OpenGL ES - Android Developers

Android includes support for high performance 2D and 3D graphics with the Open Graphics Library (OpenGL®), specifically, the OpenGL ES API. Platform AndroidStudio GooglePlay Jetpack Kotlin Docs Games English BahasaIndonesia Español–AméricaLatina Português–Brasil 中文–简体 日本語 한국어 Signin Documentation Overview Guides Reference Samples Design&Quality Platform AndroidStudio GooglePlay Jetpack Kotlin Docs Overview Guides Reference Samples Design&Quality Games AppBasics Introduction Buildyourfirstapp OverviewCreateanAndroidprojectRunyourappBuildasimpleuserinterfaceStartanotheractivity Appfundamentals Appresources OverviewHandleconfigurationchanges Localization LocalizeyourappTestyourappwithpseudolocalesUnicodeandinternationalizationsupportLanguageandlocaleresolutionComplexXMLresources Resourcetypes OverviewAnimationColorstatelistDrawableLayoutMenuStringStyleFontMoretypes Appmanifestfile Overview Devices Devicecompatibility OverviewScreencompatibilityoverviewSupportdifferentpixeldensitiesDeclarerestrictedscreensupport MultipleAPKsupport OverviewCreatemultipleAPKsfordifferentAPIlevelsCreatemultipleAPKsfordifferentscreensizesCreatemultipleAPKsfordifferentGLtexturesCreatemultipleAPKswithseveraldimensionsSupportdifferentlanguagesandculturesSupportdifferentplatformversionsFiltersonGooglePlay Tablets,largescreens,andfoldables GetstartedwithlargescreensLargescreencookbookMediaprojectionEnhancedletterboxing BuildresponsiveUIs SupportdifferentscreensizesNavigationforresponsiveUIsMigrateyourUItoresponsivelayoutsActivityembeddingMulti-windowsupportInputcompatibilityonlargescreens Buildforfoldables LearnaboutfoldablesMakeyourappfoldawareTestyourapponfoldables Wear GetstartedPrinciplesofWearOSdevelopmentUpgradetothelatestversionofWearOSWearOSversusmobiledevelopmentWearOSuserinterface Gettingstarted WearOSdeveloperpathwayCreateandrunawearableappDebugaWearOSappCaptureWearUIscreenshots Overlays OverviewStandaloneappsAuthenticationRequestpermissionsDetectlocationPlayingaudioonwearablesAppearinRecentsandAppResume BuildingUIwithCompose UseJetpackComposeonWearOSComposeperformanceNavigationButtonsCardsChipsDialogsListsPageindicatorsPickersPositionindicatorProgressindicatorSlidersSteppersSwipetodismissTogglechipsTimetext BuildingUIwithViews BuildView-basedUIsonWearOSHandledifferentwatchshapesScreenoptionsCreatelistsNavigationExitfullscreenactivitiesonWearShowconfirmationsKeepyourappvisibleonWear Tilesandcomplications TilesoverviewWatchfacecomplicationsExposedatatocomplications Notifications NotificationsonWearOSBridgingoptionsfornotificationsOngoingActivities Handlingdata SendandsyncdataonWearOSNetworkaccessandsynconWearOSAccesstheWearableDataLayerTransferassetsSendandreceivemessagesHandledatalayereventsSyncdataitemswiththeDataLayerAPI Userinput PhysicalbuttonsRotaryinputCreateinputmethodeditorsinWearVoice Healthservices OverviewActivedataandexercisePassivedataupdatesUsesyntheticdataprovidersEnhanceappcompatibility Design DesignprinciplesGettingstartedInteractiontypesScreenshapesNotificationsComplicationsTilesTilesdesignsystemOverlaysOngoingactivitiesConfirmationoverlayDisconnectionindicatorsPermissionmessagesSelectioncontrolsLaunchandlatencyNavigationPermissionsSigninHardwarebuttonsColorTypographyIconsDownloadsWearMaterialTheming Creatingwatchfaces OverviewDesignwatchfacesBuildawatchfaceserviceDrawwatchfacesAddingcomplicationstoawatchfaceCreatinginteractivewatchfacesProvideconfigurationactivitiesAddresscommonissuesImproveperformacewithhardwareaccelerationOptimizeperformanceandbatterylife WatchFaceStudio WatchFaceStudioKeyboardshortcutsManageaWatchFaceStudioprojectCreateawatchfacewithWatchFaceStudioBuildcomplicationsinWatchFaceStudioTagexpressionsLanguagesettingsAlways-oninWatchFaceStudioGyroeffectsBuildanduploadfromWatchFaceStudioTestyourwatchfaceFAQWearappqualityPackageWearOSappsDistributetoWearOSCreateWearOSappsforChinaWearOSreleasenotes AndroidTV Overview BuildTVApps OverviewGetstartedwithTVappsAndroidXTVlibrariesHandleTVhardwareManageTVcontrollersBuildTVlayoutsOn-screenkeyboardCreateTVnavigationBestpracticesfordrivingengagementonGoogleTV BuildTVplaybackapps Overview UIguidance&LeanbackAPI CreateacatalogbrowserProvideacardviewBuildadetailsviewUsetransportcontrolsPlaybackcontrolsonTVAmbientmodeAddaguidedstepIntroducefirst-timeuserstoyourappImplementamediasessionBackgroundplaybackinaNowPlayingcardAudiocapabilitiesMatchcontentframerate HelpusersfindcontentonTV Overview RecommendTVcontent OverviewChannelsonthehomescreenVideoprogramattributesAudioprogramattributesGameprogramattributes WatchNext AddprogramsAttributesGuidelinesforappdevelopersGuidelinesforTVprovidersPreviewvideosRecommendationsinAndroidNandearlierMakeTVappssearchableSearchwithinTVApps BuildTVgames OverviewUseStreamProtectforlatency-sensitivestreamingapps BuildTVinputservices OverviewDevelopaTVinputserviceWorkwithchanneldataManageTVuserinteractionSupporttime-shiftingSupportcontentrecordingTVAppschecklist TVAccessibility AccessibilitybestpracticesTalkBackevaluationexamplesAdoptsystemcaptionsettingsCustomviewaccessibilitysupportCustomviewaccessibilitysample Releases Android12forTV Android13forTV(Beta) OverviewWhat'snewforTV AndroidforCars Overview Buildmediaappsforcars BuildmediaappsforcarsAddsupportforAndroidAutoAddsupportforAndroidAutomotiveOSBuildmessagingappsforAndroidAuto Buildnavigationandpointofinterestappsforcars UsingtheAndroidforCarsAppLibraryBuildpointofinterestappsforcarsBuildnavigationappsforcarsAddsupportforAndroidAutoAddsupportforAndroidAutomotiveOSBuildvideoappsforAndroidAutomotiveOSTestAndroidappsforcarsDistributeAndroidappsforcarsGooglePlayservicesforcarsNotificationsonAndroidAutomotiveOS ChromeOSdevices OverviewBuildingappsforChromeOSOptimizingAppsforChromeOSPreparingyourdevelopmentenvironmentAppManifestCompatibilityforChromebooksChromeOSDeviceSupportforAppsAppRenderingDifferencesonChromebooksWindowmanagementAdaptingGamesonChromeOSSmoothanimationonChromeOSTestCasesforAndroidAppsonChromeOS Apparchitecture Introduction Guidetoapparchitecture Overview UIlayer OverviewUIeventsStateholdersandUIstateDomainlayerDatalayerLearningpathway ArchitectureComponents UIlayerlibraries Viewbinding OverviewMigratefromKotlinsyntheticstoviewbinding Databindinglibrary OverviewGetstartedLayoutsandbindingexpressionsWorkwithobservabledataobjectsGeneratedbindingclassesBindingadaptersBindlayoutviewstoArchitectureComponentsTwo-waydatabinding Lifecycle-awarecomponents HandlelifecyclesViewModelLiveDataSaveUIstatesSavedStatemoduleforViewModelUseKotlincoroutineswithlifecycle-awarecomponents PagingLibrary OverviewLoadanddisplaypageddataPagefromnetworkanddatabaseTransformdatastreamsManageandpresentloadingstatesTestyourPagingimplementationMigratetoPaging3 Paging2 OverviewDisplaypagedlistsLoadpageddata Datalayerlibraries DataStore WorkManager OverviewGettingStarted How-ToGuides DefiningyourWorkRequestsWorkstatesManagingworkObservingintermediateWorkerprogressChainingworktogetherTestingWorkerimplementationIntegrationtestswithWorkManagerDebuggingWorkManager AdvancedConcepts ConfigurationandInitialization ThreadinginWorkManager OverviewThreadinginWorkerThreadinginCoroutineWorkerThreadinginRxWorkerThreadinginListenableWorkerSupportforlong-runningworkersMigratingfromFirebaseJobDispatcherMigratingfromGCMNetworkManager Appentrypoints Activities IntroductiontoactivitiesTheactivitylifecycleActivitystatechangesTestyouractivitiesTasksandbackstackProcessesandapplifecycleParcelablesandbundlesLoadersRecentsscreenRestrictionsonstartingactivitiesfromthebackground Appshortcuts OverviewCreateshortcutsAddcapabilitiesManageshortcutsBestpracticesforshortcuts Appnavigation PrinciplesofnavigationDesignfordifferentformfactorsHandleconfigurationchanges Navigationcomponent OverviewGettingstartedCreatedestinationsDesignnavigationgraphsNestedgraphsGlobalactionsNavigatetoadestinationSupportmultiplebackstacksConditionalnavigationPassdatabetweendestinationsCreateadeeplinkforadestinationAnimatetransitionsbetweendestinationsUpdateUIcomponentswithNavigationUIKotlinDSLInteractprogrammaticallyNavigatewithfeaturemodulesBestpracticesformulti-moduleprojectsTestnavigationAddnewdestinationtypesMigratetotheNavigationcomponent Fragments OverviewCreateafragmentFragmentmanagerFragmenttransactionsAnimatetransitionsbetweenfragmentsFragmentlifecycleSavingstatewithfragmentsCommunicatewithfragmentsWorkingwiththeappbarDisplayingdialogswithDialogFragmentDebugyourfragmentsTestyourfragments Applinks OverviewEnablinglinkstoappcontentVerifyapplinksCreateapplinksforinstantappsCreateswipeviewswithtabsusingViewPagerCreateswipeviewswithtabsusingViewPager2Providecustombacknavigation Dependencyinjection OverviewManualdependencyinjectionDependencyinjectionwithHiltHiltinmulti-moduleappsUseHiltwithotherJetpacklibrariesHilttestingguideHiltandDaggerannotationscheatsheet Dagger DaggerbasicsUsingDaggerinAndroidappsUsingDaggerinmulti-moduleapps AppStartup Coretopics Appcompatibility OverviewCompatibilityframeworktoolsRestrictionsonnon-SDKinterfaces Interactwithotherapps OverviewSendingtheusertoanotherappGettingaresultfromanactivityAllowingotherappstostartyouractivity Packagevisibility OverviewKnowwhichpackagesarevisibleautomaticallyDeclarepackagevisibilityneedsFulfillcommonusecasesTestpackagevisibility Intentsandintentfilters OverviewCommonintents Userinterface Overview Layouts OverviewBuildaresponsiveUIwithConstraintLayout AddmotiontoyourlayoutwithMotionLayout OverviewCarouselwithMotionLayoutMotionLayoutexamples MotionLayoutXMLreference OverviewCreatealistwithRecyclerViewAdvancedRecyclerViewcustomizationCreateacard-basedlayoutCreateatwopanelayout Improvinglayoutperformance OverviewOptimizinglayouthierarchiesRe-usinglayoutswithDelayedloadingofviewsLinearlayoutAdapterviewRelativelayout Customviewcomponents OverviewCreatingacustomviewclassImplementingcustomdrawingMakingtheviewinteractiveOptimizingtheviewDesigningforfoldables Lookandfeel MaterialdesignStylesandthemesDarkthemeRoundedcornersAdaptiveiconsAddafloatingactionbuttonCreateshadowsandclipviews Text AutosizingTextViewsDownloadablefontsFontsinXML Emoji SupportmodernemojiEmojicompatibilityMagnifierwidgetSpansButtonsCheckboxesRadiobuttonsTogglebuttonsSpinnersPickersTooltips Notifications OverviewCreateanotificationCreateanexpandablenotificationDisplaytime-sensitivenotificationsStartanactivityfromanotificationCreateagroupofnotificationsCreateandmanagenotificationchannelsModifyanotificationBadgeCreateacustomnotification Splashscreens OverviewMigrateyourexistingsplashscreenConversationsBubbles Addtheappbar OverviewSetuptheappbarAddandhandleactionsAddanupactionUseactionviewsandactionproviders Windowinsets OverviewDisplayedge-to-edgeImmersivemodeSupportdisplaycutoutsControlthesoftwarekeyboard Supportingswipe-to-refresh OverviewAddingswipe-to-refreshtoyourappRespondingtoarefreshgestureToastsoverview Pop-upmessagesoverview OverviewBuildanddisplayapop-upmessageAddanactiontoamessageDialogsMenus Settings OverviewOrganizeyoursettingsCustomizeyoursettingsUsesavedvaluesBuildahierarchyincodeHandleotherformfactorsPreferencecomponentsandattributes Search OverviewCreatingasearchinterfaceAddingrecentquerysuggestionsAddingcustomsuggestionsSearchableconfiguration Addingsearchfunctionality OverviewSettingupthesearchinterfaceStoringandsearchingfordataRemainingbackwardcompatibleReceiverichcontentCopyandpasteDraganddropPicture-in-picturesupport Creatingbackward-compatibleUIs OverviewAbstractingthenewAPIsProxyingtothenewAPIsCreatinganimplementationwitholderAPIsUsingtheversion-awarecomponentDevicecontrol Homechannelsformobileapps OverviewMediaHomeBooksMediaHomeVideoMediaHomeAudio Appwidgets OverviewCreateasimplewidgetEnhanceyourwidgetCreateanadvancedwidgetUsewidgetcollectionsProvideflexiblewidgetlayoutsEnablewidgetconfigurationBuildanappwidgethost Animations&transitions OverviewIntroductiontoanimationsPropertyanimationoverviewAnimatedrawablegraphicsRevealorhideaviewusinganimationMoveaviewusinganimationMoveaviewusingaflinganimationEnlargeaviewusingazoomanimationAnimatemovementusingspringphysicsAutoanimatelayoutupdatesAnimatelayoutchangesusingatransitionCreateacustomtransitionanimationStartanactivityusingananimationSlidebetweenfragmentsusingViewPagerSlidebetweenfragmentsusingViewPager2MigratefromViewPagertoViewPager2Additionalresources Images&graphics OverviewDrawablesoverviewVectordrawablesoverviewHandlingbitmapsSelectingcolorswiththepaletteAPIReducingimagedownloadsizesHardwareacceleration DrawingwithAGSLshaders OverviewDifferencesbetweenAGSLandGLSLUsingAGSLinyourAndroidappAGSLQuickReferenceOpenGLES DisplayinggraphicswithOpenGLES OverviewBuildinganOpenGLESenvironmentDefiningshapesDrawingshapesApplyingprojectionandcameraviewsAddingmotionRespondingtotouchevents Rendering OverviewReducingoverdrawPerformanceandviewhierarchiesAnalyzingwithprofileGPUrenderingEnhancinggraphicswithwidecolorcontent Audio&video Audio&videooverview Media3 Overview Gettingstarted UseamediasessiontomanageplaybackPlaymediainthebackground ExoPlayer ExoPlayerandMedia3ExoPlayertoMedia3mappingsMigrationguideMediacontrolsSupportedmediaformatsMediacodecs Mediaapparchitecture MediaapparchitectureoverviewUsingamediasession Buildinganaudioapp AudioappoverviewBuildingamediabrowserserviceBuildingamediabrowserclientMediasessioncallbacksUsingthemediacontrollertestapp Buildingavideoapp VideoappoverviewBuildingavideoplayeractivityMediasessioncallbacksCompatiblemediatranscodingRespondingtomediabuttonsHandlingchangesinaudiooutputManageaudiofocus TheGoogleAssistant TheGoogleAssistantandmediaappsMediaappsonGoogleAssistantdrivingmode Routingbetweendevices RoutingoverviewMediaRouteroverviewMediaRouteProvideroverviewControlamplitudewithVolumeShaperMediaPlayeroverviewMediaRecorderoverviewExoPlayerSharingaudioinputCapturevideoandaudioplaybackFramerateBestpracticesforsharingvideoAdditionalResourcesforMedia Services OverviewForegroundservicesBoundservicesAIDLoverview Backgroundtasks OverviewBackgroundthreadsBackgroundoptimizations Broadcasts OverviewImplicitBroadcastExceptions Managedeviceawakestate OverviewKeepthedeviceawakeSchedulealarmsUsingaListenableFuture Permissions OverviewEvaluatewhetheryourappneedspermissionsDeclareapppermissionsRequestapppermissionsExplainaccesstomoresensitiveinformationApppermissionsbestpracticesPermissionsusedonlyindefaulthandlersRestrictinteractionswithotherappsDefinecustompermissions Appdata&files OverviewStorageoverviewSavetoapp-specificstorage Savetosharedstorage OverviewMediaDocumentsandotherfilesDatasetsManageallfilesonastoragedeviceSavekey-valuedata Savedatainalocaldatabase OverviewDefinedatausingentitiesAccessdatausingDAOsDefinerelationshipsbetweenobjectsWriteasynchronousDAOqueriesCreateviewsintoadatabasePrepopulateyourdatabaseMigrateyourdatabaseTestanddebugyourdatabaseReferencecomplexdataMigratefromSQLitetoRoomSavedatausingSQLiteStorageusecasesandbestpractices Sharingsimpledata OverviewSendingsimpledatatootherappsReceivingsimpledatafromotherapps Sharingfiles OverviewSettingupfilesharingSharingafileRequestingasharedfileRetrievingfileinformation SharingfileswithNFC OverviewSendingfilestoanotherdeviceReceivingfilesfromanotherdevice Printingfiles OverviewPrintingphotosPrintingHTMLdocumentsPrintingcustomdocuments Contentproviders OverviewContentproviderbasicsCreatingacontentproviderOpenfilesusingstorageaccessframeworkCreateacustomdocumentproviderAppinstalllocation Userdata&identity OverviewAddsign-inworkflowShowabiometricauthenticationdialog Autofillframework OverviewOptimizeyourappforautofillBuildautofillservicesIntegrateautofillwithkeyboardsIdentifydeveloper-ownedappsReviewhowyourappcollectsandsharesuserdataAuditdataaccessGetauser-resettableadvertisingIDCalendarprovideroverview Contactsprovider OverviewRetrievingalistofcontactsRetrievingdetailsforacontactModifyingcontactsusingintentsDisplayingthequickcontactbadgeAccounttransfer Databackup OverviewBackupuserdataBackupkey-valuepairsTestbackupandrestoreBestpracticesforuniqueidentifiers Rememberandauthenticateusers OverviewRememberyouruserAuthenticatetoOAuth2servicesCreateacustomaccounttype Userlocation OverviewRequestlocationpermissionsGetthelastknownlocationChangelocationsettingsRequestlocationupdatesAccesslocationinthebackgroundCreateandmonitorgeofencesDetectwhenusersstartanactivityOptimizelocationforbatteryTestlocationworkflowsMigratetolocationandcontextAPIsAddmaps Touch&input OverviewInputevents Usingtouchgestures OverviewDetectcommongesturesTracktouchandpointermovementsAnimateascrollgestureSupportnavigationgesturesHandlemulti-touchgesturesDragandscaleManagetoucheventsinaViewGroup Handlingkeyboardinput OverviewSpecifyingtheinputmethodtypeHandlinginputmethodvisibilitySupportingkeyboardnavigationHandlingkeyboardactions Supportinggamecontrollers OverviewHandlingcontrolleractionsSupportingcontrollersacrossAndroidversionsSupportingmultiplegamecontrollers Inputmethodeditors CreatinganinputmethodImagekeyboardSpellingchecker Camera Chooseacameralibrary CameraX OverviewArchitectureConfiguration Usecases PreviewImagecaptureImageanalysisVideocapture Advancedtopics ExtensionsAPITransformoutputRotationsDevices Camera2 OverviewCameracapturesessionsandrequestsCameralensesandcapabilitiesUsemultiplecamerastreamssimultaneouslyCamerapreviewMulti-CameraAPIExtensionsAPI Camera(deprecated) OverviewTakephotosRecordvideosControlthecameraCameraAPI Sensors OverviewSensorsoverviewMotionsensorsPositionsensorsEnvironmentsensorsRawGNSSmeasurements Connectivity Overview Performingnetworkoperations OverviewConnecttothenetworkManagenetworkusageReadingnetworkstateOptimizenetworkaccessOptimizenetworkdatausageMonitorconnectivitystatusandconnectionmeteringParseXMLdata PerformnetworkoperationsusingCronet OverviewSendasimplerequestCronetrequestlifecycleUseCronetwithotherlibraries Reference org.chromium.net OverviewCallbackException CronetEngine Overview CronetEngine.Builder OverviewLibraryLoaderCronetExceptionInlineExecutionProhibitedExceptionNetworkExceptionQuicExceptionUploadDataProviderUploadDataProvidersUploadDataSink UrlRequest OverviewBuilderCallbackStatusStatusListener UrlResponseInfo OverviewHeaderBlockEnhanceyourappswith5GBuildclient-serverapplicationswithgRPC Transferringdatawithoutdrainingthebattery OverviewOptimizedownloadsforefficientnetworkaccessMinimizetheeffectofregularupdatesAvoidunoptimizeddownloads Reducenetworkbatterydrain OverviewCollectingnetworktrafficdataAnalyzingdatatrafficOptimizenetworkaccessOptimizeuser-initiatednetworkuseOptimizeapp-initiatednetworkuseOptimizeserver-initiatednetworkuseOptimizinggeneralnetworkuse TransferdatausingSyncAdapters OverviewCreateaStubAuthenticatorCreateaStubContentProviderCreateaSyncAdapterRunaSyncAdapter Bluetooth OverviewSetupBluetoothFindBluetoothdevicesConnectBluetoothdevicesTransferBluetoothdataBluetoothpermissionsBluetoothprofilesCompaniondevicepairing BluetoothLowEnergy OverviewFindBLEdevicesConnecttoaGATTserverTransferBLEdata NFC OverviewNFCbasicsAdvancedNFCHost-basedcardemulationoverview Telecom OverviewBuildacallingappPreventcallerIDspoofingTelephonyIDs Wi-Fi Wi-FiscanningoverviewWi-Fipeer-to-peerWi-FiAwareoverviewWi-FilocationwithRTTLocalOnlyHotspot Discoverandconnect OverviewUsenetworkservicediscoveryCreateP2PconnectionswithWi-FiUseWi-FiP2PforservicediscoveryWi-FiEasyConnect Wi-Fiinfrastructure Wi-FiinfrastructureoverviewWi-FisuggestionAPIforinternetconnectivityWi-FiNetworkRequestAPIforpeer-to-peerconnectivityPasspointSavenetworksandPasspointconfigurations USB OverviewAccessoryoverviewHostoverviewUWBVPNSessioninitiationprotocoloverviewOpenMobileAPIreadersupport Renderscript OverviewAdvancedRenderScriptMigratefromRenderScript RuntimeAPIreference OverviewNumericaltypesObjecttypesConversionfunctionsMathematicalconstantsandfunctionsVectormathfunctionsMatrixfunctionsQuaternionfunctionsAtomicupdatefunctionsTimefunctionsandtypesAllocationdataaccessfunctionsObjectcharacteristicsfunctionsKernelinvocationfunctionsandtypesInput/outputfunctionsDebuggingfunctionsGraphicsfunctionsandtypesIndex Web-basedcontent OverviewBuildingwebappsinWebViewManagingWebViewobjectsLoadlocalcontentDarkenwebcontentUserprivacyinWebViewreportingSupportingdifferentscreensinwebappsDebuggingwebappsBestpracticesforwebappsTestingagainstfutureversionsofWebView AndroidAppBundles OverviewConfigurethebasemoduleBuildandtestyourappbundleAddcodetransparencyTheappbundleformatFrequentlyaskedquestions GooglePlay GooglePlayBillingGooglePlayCorelibraries PlayPoints OverviewCreateproductsandpromotionsDetectanddeliverproductsTestproducts PlayAssetDelivery OverviewIntegrateassetdelivery(Kotlin&Java)Integrateassetdelivery(native)Integrateassetdelivery(Unity)TargettexturecompressionformatsTestassetdelivery PlayFeatureDelivery OverviewConfigureinstall-timedeliveryConfigureconditionaldeliveryConfigureon-demanddeliveryOn-demanddeliverybestpracticesConfigureinstantdeliveryAdditionalresources In-appreviews OverviewIntegrateusingKotlinorJavaIntegrateusingnativecodeIntegrateusingUnityTestin-appreviews In-appupdates OverviewSupportin-appupdates(KotlinorJava)Supportin-appupdates(Native)Supportin-appupdates(Unity)Testin-appupdates GooglePlayInstant OverviewofGooglePlayInstant Getstartedwithinstantapps Createaninstant-enabledappbundleUXbestpracticesforapps Getstartedwithinstantgames OverviewUnitypluginUXbestpracticesforgamesMigratetoAndroidAppBundlesImplementclouddeliveryofassetsSupportGooglePlayGamesServicesInstantPlaygamesInstantPlaygameschecklistReducethesizeofyourinstantapporgameAddadstoyourinstantapporgameProvidemultipleentrypoints IntegratewithFirebase AddGoogleAnalyticsforFirebasetoyourinstantappUseFirebaseDynamicLinkswithinstantappsTechnicalrequirementschecklistGooglePlayInstantpolicy Resources ReferenceCodesamplesSDKreleasenotesInstantAppIntents Support KnownissuesStackOverflowPlayDeveloperAPI PlayInstallReferrer Overview PlayInstallReferrerLibrary OverviewReferenceReleasenotesPlayInstallReferrerAPIPlayIntegrityAPI PlayRequirements PlayPoliciesTargetAPILevelSupport64-bitarchitectures ApplicationLicensing OverviewLicensingOverviewSettingUpforLicensingAddingServer-SideVerificationAddingClient-SideVerificationLicensingReferenceAPKExpansionFiles GoogleAssistant Overview Build AppActionsoverviewImplementbuilt-inintentsCreateshortcuts.xmlPushdynamicshortcutstoAssistantReleasenotes Test GoogleAssistantplugin Grow OverviewIn-AppShortcutPromoSDK Addmorefeatures CustomintentsAndroidwidgetsForegroundappinvocationInlineinventoryWebinventoryAssistantsharingReadIt Actions.xml Actions.xmlmigrationguideActions.xmloverviewBuildAppActionsCreateactions.xmlWebinventoryAppActionstesttoolAndroidSlicesTroubleshootingSupport Slices OverviewGettingStartedSlicetemplates On-devicesearch Games Develop Overview AndroidGameDevelopmentKit(AGDK) OverviewLibrariesDownloadReleasenotesAndroidStudio AndroidGameDevelopmentExtensionforVisualStudio OverviewQuickstartConfigureaprojectDebuggerMeasureappperformanceModifybuild.gradlefilesforAndroidStudioSamplesReleasenotes AndroidGPUInspector OverviewQuickstartSupporteddevices Systemprofiling OverviewViewasystemprofileGPUperformancecounters Analyzeasystemprofile FrameprocessingtimesMemoryefficiencyTexturememorybandwidthusageVertexmemorybandwidthusageThreadscheduling Frameprofiling Overview Analyzeaframeprofile MostexpensiverenderpassesVertexformatsShaderperformance FrameProfilerUI PerformancepaneCommandspaneFramebufferpaneGeometrypaneReportpaneShaderpaneMemorypaneStatepaneTexturespaneTexturepanePipelineviewpaneSupportedVulkanextensionsTroubleshootAndroidPerformanceTuner MemoryAdviceAPI OverviewGetstarted Improve ImprovegameperformanceReducegamesize Improvedeviceavailability Support64-bitarchitecturesSupportallscreens GameMode OverviewOptimizewithGameModeAPIGameModeinterventions VulkanandOpenGL 3DassetoptimizationVulkanPrerotationVertexdatamanagement Distribute Overview GooglePlayGamesServices OverviewGetstartedDownloads SetupPlayConsole SetupPlayGamesServicesEnablefeaturesCloudprojectmanagementPublish Managefeatures AchievementsLeaderboardsEventsSavedgamesFriendsSign-in UsetheAPIs Android GetstartedSign-inEnableserver-sideaccessAnti-piracy Addfeatures AchievementsLeaderboardsFriendsSavedgamesEventsPlayerstatsTroubleshooting Unity OverviewGetstarted Addfeatures AchievementsLeaderboardsSavedgamesEventsFriendsPlayerstatsCAPI-comingsoon PublishingAPI OverviewGetstartedUploadimagesManagementAPI Requirementsandguidelines QualitychecklistBrandingguidelinesQuotaandratelimitsDatadisclosurerequirementsTermsofserviceSupport GooglePlayGamesforPC OverviewGetstarted Setupyourgame PCcompatibilityGraphicsconfiguration Deviceinput Setupinput InputSDK OverviewQuickstart Continuity OverviewContinuityrequirementsVerifyingrequirementsExistingidentitysolutionsUsetheemulatorTestonChromeOS Publishanddeploy PackageSubmitUpdateFAQGooglePlayInstantPlayasyoudownload Health&fitnessapps HealthConnect Introduction Platformoverview ArchitectureDeveloperfunctionalityGetstarted Dataanddatatypes IntroductionDatatypesDifferentialchangesAPI Commonworkflows WritedataReaddataDeletedataAggregatedataWorkwithsessionsExceptionsFrequentlyaskedquestions HealthConnectguidelines HealthConnectpolicyrequirementFAQsUXdeveloperguidance Migrate HealthConnectAPIcomparisonguideFitAndroidAPItoHealthConnectmigrationguide Bestpractices Testing TestappsonAndroid Fundamentals FundamentalsoftestingAndroidappsWhattotestinAndroidUsingtestdoublesinAndroid Localtests Buildlocaltests Instrumentedtests BuildinstrumentedtestsAutomateUItests AndroidXtestlibraries SetupprojectforAndroidXTestJUnit4ruleswithAndroidXTestAndroidJUnitRunner Espresso EspressoEspressobasicsEspressosetupinstructionsEspressocheatsheetEspressoidlingresourcesEspresso-IntentsEspressolistsMultiprocessEspressoEspressorecipesEspressoWebAccessibilitycheckingAdditionalResourcesforEspresso Testingothercomponents TestcontentprovidersTestyourserviceWriteautomatedtestswithUIAutomator Performance Overview Inspectingperformance OverviewAndroidStudioProfilers Profilingandtracing Systemtracing Overview Capturetrace CaptureatraceinAndroidStudioCaptureatraceonadeviceCaptureatracefromthecommandlineNavigateareport Customevents DefinecustomeventsCustomtraceeventsinnativecodeInspectGPUrendering Benchmarking Overview Macrobenchmark WritingabenchmarkCapturethemetricsControlyourappAddinginstrumentationarguments Microbenchmark OverviewWritingabenchmarkProfilingabenchmarkAddinginstrumentationargumentsBuildingwithoutGradleBenchmarkinginCI Measureperformance OverviewExamples Improvingperformance OverviewBaselineProfilesAppstartuplibrary Guides WorkinginthebackgroundPerformanceclassAppStandbyBucketsAppHibernationVerifyingAppBehaviorontheAndroidRuntime(ART) Solvingcommonproblems AppStartup Slowrendering KeepingyourappresponsiveImprovinglayoutperformanceRendering Memory OverviewofmemorymanagementMemoryallocationamongpropertiesManageyourapp'smemoryProcessesandthreads Batteryandpower OptimizefordozeandappstandbyMonitorthebatterylevelandchargingstateMonitorconnectivitystatusandconnectionmeteringDetermingandmonitordockingstateandtypeProfilebatteryusagewithBatterystatsandBatteryHistorianAnalyzepowerusewithBatteryHistorianTestpower-relatedissuesBackgroundoptimizationsReduceappsize Monitoringperformance Overview AndroidVitals OverviewStuckPartialWakeLocksExcessiveWakeupsExcessiveBackgroundWi-FiScansExcessiveBackgroundNetworkUsageANRsCrashesSlowRenderingFrozenFramesPermissionDenialsAppStartupTimeJankStatslibrary Accessibility Overview Buildandtestappsforaccessibility MakeappsmoreaccessiblePrinciplesforimprovingappaccessibilityTestyourapp'saccessibility Advancedtopics MakecustomviewsmoreaccessibleCreateyourownaccessibilityserviceAdditionalresources Privacy Privacybestpractices Security AppsecuritybestpracticesSecuritytipsSecuritywithdataSecuritywithdataacrossadditionalAndroidversionsSecuritywithHTTPSandSSLNetworksecurityconfigurationUpdatingyoursecurityprovidertoprotectagainstSSLexploits ProtectingagainstsecuritythreatswithSafetyNet OverviewSafetyNetAttestationAPIDiscontinuingSafetyNetAttestationPlayIntegrityAPISafetyNetSafeBrowsingAPISafetyNetreCAPTCHAAPISafetyNetVerifyAppsAPICryptographyAndroidKeystoreSystemVerifyinghardware-backedkeypairswithkeyattestationAndroidProtectedConfirmationSupportingDirectBootRunningembeddedDEXcodeAppsecurityimprovementprogram SDKs SDKbestpractices BuildforBillions OverviewConnectivityDevicecapabilityDatacostBatteryconsumptionUIandcontent BuildforEnterprise OverviewDeveloperguideWorkprofilesSetupmanagedconfigurations Appfeedback SendappfeedbacktoEMMsTestappfeedbackWorkcontactsDevicemanagementpolicies Devicemanagement OverviewBuildadevicepolicycontroller Dedicateddevices OverviewLocktaskmodeMultipleusersCookbookDevicecontrolNetworkingandtelephonySecuritySystemupdatesNetworkactivitylogging Androidversions OverviewAndroid12Android11Android10Android9Android8.0Android7.0Deviceadministration AndroidDevelopers Docs Guides OpenGLES Androidincludessupportforhighperformance2Dand3DgraphicswiththeOpenGraphicsLibrary (OpenGL®),specifically,theOpenGLESAPI.OpenGLisacross-platformgraphicsAPIthat specifiesa standardsoftwareinterfacefor3Dgraphicsprocessinghardware.OpenGLESisaflavoroftheOpenGL specificationintendedforembeddeddevices.AndroidsupportsseveralversionsoftheOpenGLES API: OpenGLES1.0and1.1-ThisAPIspecificationissupportedbyAndroid1.0andhigher. OpenGLES2.0-ThisAPIspecificationissupportedbyAndroid2.2(APIlevel8)andhigher. OpenGLES3.0-ThisAPIspecificationissupportedbyAndroid4.3(APIlevel18)andhigher. OpenGLES3.1-ThisAPIspecificationissupportedbyAndroid5.0(APIlevel21)andhigher. Caution: RegardlessoftheAndroidplatformversion,adevicecannotsupport theOpenGLES3.0APIunlessthedevicemanufacturerprovidesan implementationofthisgraphicspipeline.Ifyouspecifyinthemanifestthat OpenGLES3.0isrequired,youcanbesurethatthatversionwillbepresent onthedevice.Ifyouspecifythatalower-levelversionisrequiredbutyou wanttouse3.0featuresifthey'reavailable,youshouldcheckatruntime toseewhatversionofOpenGLthedevicesupports.Forinformationonhowto dothis,seeCheckingOpenGLESversion. Note: ThespecificAPIprovidedbytheAndroidframeworkissimilartotheJ2MEJSR239OpenGLESAPI, butisnotidentical.IfyouarefamiliarwithJ2MEJSR239specification,bealertfor variations. Alsosee DisplayinggraphicswithOpenGLES OpenGLES OpenGLES1.xSpecification OpenGLES2.xspecification OpenGLES3.xspecification Thebasics AndroidsupportsOpenGLboththroughitsframeworkAPIandtheNativeDevelopment Kit(NDK).ThistopicfocusesontheAndroidframeworkinterfaces.Formoreinformationaboutthe NDK,seetheAndroidNDK. TherearetwofoundationalclassesintheAndroidframeworkthatletyoucreateandmanipulate graphicswiththeOpenGLESAPI:GLSurfaceViewand GLSurfaceView.Renderer.IfyourgoalistouseOpenGLinyourAndroidapplication, understandinghowtoimplementtheseclassesinanactivityshouldbeyourfirstobjective. GLSurfaceView ThisclassisaViewwhereyoucandrawandmanipulateobjectsusing OpenGLAPIcallsandissimilarinfunctiontoaSurfaceView.Youcanuse thisclassbycreatinganinstanceofGLSurfaceViewandaddingyour Renderertoit.However,ifyouwanttocapture touchscreenevents,youshouldextendtheGLSurfaceViewclassto implementthetouchlisteners,asshowninOpenGLtraininglesson, Respondingtotouchevents. GLSurfaceView.Renderer ThisinterfacedefinesthemethodsrequiredfordrawinggraphicsinaGLSurfaceView.Youmustprovideanimplementationofthisinterfaceasa separateclassandattachittoyourGLSurfaceViewinstanceusing GLSurfaceView.setRenderer(). TheGLSurfaceView.Rendererinterfacerequiresthatyouimplementthe followingmethods: onSurfaceCreated():Thesystemcallsthis methodonce,whencreatingtheGLSurfaceView.Usethismethodtoperform actionsthatneedtohappenonlyonce,suchassettingOpenGLenvironmentparametersor initializingOpenGLgraphicobjects. onDrawFrame():ThesystemcallsthismethodoneachredrawoftheGLSurfaceView.Usethismethodastheprimaryexecutionpointfor drawing(andre-drawing)graphicobjects. onSurfaceChanged():ThesystemcallsthismethodwhentheGLSurfaceViewgeometrychanges,includingchangesinsizeoftheGLSurfaceViewororientationofthedevicescreen.Forexample,thesystemcalls thismethodwhenthedevicechangesfromportraittolandscapeorientation.Usethismethodto respondtochangesintheGLSurfaceViewcontainer. OpenGLESpackages OnceyouhaveestablishedacontainerviewforOpenGLESusingGLSurfaceViewandGLSurfaceView.Renderer,youcanbegin callingOpenGLAPIsusingthefollowingclasses: OpenGLES1.0/1.1APIPackages android.opengl-ThispackageprovidesastaticinterfacetotheOpenGLES 1.0/1.1classesandbetterperformancethanthejavax.microedition.khronospackage interfaces. GLES10 GLES10Ext GLES11 GLES11Ext javax.microedition.khronos.opengles-Thispackageprovidesthestandard implementationofOpenGLES1.0/1.1. GL10 GL10Ext GL11 GL11Ext GL11ExtensionPack OpenGLES2.0APIClass android.opengl.GLES20-Thispackageprovidesthe interfacetoOpenGLES2.0andisavailablestartingwithAndroid2.2(APIlevel8). OpenGLES3.0/3.1APIPackages android.opengl-ThispackageprovidestheinterfacetotheOpenGLES3.0/3.1 classes. Version3.0isavailablestartingwithAndroid4.3(APIlevel18).Version3.1isavailable startingwithAndroid5.0(APIlevel21). GLES30 GLES31 GLES31Ext(AndroidExtensionPack) IfyouwanttostartbuildinganappwithOpenGLESrightaway,followthe DisplayinggraphicswithOpenGLES class. DeclaringOpenGLrequirements IfyourapplicationusesOpenGLfeaturesthatarenotavailableonalldevices,youmustinclude theserequirementsinyourAndroidManifest.xml file.HerearethemostcommonOpenGLmanifestdeclarations: OpenGLESversionrequirements-Ifyourapplicationrequiresaspecific versionof OpenGLES,youmustdeclarethatrequirementbyaddingthefollowingsettingstoyourmanifestas shownbelow. ForOpenGLES2.0: AddingthisdeclarationcausesGooglePlaytorestrictyourapplicationfrombeing installedondevicesthatdonotsupportOpenGLES2.0.Ifyourapplicationisexclusivelyfor devicesthatsupportOpenGLES3.0,youcanalsospecifythisinyourmanifest: ForOpenGLES3.0: ForOpenGLES3.1: Note: TheOpenGLES3.xAPIisbackwards-compatiblewiththe2.0API,whichmeansyoucanbemore flexiblewithyourimplementationofOpenGLESinyourapplication.BydeclaringtheOpenGL ES2.0APIasarequirementinyourmanifest,youcanusethatAPIversionasadefault,check fortheavailabilityofthe3.xAPIatruntimeandthenuseOpenGLES3.xfeaturesifthe devicesupportsit.FormoreinformationaboutcheckingtheOpenGLESversionsupportedbya device,seeCheckingOpenGLESversion. Texturecompressionrequirements-Ifyourapplicationusestexture compressionformats,youmustdeclaretheformatsyourapplicationsupportsinyourmanifestfile using. Formoreinformationaboutavailabletexturecompression formats,seeTexturecompressionsupport. Declaringtexturecompressionrequirementsinyourmanifesthidesyourapplicationfromusers withdevicesthatdonotsupportatleastoneofyourdeclaredcompressiontypes.Formore informationonhowGooglePlayfilteringworksfortexturecompressions,seethe GooglePlayandtexturecompressionfilteringsectionofthedocumentation. Mappingcoordinatesfordrawnobjects OneofthebasicproblemsindisplayinggraphicsonAndroiddevicesisthattheirscreenscan varyinsizeandshape.OpenGLassumesasquare,uniformcoordinatesystemand,bydefault,happily drawsthosecoordinatesontoyourtypicallynon-squarescreenasifitisperfectlysquare. Figure1.DefaultOpenGLcoordinatesystem(left)mappedtoatypicalAndroid devicescreen(right). TheillustrationaboveshowstheuniformcoordinatesystemassumedforanOpenGLframeonthe left,andhowthesecoordinatesactuallymaptoatypicaldevicescreeninlandscapeorientation ontheright.Tosolvethisproblem,youcanapplyOpenGLprojectionmodesandcameraviewsto transformcoordinatessoyourgraphicobjectshavethecorrectproportionsonanydisplay. Inordertoapplyprojectionandcameraviews,youcreateaprojectionmatrixandacameraview matrixandapplythemtotheOpenGLrenderingpipeline.Theprojectionmatrixrecalculatesthe coordinatesofyourgraphicssothattheymapcorrectlytoAndroiddevicescreens.Thecameraview matrixcreatesatransformationthatrendersobjectsfromaspecificeyeposition. ProjectionandcameraviewinOpenGLES1.0 IntheES1.0API,youapplyprojectionandcameraviewbycreatingeachmatrixandthen addingthemtotheOpenGLenvironment. Projectionmatrix-Createaprojectionmatrixusingthegeometryofthe devicescreeninordertorecalculateobjectcoordinatessotheyaredrawnwithcorrectproportions. ThefollowingexamplecodedemonstrateshowtomodifytheonSurfaceChanged()methodofaGLSurfaceView.Renderer implementationtocreateaprojectionmatrixbasedonthescreen'saspectratioandapplyittothe OpenGLrenderingenvironment. Kotlin overridefunonSurfaceChanged(gl:GL10,width:Int,height:Int){ gl.apply{ glViewport(0,0,width,height) //makeadjustmentsforscreenratio valratio:Float=width.toFloat()/height.toFloat() glMatrixMode(GL10.GL_PROJECTION)//setmatrixtoprojectionmode glLoadIdentity()//resetthematrixtoitsdefaultstate glFrustumf(-ratio,ratio,-1f,1f,3f,7f)//applytheprojectionmatrix } } Java publicvoidonSurfaceChanged(GL10gl,intwidth,intheight){ gl.glViewport(0,0,width,height); //makeadjustmentsforscreenratio floatratio=(float)width/height; gl.glMatrixMode(GL10.GL_PROJECTION);//setmatrixtoprojectionmode gl.glLoadIdentity();//resetthematrixtoitsdefaultstate gl.glFrustumf(-ratio,ratio,-1,1,3,7);//applytheprojectionmatrix } Cameratransformationmatrix-Onceyouhaveadjustedthecoordinatesystem usingaprojectionmatrix,youmustalsoapplyacameraview.Thefollowingexamplecodeshowshow tomodifytheonDrawFrame()methodofaGLSurfaceView.Renderer implementationtoapplyamodelviewandusethe GLU.gluLookAt()utilitytocreateaviewingtranformation whichsimulatesacameraposition. Kotlin overridefunonDrawFrame(gl:GL10){ ... gl.apply{ //SetGL_MODELVIEWtransformationmode glMatrixMode(GL10.GL_MODELVIEW) glLoadIdentity()//resetthematrixtoitsdefaultstate } //WhenusingGL_MODELVIEW,youmustsetthecameraview GLU.gluLookAt(gl,0f,0f,-5f,0f,0f,0f,0f,1.0f,0.0f) ... } Java publicvoidonDrawFrame(GL10gl){ ... //SetGL_MODELVIEWtransformationmode gl.glMatrixMode(GL10.GL_MODELVIEW); gl.glLoadIdentity();//resetthematrixtoitsdefaultstate //WhenusingGL_MODELVIEW,youmustsetthecameraview GLU.gluLookAt(gl,0,0,-5,0f,0f,0f,0f,1.0f,0.0f); ... } ProjectionandcameraviewinOpenGLES2.0andhigher IntheES2.0and3.0APIs,youapplyprojectionandcameraviewbyfirstaddingamatrixmember tothevertexshadersofyourgraphicsobjects.Withthismatrixmemberadded,youcanthen generateandapplyprojectionandcameraviewingmatricestoyourobjects. Addmatrixtovertexshaders-Createavariablefortheviewprojectionmatrix andincludeitasamultiplieroftheshader'sposition.Inthefollowingexamplevertexshader code,theincludeduMVPMatrixmemberallowsyoutoapplyprojectionandcameraviewing matricestothecoordinatesofobjectsthatusethisshader. Kotlin privatevalvertexShaderCode= //Thismatrixmembervariableprovidesahooktomanipulate //thecoordinatesofobjectsthatusethisvertexshader. "uniformmat4uMVPMatrix;\n"+ "attributevec4vPosition;\n"+ "voidmain(){\n"+ //Thematrixmustbeincludedaspartofgl_Position //NotethattheuMVPMatrixfactor*mustbefirst*inorder //forthematrixmultiplicationproducttobecorrect. "gl_Position=uMVPMatrix*vPosition;\n"+ "}\n" Java privatefinalStringvertexShaderCode= //Thismatrixmembervariableprovidesahooktomanipulate //thecoordinatesofobjectsthatusethisvertexshader. "uniformmat4uMVPMatrix;\n"+ "attributevec4vPosition;\n"+ "voidmain(){\n"+ //Thematrixmustbeincludedaspartofgl_Position //NotethattheuMVPMatrixfactor*mustbefirst*inorder //forthematrixmultiplicationproducttobecorrect. "gl_Position=uMVPMatrix*vPosition;\n"+ "}\n"; Note:Theexampleabovedefinesasingletransformationmatrix memberinthevertexshaderintowhichyouapplyacombinedprojectionmatrixandcameraview matrix.Dependingonyourapplicationrequirements,youmaywanttodefineseparateprojection matrixandcameraviewingmatrixmembersinyourvertexshaderssoyoucanchangethem independently. Accesstheshadermatrix-Aftercreatingahookinyourvertexshadersto applyprojectionandcameraview,youcanthenaccessthatvariabletoapplyprojectionand cameraviewingmatrices.ThefollowingcodeshowshowtomodifytheonSurfaceCreated()methodofaGLSurfaceView.Rendererimplementationtoaccessthematrix variabledefinedinthevertexshaderabove. Kotlin overridefunonSurfaceCreated(gl:GL10,config:EGLConfig){ ... muMVPMatrixHandle=GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(program,"uMVPMatrix") ... } Java publicvoidonSurfaceCreated(GL10unused,EGLConfigconfig){ ... muMVPMatrixHandle=GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(program,"uMVPMatrix"); ... } Createprojectionandcameraviewingmatrices-Generatetheprojectionand viewingmatricestobeappliedthegraphicobjects.Thefollowingexamplecodeshowshowtomodify theonSurfaceCreated()and onSurfaceChanged()methodsofa GLSurfaceView.Rendererimplementationtocreatecameraviewmatrixanda projectionmatrixbasedonthescreenaspectratioofthedevice. Kotlin overridefunonSurfaceCreated(gl:GL10,config:EGLConfig){ ... //Createacameraviewmatrix Matrix.setLookAtM(vMatrix,0,0f,0f,-3f,0f,0f,0f,0f,1.0f,0.0f) } overridefunonSurfaceChanged(gl:GL10,width:Int,height:Int){ GLES20.glViewport(0,0,width,height) valratio:Float=width.toFloat()/height.toFloat() //createaprojectionmatrixfromdevicescreengeometry Matrix.frustumM(projMatrix,0,-ratio,ratio,-1f,1f,3f,7f) } Java publicvoidonSurfaceCreated(GL10unused,EGLConfigconfig){ ... //Createacameraviewmatrix Matrix.setLookAtM(vMatrix,0,0,0,-3,0f,0f,0f,0f,1.0f,0.0f); } publicvoidonSurfaceChanged(GL10unused,intwidth,intheight){ GLES20.glViewport(0,0,width,height); floatratio=(float)width/height; //createaprojectionmatrixfromdevicescreengeometry Matrix.frustumM(projMatrix,0,-ratio,ratio,-1,1,3,7); } Applyprojectionandcameraviewingmatrices-Toapplytheprojectionand cameraviewtransformations,multiplythematricestogetherandthensetthemintothevertex shader.ThefollowingexamplecodeshowshowmodifytheonDrawFrame()methodofaGLSurfaceView.Rendererimplementationtocombine theprojectionmatrixandcameraviewcreatedinthecodeaboveandthenapplyittothegraphic objectstoberenderedbyOpenGL. Kotlin overridefunonDrawFrame(gl:GL10){ ... //Combinetheprojectionandcameraviewmatrices Matrix.multiplyMM(vPMatrix,0,projMatrix,0,vMatrix,0) //Applythecombinedprojectionandcameraviewtransformations GLES20.glUniformMatrix4fv(muMVPMatrixHandle,1,false,vPMatrix,0) //Drawobjects ... } Java publicvoidonDrawFrame(GL10unused){ ... //Combinetheprojectionandcameraviewmatrices Matrix.multiplyMM(vPMatrix,0,projMatrix,0,vMatrix,0); //Applythecombinedprojectionandcameraviewtransformations GLES20.glUniformMatrix4fv(muMVPMatrixHandle,1,false,vPMatrix,0); //Drawobjects ... } ForacompleteexampleofhowtoapplyprojectionandcameraviewwithOpenGLES2.0,seetheDisplayinggraphicswithOpenGLES class. Shapefacesandwinding InOpenGL,thefaceofashapeisasurfacedefinedbythreeormorepointsinthree-dimensional space.Asetofthreeormorethree-dimensionalpoints(calledverticesinOpenGL)haveafrontface andabackface.Howdoyouknowwhichfaceisfrontandwhichistheback?Goodquestion.The answerhastodowithwinding,or,thedirectioninwhichyoudefinethepointsofashape. Figure1.Illustrationofacoordinatelistwhichtranslatesintoa counterclockwisedrawingorder. Inthisexample,thepointsofthetrianglearedefinedinanordersuchthattheyaredrawnina counterclockwisedirection.Theorderinwhichthesecoordinatesaredrawndefinesthewinding directionfortheshape.Bydefault,inOpenGL,thefacewhichisdrawncounterclockwiseisthe frontface.ThetriangleshowninFigure1isdefinedsothatyouarelookingatthefrontfaceof theshape(asinterpretedbyOpenGL)andtheothersideisthebackface. Whyisitimportanttoknowwhichfaceofashapeisthefrontface?Theanswerhastodowitha commonlyusedfeatureofOpenGL,calledfaceculling.FacecullingisanoptionfortheOpenGL environmentwhichallowstherenderingpipelinetoignore(notcalculateordraw)thebackfaceofa shape,savingtime,memoryandprocessingcycles: Kotlin gl.apply{ //enablefacecullingfeature glEnable(GL10.GL_CULL_FACE) //specifywhichfacestonotdraw glCullFace(GL10.GL_BACK) } Java //enablefacecullingfeature gl.glEnable(GL10.GL_CULL_FACE); //specifywhichfacestonotdraw gl.glCullFace(GL10.GL_BACK); Ifyoutrytousethefacecullingfeaturewithoutknowingwhichsidesofyourshapesarethe frontandback,yourOpenGLgraphicsaregoingtolookabitthin,orpossiblynotshowupatall. So,alwaysdefinethecoordinatesofyourOpenGLshapesinacounterclockwisedrawingorder. Note:ItispossibletosetanOpenGLenvironmenttotreatthe clockwisefaceasthefrontface,butdoingsorequiresmorecodeandislikelytoconfuse experiencedOpenGLdeveloperswhenyouaskthemforhelp.Sodon’tdothat. OpenGLversionsanddevicecompatibility TheOpenGLES1.0and1.1APIspecificationshavebeensupportedsinceAndroid1.0. BeginningwithAndroid2.2(APIlevel8),theframeworksupportstheOpenGLES2.0API specification.OpenGLES2.0issupportedbymostAndroiddevicesandisrecommendedfornew applicationsbeingdevelopedwithOpenGL.OpenGLES3.0issupportedwithAndroid4.3 (APIlevel18)andhigher,ondevicesthatprovideanimplementationoftheOpenGLES3.0API. ForinformationabouttherelativenumberofAndroid-powereddevices thatsupportagivenversionofOpenGLES,seethe OpenGLESversiondashboard. GraphicsprogrammingwithOpenGLES1.0/1.1APIissignificantlydifferentthanusingthe2.0 andhigherversions.The1.xversionoftheAPIhasmoreconveniencemethodsandafixedgraphics pipeline,whiletheOpenGLES2.0and3.0APIsprovidemoredirectcontrolofthepipelinethrough useofOpenGLshaders.YoushouldcarefullyconsiderthegraphicsrequirementsandchoosetheAPI versionthatworksbestforyourapplication.Formoreinformation,see ChoosinganOpenGLAPIversion. TheOpenGLES3.0APIprovidesadditionalfeaturesandbetterperformancethanthe2.0APIandis alsobackwardcompatible.Thismeansthatyoucanpotentiallywriteyourapplicationtargeting OpenGLES2.0andconditionallyincludeOpenGLES3.0graphicsfeaturesiftheyareavailable.For moreinformationoncheckingforavailabilityofthe3.0API,see CheckingOpenGLESversion Texturecompressionsupport TexturecompressioncansignificantlyincreasetheperformanceofyourOpenGLapplicationby reducingmemoryrequirementsandmakingmoreefficientuseofmemorybandwidth.TheAndroid frameworkprovidessupportfortheETC1compressionformatasastandardfeature,includinga ETC1Utilutilityclassandtheetc1toolcompressiontool(locatedinthe AndroidSDKat/tools/).ForanexampleofanAndroidapplicationthatuses texturecompression,seetheCompressedTextureActivitycodesampleinAndroidSDK (/samples//ApiDemos/src/com/example/android/apis/graphics/). Caution:TheETC1formatissupportedbymostAndroiddevices, butisnotguaranteedtobeavailable.TocheckiftheETC1formatissupportedonadevice,call theETC1Util.isETC1Supported()method. Note:TheETC1texturecompressionformatdoesnotsupporttextureswitha transparency(alphachannel).Ifyourapplicationrequirestextureswithtransparency,youshould investigateothertexturecompressionformatsavailableonyourtargetdevices. TheETC2/EACtexturecompressionformatsareguaranteedtobeavailablewhenusingtheOpenGLES 3.0API.Thistextureformatoffersexcellentcompressionratioswithhighvisualqualityandthe formatalsosupportstransparency(alphachannel). BeyondtheETCformats,Androiddeviceshavevariedsupportfortexturecompressionbasedon theirGPUchipsetsandOpenGLimplementations.Youshouldinvestigatetexturecompressionsupporton thedevicesyouarearetargetingtodeterminewhatcompressiontypesyourapplicationshould support.Inordertodeterminewhattextureformatsaresupportedonagivendevice,youmust querythedeviceandreviewtheOpenGLextensionnames, whichidentifywhattexturecompressionformats(andotherOpenGLfeatures)aresupportedbythe device.Somecommonlysupportedtexturecompressionformatsareasfollows: ATITC(ATC)-ATItexturecompression(ATITCorATC)isavailableona widevarietyofdevicesandsupportsfixedratecompressionforRGBtextureswithandwithout analphachannel.ThisformatmayberepresentedbyseveralOpenGLextensionnames,forexample: GL_AMD_compressed_ATC_texture GL_ATI_texture_compression_atitc PVRTC-PowerVRtexturecompression(PVRTC)isavailableonawide varietyofdevicesandsupports2-bitand4-bitperpixeltextureswithorwithoutanalphachannel. ThisformatisrepresentedbythefollowingOpenGLextensionname: GL_IMG_texture_compression_pvrtc S3TC(DXTn/DXTC)-S3texturecompression(S3TC)hasseveral formatvariations(DXT1toDXT5)andislesswidelyavailable.TheformatsupportsRGBtextureswith 4-bitalphaor8-bitalphachannels.TheseformatsarerepresentedbythefollowingOpenGLextension name: GL_EXT_texture_compression_s3tc SomedevicesonlysupporttheDXT1formatvariation;thislimitedsupportisrepresentedbythe followingOpenGLextensionname: GL_EXT_texture_compression_dxt1 3DC-3DCtexturecompression(3DC)isalesswidelyavailableformatthat supportsRGBtextureswithanalphachannel.ThisformatisrepresentedbythefollowingOpenGL extensionname: GL_AMD_compressed_3DC_texture Warning:Thesetexturecompressionformatsarenot supportedonalldevices.Supportfortheseformatscanvarybymanufactureranddevice.For informationonhowtodeterminewhattexturecompressionformatsareonaparticulardevice,see thenextsection. Note:Onceyoudecidewhichtexturecompressionformatsyour applicationwillsupport,makesureyoudeclaretheminyourmanifestusing .UsingthisdeclarationenablesfilteringbyexternalservicessuchasGooglePlay,sothat yourappisinstalledonlyondevicesthatsupporttheformatsyourapprequires.Fordetails,see OpenGLmanifestdeclarations. DeterminingOpenGLextensions ImplementationsofOpenGLvarybyAndroiddeviceintermsoftheextensionstotheOpenGLESAPI thataresupported.Theseextensionsincludetexturecompressions,buttypicallyalsoincludeother extensionstotheOpenGLfeatureset. Todeterminewhattexturecompressionformats,andotherOpenGLextensions,aresupportedona particulardevice: Runthefollowingcodeonyourtargetdevicestodeterminewhattexturecompression formatsaresupported: Kotlin varextensions=gl.glGetString(GL10.GL_EXTENSIONS) Java Stringextensions=gl.glGetString(GL10.GL_EXTENSIONS); Warning:Theresultsofthiscallvarybydevicemodel!You mustrunthiscallonseveraltargetdevicestodeterminewhatcompressiontypesarecommonly supported. ReviewtheoutputofthismethodtodeterminewhatOpenGLextensionsaresupportedonthe device. AndroidExtensionPack(AEP) TheAEPensuresthatyourapplicationsupportsastandardizedsetofOpenGLextensionsabove andbeyond thecoresetdescribedintheOpenGL3.1specification.Packagingtheseextensionstogether encouragesaconsistentsetoffunctionalityacrossdevices,whileallowingdeveloperstotakefull advantageofthelatestcropofmobileGPUdevices. TheAEPalsoimprovessupportforimages,shaderstoragebuffers,andatomiccountersin fragmentshaders. ForyourapptobeabletousetheAEP,theapp'smanifestmustdeclarethattheAEPisrequired. Inaddition,theplatformversionmustsupportit. DeclaretheAEPrequirementinthemanifestasfollows: ToverifythattheplatformversionsupportstheAEP,usethe hasSystemFeature(String)method,passingin FEATURE_OPENGLES_EXTENSION_PACKastheargument.Thefollowingcodesnippet showsanexampleofhowtodoso: Kotlin vardeviceSupportsAEP:Boolean= packageManager.hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_OPENGLES_EXTENSION_PACK) Java booleandeviceSupportsAEP=getPackageManager().hasSystemFeature (PackageManager.FEATURE_OPENGLES_EXTENSION_PACK); Ifthemethodreturnstrue,AEPissupported. FormoreinformationabouttheAEP,visititspageatthe KhronosOpenGLESRegistry. CheckingtheOpenGLESversion ThereareseveralversionsofOpenGLESavailableonAndroiddevices.Youcanspecifythe minimumversionoftheAPIyourapplicationrequiresinyourmanifest,but youmayalsowanttotakeadvantageoffeaturesinanewerAPIatthesametime.Forexample, theOpenGLES3.0APIisbackward-compatiblewiththe2.0versionoftheAPI,soyoumaywantto writeyourapplicationsothatitusesOpenGLES3.0features,butfallsbacktothe2.0APIifthe 3.0APIisnotavailable. BeforeusingOpenGLESfeaturesfromaversionhigherthantheminimumrequiredinyour applicationmanifest,yourapplicationshouldchecktheversionoftheAPIavailableonthedevice. Youcandothisinoneoftwoways: Attempttocreatethehigher-levelOpenGLEScontext(EGLContext)and checktheresult. Createaminimum-supportedOpenGLEScontextandchecktheversionvalue. ThefollowingexamplecodedemonstrateshowtochecktheavailableOpenGLESversionbycreating anEGLContextandcheckingtheresult.Thisexampleshowshowtocheckfor OpenGLES3.0version: Kotlin privateconstvalEGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION=0x3098 privateconstvalglVersion=3.0 privateclassContextFactory:GLSurfaceView.EGLContextFactory{ overridefuncreateContext(egl:EGL10,display:EGLDisplay,eglConfig:EGLConfig):EGLContext{ Log.w(TAG,"creatingOpenGLES$glVersioncontext") returnegl.eglCreateContext( display, eglConfig, EGL10.EGL_NO_CONTEXT, intArrayOf(EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION,glVersion.toInt(),EGL10.EGL_NONE) )//returnsnullif3.0isnotsupported } } Java privatestaticdoubleglVersion=3.0; privatestaticclassContextFactoryimplementsGLSurfaceView.EGLContextFactory{ privatestaticintEGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION=0x3098; publicEGLContextcreateContext( EGL10egl,EGLDisplaydisplay,EGLConfigeglConfig){ Log.w(TAG,"creatingOpenGLES"+glVersion+"context"); int[]attrib_list={EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION,(int)glVersion, EGL10.EGL_NONE}; //attempttocreateaOpenGLES3.0context EGLContextcontext=egl.eglCreateContext( display,eglConfig,EGL10.EGL_NO_CONTEXT,attrib_list); returncontext;//returnsnullif3.0isnotsupported; } } IfthecreateContext()methodshowabovereturnsnull,yourcodeshouldcreateaOpenGL ES2.0contextinsteadandfallbacktousingonlythatAPI. ThefollowingcodeexampledemonstrateshowtochecktheOpenGLESversionbycreatingaminimum supportedcontextfirst,andthencheckingtheversionstring: Kotlin //CreateaminimumsupportedOpenGLEScontext,thencheck: gl.glGetString(GL10.GL_VERSION).also{ Log.w(TAG,"Version:$it") } //Theversionformatisdisplayedas:"OpenGLES." //followedbyoptionalcontentprovidedbytheimplementation. Java //CreateaminimumsupportedOpenGLEScontext,thencheck: Stringversion=gl.glGetString(GL10.GL_VERSION); Log.w(TAG,"Version:"+version); //Theversionformatisdisplayedas:"OpenGLES." //followedbyoptionalcontentprovidedbytheimplementation. Withthisapproach,ifyoudiscoverthatthedevicesupportsahigher-levelAPIversion,you mustdestroytheminimumOpenGLEScontextandcreateanewcontextwiththehigher availableAPIversion. ChoosinganOpenGLAPIversion OpenGLES1.0APIversion(andthe1.1extensions),version2.0,andversion3.0allprovidehigh performancegraphicsinterfacesforcreating3Dgames,visualizationsanduserinterfaces.Graphics progammingforOpenGLES2.0and3.0islargelysimilar,withversion3.0representingasuperset ofthe2.0APIwithadditionalfeatures.ProgrammingfortheOpenGLES1.0/1.1APIversusOpenGLES 2.0and3.0differssignificantly,andsodevelopersshouldcarefullyconsiderthefollowing factorsbeforestartingdevelopmentwiththeseAPIs: Performance-Ingeneral,OpenGLES2.0and3.0providefastergraphics performancethantheES1.0/1.1APIs.However,theperformancedifferencecanvarydependingon theAndroiddeviceyourOpenGLapplicationisrunningon,duetodifferencesinhardware manufacturer'simplementationoftheOpenGLESgraphicspipeline. DeviceCompatibility-Developersshouldconsiderthetypesofdevices, AndroidversionsandtheOpenGLESversionsavailabletotheircustomers.Formoreinformation onOpenGLcompatibilityacrossdevices,seetheOpenGLversionsand devicecompatibilitysection. CodingConvenience-TheOpenGLES1.0/1.1APIprovidesafixedfunction pipelineandconveniencefunctionswhicharenotavailableintheOpenGLES2.0or3.0APIs. DeveloperswhoarenewtoOpenGLESmayfindcodingforversion1.0/1.1fasterandmore convenient. GraphicsControl-TheOpenGLES2.0and3.0APIsprovideahigherdegree ofcontrolbyprovidingafullyprogrammablepipelinethroughtheuseofshaders.Withmore directcontrolofthegraphicsprocessingpipeline,developerscancreateeffectsthatwouldbe verydifficulttogenerateusingthe1.0/1.1API. TextureSupport-TheOpenGLES3.0APIhasthebestsupportfortexture compressionbecauseitguaranteesavailabilityoftheETC2compressionformat,whichsupports transparency.The1.xand2.0APIimplementationsusuallyincludesupportforETC1,however thistextureformatdoesnotsupporttransparencyandsoyoumusttypicallyprovideresources inothercompressionformatssupportedbythedevicesyouaretargeting.Formoreinformation, seeTexturecompressionsupport. Whileperformance,compatibility,convenience,controlandotherfactorsmayinfluenceyour decision,youshouldpickanOpenGLAPIversionbasedonwhatyouthinkprovidesthebestexperience foryourusers. ContentandcodesamplesonthispagearesubjecttothelicensesdescribedintheContentLicense.JavaandOpenJDKaretrademarksorregisteredtrademarksofOracleand/oritsaffiliates. Lastupdated2021-10-27UTC. 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