtookresponsibilityforoverseastradealmostatonce,andby1906hewasmakingplanstosendatravellertoIndiaandtheFarEastjointlywithHodderandStoughton.N.Graydon(firstnameunknown)wasthefirstsuchtravellerin1907,andagainin1908whenherepresentedOUPexclusivelyinIndia,theStraitsandtheFarEast.A.H.Cobbreplacedhimin1909,andin1910Cobbfunctionedasatravellingmanagersemi-permanentlystationedinIndia.In1911,E.V.RieuwentouttoEastAsiaviatheTrans-SiberianRailway,hadseveraladventuresinChinaandRussia,thencamesouthtoIndiaandspentmostoftheyearmeetingeducationistsandofficialsalloverIndia.In1912,hearrivedagaininBombay,nowknownasMumbai.ThereherentedanofficeinthedocksideareaandsetupthefirstoverseasBranch.[citationneeded] In1914,Europewasplungedintoturmoil.Thefirsteffectsofthewarwerepapershortagesandlossesanddisturbancesinshipping,thenquicklyadirelackofhandsasthestaffwerecalledupandwenttoserveonthefield.ManyofthestaffincludingtwoofthepioneersoftheIndianbranchwerekilledinaction.Curiously,salesthroughtheyears1914to1917weregoodanditwasonlytowardstheendofthewarthatconditionsreallybeganpinching.[citationneeded] Ratherthanbringingrelieffromshortages,the1920ssawskyrocketingpricesofbothmaterialsandlabour.Paperespeciallywashardtocomeby,andhadtobeimportedfromSouthAmericathroughtradingcompanies.Economiesandmarketsslowlyrecoveredasthe1920sprogressed.In1928,thePress'simprintread'London,Edinburgh,Glasgow,Leipzig,Toronto,Melbourne,CapeTown,Bombay,Calcutta,MadrasandShanghai'.Notallofthesewerefull-fledgedbranches:inLeipzigtherewasadepotrunbyH.BohunBeet,andinCanadaandAustraliathereweresmall,functionaldepotsinthecitiesandanarmyofeducationalrepresentativespenetratingtheruralfastnessestosellthePress'sstockaswellasbookspublishedbyfirmswhoseagencieswereheldbythePress,veryoftenincludingfictionandlightreading.InIndia,theBranchdepotsinBombay,Madras,andCalcuttawereimposingestablishmentswithsizablestockinventories,forthePresidenciesthemselveswerelargemarkets,andtheeducationalrepresentativestheredealtmostlywithupcountrytrade.TheDepressionof1929driedprofitsfromtheAmericastoatrickle,andIndiabecame'theonebrightspot'inanotherwisedismalpicture.BombaywasthenodalpointfordistributiontotheAfricasandonwardsaletoAustralasia,andpeoplewhotrainedatthethreemajordepotsmovedlaterontopioneerbranchesinAfricaandSouthEastAsia.[66] ThePress'sexperienceofWorldWarIIwassimilartoWorldWarIexceptthatMilfordwasnowclosetoretirementand'hatedtoseetheyoungmengo'.TheLondonblitzthistimewasmuchmoreintenseandtheLondonBusinesswasshiftedtemporarilytoOxford.Milford,nowextremelyunwellandreelingunderaseriesofpersonalbereavements,wasprevailedupontostaytilltheendofthewarandkeepthebusinessgoing.Asbefore,everythingwasinshortsupply,buttheU-boatthreatmadeshippingdoublyuncertain,andtheletterbooksarefullofdolefulrecordsofconsignmentslostatsea.Occasionallyanauthor,too,wouldbereportedmissingordead,aswellasstaffwhowerenowscatteredoverthebattlefieldsoftheglobe.DORA,theDefenceoftheRealmAct,requiredthesurrenderofallnonessentialmetalforthemanufactureofarmaments,andmanyvaluableelectrotypeplatesweremelteddownbygovernmentorder.[citationneeded] WiththeendofthewarMilford'splacewastakenbyGeoffreyCumberlege.ThisperiodsawconsolidationinthefaceofthebreakupoftheEmpireandthepost-warreorganizationoftheCommonwealth.IntandemwithinstitutionsliketheBritishCouncil,OUPbegantorepositionitselfintheeducationmarket.NgũgĩwaThiong'oinhisbookMovingtheCentre:TheStruggleforCulturalFreedomrecordshowtheOxfordReadersforAfricawiththeirheavilyAnglo-centricworldviewstruckhimasachildinKenya.[67]ThePresshasevolvedsincethentobeoneofthelargestplayersinagloballyexpandingscholarlyandreferencebookmarket.[citationneeded] NorthAmerica[edit] TheNorthAmericanbranchwasestablishedin1896at91FifthAvenueinNewYorkCityprimarilyasadistributionbranchtofacilitatethesaleofOxfordBiblesintheUnitedStates.Subsequently,ittookovermarketingofallbooksofitsparentfromMacmillan.Itsveryfirstoriginalpublication,TheLifeofSirWilliamOsler,wonthePulitzerPrizein1926.Sincethattime,OUPUSApublishedfourteenmorePulitzerPrize–winningbooks.[citationneeded] TheNorthAmericanbranchgrewinsalesbetween1928and1936,eventuallybecomingoneoftheleadinguniversitypressesintheUnitedStates.Itisfocusedonscholarlyandreferencebooks,Bibles,andcollegeandmedicaltextbooks.Inthe1990s,thisofficemovedfrom200MadisonAvenue(abuildingitsharedwithPutnamPublishing)to198MadisonAvenue,theformerB.AltmanandCompanyBuilding.[68] SouthAmerica[edit] InDecember1909CobbreturnedandrenderedhisaccountsforhisAsiatripthatyear.CobbthenproposedtoMilfordthatthePressjoinacombinationoffirmstosendcommercialtravellersaroundSouthAmerica,towhichMilfordinprincipleagreed.CobbobtainedtheservicesofamancalledSteer(firstnameunknown)totravelthroughArgentina,Brazil,Uruguay,Chileandpossiblyothercountriesaswell,withCobbtoberesponsibleforSteer.Hodder&Stoughtonoptedoutofthisventure,butOUPwentaheadandcontributedtoit.[citationneeded] Indianbranch[edit] WhenOUParrivedonIndianshores,itwasprecededbytheimmenseprestigeoftheSacredBooksoftheEast,editedbyFriedrichMaxMüller,whichhadatlastreachedcompletionin50ponderousvolumes.WhileactualpurchaseofthisserieswasbeyondthemeansofmostIndians,librariesusuallyhadaset,generouslyprovidedbythegovernmentofIndia,availableonopenreferenceshelves,andthebookshadbeenwidelydiscussedintheIndianpress.Althoughtherehadbeenplentyofcriticismofthem,thegeneralfeelingwasthatMaxMüllerhaddoneIndiaafavourbypopularisingancientAsian(Persian,Arabic,IndianandSinic)philosophyintheWest.[69][fullcitationneeded]Thispriorreputationwasuseful,buttheIndianBranchwasnotprimarilyinBombaytosellIndologicalbooks,whichOUPknewalreadysoldwellonlyinAmerica.ItwastheretoservethevasteducationalmarketcreatedbytherapidlyexpandingschoolandcollegenetworkinBritishIndia.Inspiteofdisruptionscausedbywar,itwonacrucialcontracttoprinttextbooksfortheCentralProvincesin1915andthishelpedtostabilizeitsfortunesinthisdifficultphase.E.V.Rieucouldnotlongerdelayhiscallupandwasdraftedin1917,themanagementthenbeingunderhiswifeNellieRieu,aformereditorfortheAthenaeum'withtheassistanceofhertwoBritishbabies.'ItwastoolatetohaveimportantelectrotypeandstereotypeplatesshippedtoIndiafromOxford,andtheOxfordprintinghouseitselfwasoverburdenedwithgovernmentprintingordersastheempire'spropagandamachinegottowork.Atonepointnon-governmentalcompositionatOxfordwasreducedto32pagesaweek.[citationneeded] By1919,Rieuwasveryillandhadtobebroughthome.HewasreplacedbyGeoffreyCumberlegeandNoelCarrington.NoelwasthebrotherofDoraCarrington,theartist,andevengothertoillustratehisStoriesRetoldeditionofDonQuixotefortheIndianmarket.TheirfatherCharlesCarringtonhadbeenarailwayengineerinIndiainthenineteenthcentury.NoelCarrington'sunpublishedmemoirofhissixyearsinIndiaisintheOrientalandIndiaOfficeCollectionsoftheBritishLibrary.By1915thereweremakeshiftdepotsatMadrasandCalcutta.In1920,NoelCarringtonwenttoCalcuttatosetupaproperbranch.TherehebecamefriendlywithEdwardThompsonwhoinvolvedhimintheabortiveschemetoproducethe'OxfordBookofBengaliVerse'.[70][fullcitationneeded]InMadras,therewasneveraformalbranchinthesamesenseasBombayandCalcutta,asthemanagementofthedepotthereseemstohaverestedinthehandsoftwolocalacademics.[citationneeded] In2021,OUPIndiarefusedtoprintthebookToKillaDemocracy,whichhadalreadybeenpublishedbytheUKbranchofOUP.ThebookwascriticaloftheModigovernment.[71] EastandSouthEastAsia[edit] OUP'sinteractionwiththisareawaspartoftheirmissiontoIndia,sincemanyoftheirtravellerstookinEastandSouthEastAsiaontheirwayouttoorbackfromIndia.Graydononhisfirsttripin1907hadtravelledthe'StraitsSettlements'(largelytheFederatedMalayStatesandSingapore),China,andJapan,butwasnotabletodomuch.In1909,A.H.CobbvisitedteachersandbooksellersinShanghai,andfoundthatthemaincompetitiontherewascheapbooksfromAmerica,oftenstraightreprintsofBritishbooks.[72]Thecopyrightsituationatthetime,subsequenttotheChaceActof1891,wassuchthatAmericanpublisherscouldpublishsuchbookswithimpunityalthoughtheywereconsideredcontrabandinallBritishterritories.Tosecurecopyrightinbothterritoriespublishershadtoarrangeforsimultaneouspublication,anendlesslogisticalheadacheinthisageofsteamships.Priorpublicationinanyoneterritoryforfeitedcopyrightprotectionintheother.[73] ThePresshadproblemswithHenzell,whowereirregularwithcorrespondence.TheyalsotradedwithEdwardEvans,anotherShanghaibookseller.Milfordobserved,'weoughttodomuchmoreinChinathanwearedoing'andauthorizedCobbin1910tofindareplacementforHenzellastheirrepresentativetotheeducationalauthorities.[citationneeded]ThatreplacementwastobeMissM.VerneMcNeely,aredoubtableladywhowasamemberoftheSocietyforthePropagationofChristianKnowledge,andalsoranabookshop.ShelookedaftertheaffairsofthePressverycapablyandoccasionallysentMilfordboxesofcomplimentarycigars.HerassociationwithOUPseemstodatefrom1910,althoughshedidnothaveexclusiveagencyforOUP'sbooks.BibleswerethemajoritemoftradeinChina,unlikeIndiawhereeducationalbookstoppedthelists,evenifOxford'slavishlyproducedandexpensiveBibleeditionswerenotverycompetitivebesidecheapAmericanones.[citationneeded] Japanwasamuchlesswell-knownmarkettoOUP,andasmallvolumeoftradewascarriedoutlargelythroughintermediaries.TheMaruzencompanywasbyfarthelargestcustomer,andhadaspecialarrangementregardingterms.OtherbusinesswasroutedthroughH.L.Griffiths,aprofessionalpublishers'representativebasedinSannomiya,Kobe.GriffithstravelledforthePresstomajorJapaneseschoolsandbookshopsandtooka10percentcommission.[citationneeded]EdmundBlundenhadbeenbrieflyattheUniversityofTokyoandputthePressintouchwiththeuniversitybooksellers,FukumotoStroin.OneimportantacquisitiondidcomefromJapan,however:A.S.Hornby'sAdvancedLearner'sDictionary.ItalsopublishestextbooksfortheprimaryandsecondaryeducationcurriculuminHongKong.TheChinese-languageteachingtitlesarepublishedwiththebrandKeysPress(啟思出版社).[citationneeded] Africa[edit] SometradewithEastAfricapassedthroughBombay.[74]FollowingaperiodofactingmostlyasadistributionagentforOUPtitlespublishedintheUK,inthe1960sOUPSouthernAfricastartedpublishinglocalauthors,forthegeneralreader,butalsoforschoolsanduniversities,underitsThreeCrownsBooksimprint.ItsterritoryincludesBotswana,Lesotho,SwazilandandNamibia,aswellasSouthAfrica,thebiggestmarketofthefive.[citationneeded] OUPSouthernAfricaisnowoneofthethreebiggesteducationalpublishersinSouthAfrica,andfocusesitsattentiononpublishingtextbooks,dictionaries,atlasesandsupplementarymaterialforschools,andtextbooksforuniversities.Itsauthorbaseisoverwhelminglylocal,andin2008itenteredintoapartnershipwiththeuniversitytosupportscholarshipsforSouthAfricansstudyingpostgraduatedegrees.[citationneeded] EstablishmentofMusicDepartment[edit] Priortothetwentiethcentury,thePressatOxfordhadoccasionallyprintedapieceofmusicorabookrelatingtomusicology.IthadalsopublishedtheYattendonHymnalin1899and,moresignificantly,thefirsteditionofTheEnglishHymnalin1906,undertheeditorshipofPercyDearmerandthethenlargelyunknownRalphVaughanWilliams.SirWilliamHenryHadow'smulti-volumeOxfordHistoryofMusichadappearedbetween1901and1905.Suchmusicalpublishingenterprises,however,wererare:"Innineteenth-centuryOxfordtheideathatmusicmightinanysensebeeducationalwouldnothavebeenentertained",[75]andfewoftheDelegatesorformerPublisherswerethemselvesmusicalorhadextensivemusicbackgrounds.[citationneeded] IntheLondonoffice,however,Milfordhadmusicaltaste,andhadconnectionsparticularlywiththeworldofchurchandcathedralmusicians.In1921,MilfordhiredHubertJ.Foss,originallyasanassistanttoEducationalManagerV.H.Collins.Inthatwork,Fossshowedenergyandimagination.However,asSutcliffesays,Foss,amodestcomposerandgiftedpianist,"wasnotparticularlyinterestedineducation;hewaspassionatelyinterestedinmusic."[75]WhenshortlythereafterFossbroughttoMilfordaschemeforpublishingagroupofessaysbywell-knownmusiciansoncomposerswhoseworkswerefrequentlyplayedontheradio,Milfordmayhavethoughtofitaslessmusic-relatedthaneducation-related.ThereisnoclearrecordofthethoughtprocesswherebythePresswouldenterintothepublishingofmusicforperformance.Foss'spresence,andhisknowledge,ability,enthusiasm,andimaginationmaywellhavebeenthecatalystbringinghithertounconnectedactivitiestogetherinMilford'smind,asanothernewventuresimilartotheestablishmentoftheoverseasbranches.[76] Milfordmaynothavefullyunderstoodwhathewasundertaking.AfiftiethanniversarypamphletpublishedbytheMusicDepartmentin1973saysthatOUPhad"noknowledgeofthemusictrade,norepresentativetoselltomusicshops,and—itseems—noawarenessthatsheetmusicwasinanywayadifferentcommodityfrombooks."[77]Howeverintentionallyorintuitively,MilfordtookthreestepsthatlaunchedOUPonamajoroperation.HeboughttheAnglo-FrenchMusicCompanyandallitsfacilities,connections,andresources.HehiredNormanPeterkin,amoderatelywell-knownmusician,asfull-timesalesmanagerformusic.Andin1923,heestablishedasaseparatedivisiontheMusicDepartment,withitsownofficesinAmenHouseandwithFossasfirstMusicalEditor.Then,otherthangeneralsupport,MilfordleftFosslargelytohisowndevices.[78] Fossrespondedwithincredibleenergy.Heworkedtoestablish"thelargestpossiblelistintheshortestpossibletime",[79]addingtitlesattherateofover200ayear;eightyearslatertherewere1,750titlesinthecatalogue.Intheyearofthedepartment'sestablishment,Fossbeganaseriesofinexpensivebutwelleditedandprintedchoralpiecesundertheseriestitle"OxfordChoralSongs".Thisseries,underthegeneraleditorshipofW.G.Whittaker,wasOUP'sfirstcommitmenttothepublishingofmusicforperformance,ratherthaninbookformorforstudy.Theseriesplanwasexpandedbyaddingthesimilarlyinexpensivebuthigh-quality"OxfordChurchMusic"and"TudorChurchMusic"(takenoverfromtheCarnegieUKTrust);alltheseseriescontinuetoday.TheschemeofcontributedessaysFosshadoriginallybroughttoMilfordappearedin1927astheHeritageofMusic(twomorevolumeswouldappearoverthenextthirtyyears).PercyScholes'sListener'sGuidetoMusic(originallypublishedin1919)wassimilarlybroughtintothenewdepartmentasthefirstofaseriesofbooksonmusicappreciationforthelisteningpublic.[76]Scholes'scontinuingworkforOUP,designedtomatchthegrowthofbroadcastandrecordedmusic,plushisotherworkinjournalisticmusiccriticism,wouldbelatercomprehensivelyorganizedandsummarizedintheOxfordCompaniontoMusic.[citationneeded] Perhapsmostimportantly,FossseemedtohaveaknackforfindingnewcomposersofwhatheregardedasdistinctivelyEnglishmusic,whichhadbroadappealtothepublic.ThisconcentrationprovidedOUPtwomutuallyreinforcingbenefits:anicheinmusicpublishingunoccupiedbypotentialcompetitors,andabranchofmusicperformanceandcompositionthattheEnglishthemselveshadlargelyneglected.HinnellsproposesthattheearlyMusicDepartment's"mixtureofscholarshipandculturalnationalism"inanareaofmusicwithlargelyunknowncommercialprospectswasdrivenbyitssenseofculturalphilanthropy(giventhePress'sacademicbackground)andadesiretopromote"nationalmusicoutsidetheGermanmainstream."[80] Inconsequence,FossactivelypromotedtheperformanceandsoughtpublicationofmusicbyRalphVaughanWilliams,WilliamWalton,ConstantLambert,AlanRawsthorne,PeterWarlock(PhilipHeseltine),EdmundRubbraandotherEnglishcomposers.InwhatthePresscalled"themostdurablegentleman'sagreementinthehistoryofmodernmusic,"[79]FossguaranteedthepublicationofanymusicthatVaughanWilliamswouldcaretoofferthem.Inaddition,FossworkedtosecureOUP'srightsnotonlytomusicpublicationandliveperformance,butthe"mechanical"rightstorecordingandbroadcast.Itwasnotatallclearatthetimehowsignificantthesewouldbecome.Indeed,Foss,OUP,andanumberofcomposersatfirstdeclinedtojoinorsupportthePerformingRightSociety,fearingthatitsfeeswoulddiscourageperformanceinthenewmedia.Lateryearswouldshowthat,tothecontrary,theseformsofmusicwouldprovemorelucrativethanthetraditionalvenuesofmusicpublishing.[81] WhatevertheMusicDepartment'sgrowthinquantity,breadthofmusicaloffering,andreputationamongstbothmusiciansandthegeneralpublic,thewholequestionoffinancialreturncametoaheadinthe1930s.MilfordasLondonpublisherhadfullysupportedtheMusicDepartmentduringitsyearsofformationandgrowth.However,hecameunderincreasingpressurefromtheDelegatesinOxfordconcerningthecontinuedflowofexpendituresfromwhatseemedtothemanunprofitableventure.Intheirmind,theoperationsatAmenHouseweresupposedtobebothacademicallyrespectableandfinanciallyremunerative.TheLondonoffice"existedtomakemoneyfortheClarendonPresstospendonthepromotionoflearning."[82]Further,OUPtreateditsbookpublicationsasshort-termprojects:anybooksthatdidnotsellwithinafewyearsofpublicationwerewrittenoff(toshowasunplannedorhiddenincomeifinfacttheysoldthereafter).Incontrast,theMusicDepartment'semphasisonmusicforperformancewascomparativelylong-termandcontinuing,particularlyasincomefromrecurringbroadcastsorrecordingscamein,andasitcontinuedtobuilditsrelationshipswithnewandupcomingmusicians.TheDelegateswerenotcomfortablewithFoss'sviewpoint:"Istillthinkthisword'loss'isamisnomer:isitnotreallycapitalinvested?"wroteFosstoMilfordin1934.[83] Thusitwasnotuntil1939thattheMusicDepartmentshoweditsfirstprofitableyear.[84]Bythen,theeconomicpressuresoftheDepressionaswellasthein-housepressuretoreduceexpenditures,andpossiblytheacademicbackgroundoftheparentbodyinOxford,combinedtomakeOUP'sprimarymusicalbusinessthatofpublishingworksintendedforformalmusicaleducationandformusicappreciation—againtheinfluenceofbroadcastandrecording.[84]ThismatchedwellwithanincreaseddemandformaterialstosupportmusiceducationinBritishschools,aresultofgovernmentalreformsofeducationduringthe1930s.[note1]ThePressdidnotceasetosearchoutandpublishnewmusiciansandtheirmusic,butthetenorofthebusinesshadchanged.Foss,sufferingpersonalhealthproblems,chafingundereconomicconstraintsplus(asthewaryearsdrewon)shortagesinpaper,anddislikingintenselythemoveofalltheLondonoperationstoOxfordtoavoidTheBlitz,resignedhispositionin1941,tobesucceededbyPeterkin.[85] ClosureofOxuniprint[edit] On27August2021,OUPclosedOxuniprint,itsprintingdivision.Itwillresultinthelossof20jobsandfollowsa"continueddeclineinsales"aggravatedbytheCOVID-19pandemic.Theclosurewillmarkthe"finalchapter"ofOUP'scenturies-longhistoryofprinting.[86] Museum[edit] TheOxfordUniversityPressMuseumislocatedonGreatClarendonStreet,Oxford.Visitsmustbebookedinadvanceandareledbyamemberofthearchivestaff.Displaysincludea19th-centuryprintingpress,theOUPbuildings,andtheprintingandhistoryoftheOxfordAlmanack,AliceinWonderlandandtheOxfordEnglishDictionary.[citationneeded] ClarendonPress[edit] OUPcametobeknownas"(The)ClarendonPress"whenprintingmovedfromtheSheldonianTheatretotheClarendonBuildinginBroadStreetin1713.ThenamecontinuedtobeusedwhenOUPmovedtoitspresentsiteinOxfordin1830.Thelabel"ClarendonPress"tookonanewmeaningwhenOUPbeganpublishingbooksthroughitsLondonofficeintheearly20thcentury.Todistinguishthetwooffices,Londonbookswerelabelled"OxfordUniversityPress"publications,whilethosefromOxfordwerelabelled"ClarendonPress"books.Thislabellingceasedinthe1970s,whentheLondonofficeofOUPclosed.Today,OUPreserves"ClarendonPress"asanimprintforOxfordpublicationsofparticularacademicimportance.[87] Importantseriesandtitles[edit] SevenofthetwentyvolumesoftheOxfordEnglishDictionary(secondedition,1989) OxfordLanguages[edit] OxfordLanguagesisanOUPbrandencompassingOxfordDictionaries,linguisticstexts,andEnglishasasecondorforeignlanguageresources,includingtheOxfordEnglishCorpusandOxfordTestofEnglish.An"OxfordDictionarieswordoftheyear"hasbeenselectedforEnglishsince2004andforHindisince2017.Theformer"OxfordDictionariesOnline"websiteisnowLexico,apartnershipbetweenOUPandDictionary.com. English[edit] Dictionaries[edit] OxfordEnglishDictionary ShorterOxfordEnglishDictionary CompactOxfordEnglishDictionary CompactEditionsoftheOxfordEnglishDictionary CompactOxfordEnglishDictionaryofCurrentEnglish ConciseOxfordEnglishDictionary OxfordDictionaryofMarketing OxfordAdvancedLearner'sDictionary Englishlanguageteaching[edit] Headway Streamline EnglishFile EnglishPlus EverybodyUp Let'sGo PotatoPals ReadwithBiff,Chip&Kipper MyOxfordEnglish(online) Englishlanguagetests[edit] OxfordTestofEnglish OxfordPlacementTest OxfordPlacementTestforYoungLearners Otherlanguages[edit] AGreek–EnglishLexicon AppliedLinguistics JournalofSemantics OxfordLatinDictionary Oxford-HachetteFrenchDictionary:French–EnglishEnglish–French Bibliographies[edit] OxfordBibliographiesOnline[88] Indology[edit] TheReligiousBooksoftheSikhs SacredBooksoftheEast RulersofIndiaseries TheEarlyHistoryofIndia Classics[edit] ScriptorumClassicorumBibliothecaOxoniensis,alsoknownastheOxfordClassicalTexts Literature[edit] OxfordWorld'sClassics OxfordEnglishDrama OxfordEnglishNovels OxfordAuthors History[edit] OxfordDictionaryofNationalBiography OxfordHistoryofArt OxfordHistoryofEngland NewOxfordHistoryofEngland OxfordHistoryoftheUnitedStates OxfordHistoryofIslam TheOxfordHistoryoftheBritishEmpire TheOxfordHistoryofSouthAfrica TheShortOxfordHistoryoftheModernWorld OxfordHistoryofWales TheOxfordHistoryofEarlyModernEurope TheOxfordHistoryofModernEurope OxfordEncyclopediaofMaritimeHistory OxfordHistoricalMonographsseries Bibles[edit] OxfordAnnotatedBible OxfordHebrewBible OxfordLecternBible ScofieldReferenceBible Atlases[edit] AtlasoftheWorldDeluxe AtlasoftheWorld NewConciseWorldAtlas EssentialWorldAtlas PocketWorldAtlas Music[edit] CarolsforChoirs OxfordBookofCarols TheNewGroveDictionaryofMusicandMusicians TheOxfordCompaniontoMusic OxfordBookofEnglishMadrigals OxfordBookofTudorAnthems OxfordHistoryofWesternMusic Scholarlyjournals[edit] OUPasOxfordJournalshasalsobeenamajorpublisherofacademicjournals,bothinthesciencesandthehumanities;asof2016[update]itpublishesover200journalsonbehalfoflearnedsocietiesaroundtheworld.[89]Ithasbeennotedasoneofthefirstuniversitypressestopublishanopenaccessjournal(NucleicAcidsResearch),andprobablythefirsttointroduceHybridopenaccessjournals,offering"optionalopenaccess"toauthorstoallowallreadersonlineaccesstotheirpaperwithoutcharge.[90]The"OxfordOpen"modelappliestothemajorityoftheirjournals.[91]TheOUPisamemberoftheOpenAccessScholarlyPublishersAssociation.[citationneeded] ClarendonScholarships[edit] Since2001,OxfordUniversityPresshasfinanciallysupportedtheClarendonbursary,aUniversityofOxfordgraduatescholarshipscheme.[92] Seealso[edit] Category:OxfordUniversityPressacademicjournals ListofOxfordUniversityPressjournals Hachette Hart'sRulesforCompositorsandReadersattheUniversityPress,Oxford ListoflargestUKbookpublishers CambridgeUniversityPressv.Patton,acopyrightinfringementsuitinwhichOUPisaplaintiff BlackstonePress HarvardUniversityPress UniversityofChicagoPress EdinburghUniversityPress ExpressPublishing BlavatnikSchoolofGovernment(openedin2015),oppositetheOUPonWaltonStreet Notes[edit] ^UndervariouscommissionschairedbyHadow. References[edit] Citations[edit] ^Balter,Michael(16February1994)."400YearsLater,OxfordPressThrives".TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved28June2011. ^"AboutOxfordUniversityPress".OUPAcademic.Retrieved3August2018. ^"ABriefHistoryofthePress".CambridgeUniversityPress.Retrieved3August2018. ^Carterp.137 ^Carter,passim ^PeterSutcliffe,TheOxfordUniversityPress:aninformalhistory(Oxford1975;re-issuedwithcorrections2002)pp.53,96–97,156. ^Sutcliffe,passim ^"CompanyOverviewofOxfordUniversityPressLtd".BloombergBusinessWeek.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7May2013.Retrieved25September2012. ^Barkerp.4;Carterpp.7–11. ^Carterpp.17–22 ^Sutcliffep.xiv ^Carterch.3 ^Barkerp.11 ^Carterpp.31,65 ^Carterch.4 ^Carterch.5 ^Carterpp.56–58,122–27 ^Barkerp.15 ^HelenM.Petter,TheOxfordAlmanacks(Oxford,1974) ^Barkerp.22 ^Carterp.63 ^Barkerp.24 ^Carterch.8 ^Barkerp.25 ^Carterpp.105–09 ^Carterp.199 ^Barkerp. 32 ^I.G.Phillip,WilliamBlackstoneandtheReformoftheOxfordUniversityPress(Oxford,1957)pp.45–72 ^Carter,ch.21 ^Sutcliffep.xxv ^Barkerpp.36–39,41.Sutcliffep.16 ^Barkerp.41.Sutcliffepp.4–5 ^Sutcliffe,pp.1–2,12 ^Sutcliffepp.2–4 ^Barkerp.44 ^Sutcliffepp.39–40,110–111 ^HarryCarter,WolvercoteMillch.4(secondedition,Oxford,1974) ^JeremyMaas,HolmanHuntandtheLightoftheWorld(ScholarPress,1974) ^Sutcliffep.6 ^Sutcliffep.36 ^Barkerpp.45–47 ^Sutcliffepp.19–26 ^Sutcliffepp14–15 ^Barkerp.47 ^Sutcliffep.27 ^Sutcliffepp. 45–46 ^Sutcliffepp.16,19.37 ^TheClarendonian,4,no.32,1927,p.47 ^Sutcliffepp.48–53 ^Sutcliffepp.89–91 ^Sutcliffep.64 ^Barkerp.48 ^Sutcliffepp.53–58 ^Sutcliffepp.56–57 ^SimonWinchester,TheMeaningofEverything:TheStoryoftheOxfordEnglishDictionary(Oxford,2003) ^Sutcliffepp.98–107 ^Sutcliffep.66 ^Sutcliffep.109 ^Sutcliffepp.141–48 ^Sutcliffepp.117,140–44,164–68 ^Sutcliffep.155 ^Sutcliffepp.113–14 ^Sutcliffep.79 ^Sutcliffepp.124–28,182–83 ^SeechaptertwoofRimiB.Chatterjee,EmpiresoftheMind:AHistoryoftheOxfordUniversityPressinIndiaDuringtheRaj(NewDelhi:OUP,2006)forthewholestoryofGell'sremoval. ^Milford'sLetterbooks ^NgugiwaThiongo,'ImperialismofLanguage',inMovingtheCentre:TheStruggleforCulturalFreedomtranslatedfromtheGikuyubyWanguiwaGoroandNgugiwaThiong'o(London:Currey,1993),p.34. ^Jackson,KennethT.,ed.(1995).TheEncyclopediaofNewYorkCity.NewHaven:YaleUniversityPress.p. 870.ISBN 0300055366. ^ForanaccountoftheSacredBooksoftheEastandtheirhandlingbyOUP,seechapter7ofRimiB.Chatterjee'sEmpiresoftheMind:ahistoryoftheOxfordUniversityPressinIndiaduringtheRaj;NewDelhi:OUP,2006 ^RimiB.Chatterjee,'CanonWithoutConsensus:RabindranathTagoreandthe"OxfordBookofBengaliVerse"'.BookHistory4:303–33. ^Simmons,David(8October2021)."OxfordunitkillsoffIndiandemocracybook".AsiaTimes.Retrieved12October2021. ^SeeRimiB.Chatterjee,'PiratesandPhilanthropists:BritishPublishersandCopyrightinIndia,1880–1935'.InPrintAreas2:BookHistoryinIndiaeditedbySwapanKumarChakravortyandAbhijitGupta(NewDelhi:PermanentBlack,forthcomingin2007) ^SeeSimonNowell-Smith,InternationalCopyrightLawandthePublisherintheReignofQueenVictoria:TheLyellLectures,UniversityofOxford,1965–66(Oxford:ClarendonPress,1968). ^Beachey,RW(1976)."TheEastAfricaivorytradeinthenineteenthcentury".TheJournalofAfricanHistory.8(2):269–290.doi:10.1017/S0021853700007052. ^abSutcliffep.210 ^abHinnellsp.6 ^Oxfordp.4 ^Sutcliffep.211 ^abOxfordp.6 ^Hinnellsp.8 ^Hinnellspp.18–19;OUPjoinedin1936. ^Sutcliffep.168 ^Hinnellsp.17 ^abSutcliffep.212 ^Hinnellsp.34 ^Flood,Alison(9June2021)."OxfordUniversityPresstoendcenturiesoftraditionbyclosingitsprintingarm".TheGuardian.Retrieved9June2021. ^OxfordUniversityPresswebsite,Archives ^"About".Oxfordbibliographies.com. ^"OxfordJournals".OUP.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19July2014.Retrieved19April2016. ^"OptionalOpenAccessExperiment".JournalofExperimentalBotany.OxfordJournals.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4December2008.Retrieved19April2016. ^"OxfordOpen".OxfordJournals.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19July2014.Retrieved19April2016. ^"HistoryoftheClarendonFund".UniversityofOxford.Retrieved12February2018. Sources[edit] Barker,Nicolas(1978).TheOxfordUniversityPressandtheSpreadofLearning.Oxford. Carter,HarryGraham(1975).AHistoryoftheOxfordUniversityPress.Oxford:ClarendonPress.OCLC 955872307. Chatterjee,RimiB.(2006).EmpiresoftheMind:AHistoryoftheOxfordUniversityPressinIndiaDuringtheRaj.NewDelhi:OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 9780195674743. Hinnells,Duncan(1998).AnExtraordinaryPerformance:HubertFossandtheEarlyYearsofMusicPublishingattheOxfordUniversityPress.Oxford:OUP.ISBN 978-0-19-323200-6. OxfordMusic:TheFirstFiftyYears'23−'73.London:OxfordUniversityPressMusicDepartment.1973. Sutcliffe,Peter(1978).TheOxfordUniversityPress:AnInformalHistory.Oxford:ClarendonPress.ISBN 0-19-951084-9. Sutcliffe,Peter(1972).AnInformalHistoryoftheOUP.Oxford:OUP. Furtherreading[edit] Gadd,Ian,ed.(2014).TheHistoryofOxfordUniversityPress:VolumeI:Beginningsto1780.Oxford:OUP.ISBN 9780199557318. Eliot,Simon,ed.(2014).TheHistoryofOxfordUniversityPress:VolumeII:1780to1896.Oxford:OUP.ISBN 9780199543151. Louis,Wm.Roger,ed.(2014).TheHistoryofOxfordUniversityPress:VolumeIII:1896to1970.Oxford:OUP.ISBN 9780199568406.Alsoonlinedoi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568406.001.0001. Robbins,Keith,ed.(2017).TheHistoryofOxfordUniversityPress:VolumeIV:1970to2004.Oxford:OUP.ISBN 9780199574797. Externallinks[edit] Wikisourcehasoriginalworkspublishedbyorabout:OxfordUniversityPress WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoOxfordUniversityPress. 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