Pong - Wikipedia

Pong is a two-dimensional sports game that simulates table tennis. The player controls an in-game paddle by moving it vertically across the left or right side ... Pong FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch 1972arcadegame Forotheruses,seePong(disambiguation). 1972videogamePongAnuprightcabinetofPongondisplayattheNevillePublicMuseumofBrownCountyDeveloper(s)AtariPublisher(s)NA/EU:AtariJP:AtariJapan(Namco)[1]Designer(s)AllanAlcornPlatform(s) Arcade Variousdedicatedconsoles ReleaseNA:29November1972JP:November1973[1]EU:1973[2]Genre(s)SportsMode(s)Single-player,multiplayer Pongisatabletennis–themedarcadesportsvideogame,featuringsimpletwo-dimensionalgraphics,manufacturedbyAtariandoriginallyreleasedin1972.Itwasoneoftheearliestarcadevideogames;itwascreatedbyAllanAlcornasatrainingexerciseassignedtohimbyAtarico-founderNolanBushnell,butBushnellandAtarico-founderTedDabneyweresurprisedbythequalityofAlcorn'sworkanddecidedtomanufacturethegame.Bushnellbasedthegame'sconceptonanelectronicping-ponggameincludedintheMagnavoxOdyssey,thefirsthomevideogameconsole.Inresponse,MagnavoxlatersuedAtariforpatentinfringement. Pongwasthefirstcommerciallysuccessfulvideogame,andithelpedtoestablishthevideogameindustryalongwiththeMagnavoxOdyssey.Soonafteritsrelease,severalcompaniesbeganproducinggamesthatcloselymimickeditsgameplay.Eventually,Atari'scompetitorsreleasednewtypesofvideogamesthatdeviatedfromPong'soriginalformattovaryingdegrees,andthis,inturn,ledAtaritoencourageitsstafftomovebeyondPongandproducemoreinnovativegamesthemselves. AtarireleasedseveralsequelstoPongthatbuiltupontheoriginal'sgameplaybyaddingnewfeatures.Duringthe1975Christmasseason,AtarireleasedahomeversionofPongexclusivelythroughSearsretailstores.Thehomeversionwasalsoacommercialsuccessandledtonumerousclones.Thegamewasremadeonnumeroushomeandportableplatformsfollowingitsrelease.PongispartofthepermanentcollectionoftheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashington,D.C.,duetoitsculturalimpact. Contents 1Gameplay 2Developmentandhistory 2.1Homeversion 2.2LawsuitfromMagnavox 3Impactandlegacy 3.1Sequelsandremakes 3.2Inpopularculture 4References 5Furtherreading 6Externallinks Gameplay[edit] Thetwopaddlesreturntheballbackandforth.Thescoreiskeptbythenumbersatthetopofthescreen. Pongisatwo-dimensionalsportsgamethatsimulatestabletennis.Theplayercontrolsanin-gamepaddlebymovingitverticallyacrosstheleftorrightsideofthescreen.Theycancompeteagainstanotherplayercontrollingasecondpaddleontheopposingside.Playersusethepaddlestohitaballbackandforth.Thegoalisforeachplayertoreachelevenpointsbeforetheopponent;pointsareearnedwhenonefailstoreturntheballtotheother.[3][4][5] Developmentandhistory[edit] Seealso:OriginofAtariInc. AtariengineerAllanAlcorndesignedandbuiltPongasatrainingexercise. PongwasthefirstgamedevelopedbyAtari.[6][7]AfterproducingComputerSpace,Bushnelldecidedtoformacompanytoproducemoregamesbylicensingideastoothercompanies.ThefirstcontractwaswithBallyManufacturingCorporationforadrivinggame.[5][8]Soonafterthefounding,BushnellhiredAllanAlcornbecauseofhisexperiencewithelectricalengineeringandcomputerscience;BushnellandDabneyalsohadpreviouslyworkedwithhimatAmpex.PriortoworkingatAtari,Alcornhadnoexperiencewithvideogames.[9]Bushnellhadoriginallyplannedtodevelopadrivingvideogame,influencedbyChicagoCoin'sSpeedway(1969)whichatthetimewasthebiggest-sellingelectro-mechanicalgameathisamusementarcade.[10]However,BushnellhadconcernsthatitmightbetoocomplicatedforAlcorn'sfirstgame.[11] ToacclimateAlcorntocreatinggames,Bushnellgavehimaprojectsecretlymeanttobeawarm-upexercise.[9][12]BushnelltoldAlcornthathehadacontractwithGeneralElectricforaproduct,andaskedAlcorntocreateasimplegamewithonemovingspot,twopaddles,anddigitsforscorekeeping.[9]In2011,Bushnellstatedthatthegamewasinspiredbypreviousversionsofelectronictennishehadplayedbefore;BushnellplayedaversiononaPDP-1computerin1964whileattendingcollege.[13]However,AlcornhasclaimeditwasindirectresponsetoBushnell'sviewingoftheMagnavoxOdyssey'sTennisgame.[9]InMay1972,BushnellhadvisitedtheMagnavoxProfitCaravaninBurlingame,CaliforniawhereheplayedtheMagnavoxOdysseydemonstration,specificallythetabletennisgame.[14][15]Thoughhethoughtthegamelackedquality,seeingitpromptedBushnelltoassigntheprojecttoAlcorn.[13] AlcornfirstexaminedBushnell'sschematicsforComputerSpace,butfoundthemtobeillegible.Hewentontocreatehisowndesignsbasedonhisknowledgeoftransistor–transistorlogic(TTL)andBushnell'sgame.Feelingthebasicgamewastooboring,Alcornaddedfeaturestogivethegamemoreappeal.Hedividedthepaddleintoeightsegmentstochangetheball'sangleofreturn.Forexample,thecentersegmentsreturntheballata90°angleinrelationtothepaddle,whiletheoutersegmentsreturntheballatsmallerangles.Healsomadetheballacceleratethelongeritremainedinplay;missingtheballresetthespeed.[5]Anotherfeaturewasthatthein-gamepaddleswereunabletoreachthetopofthescreen.Thiswascausedbyasimplecircuitthathadaninherentdefect.Insteadofdedicatingtimetofixingthedefect,Alcorndecideditgavethegamemoredifficultyandhelpedlimitthetimethegamecouldbeplayed;heimaginedtwoskilledplayersbeingabletoplayforeverotherwise.[9] Threemonthsintodevelopment,BushnelltoldAlcornhewantedthegametofeaturerealisticsoundeffectsandaroaringcrowd.[9][16]Dabneywantedthegameto"boo"and"hiss"whenaplayerlostaround.Alcornhadlimitedspaceavailableforthenecessaryelectronicsandwasunawareofhowtocreatesuchsoundswithdigitalcircuits.Afterinspectingthesyncgenerator,hediscoveredthatitcouldgeneratedifferenttonesandusedthoseforthegame'ssoundeffects.[5][9]Toconstructtheprototype,Alcornpurchaseda$75Hitachiblack-and-whitetelevisionsetfromalocalstore,placeditintoa4-foot(1.2 m)woodencabinet,andsolderedthewiresintoboardstocreatethenecessarycircuitry.TheprototypeimpressedBushnellandDabneysomuchthattheyfeltitcouldbeaprofitableproductanddecidedtotestitsmarketability.[5] ThePongprototypethatwasusedinthetavern. InAugust1972,BushnellandAlcorninstalledthePongprototypeatalocalbar,AndyCapp'sTavern.[17][18][19][20]Theyselectedthebarbecauseoftheirgoodworkingrelationwiththebar'sownerandmanager,BillGaddis;[21]AtarisuppliedpinballmachinestoGaddis.[7]BushnellandAlcornplacedtheprototypeononeofthetablesneartheotherentertainmentmachines:ajukebox,pinballmachines,andComputerSpace.Thegamewaswellreceivedthefirstnightanditspopularitycontinuedtogrowoverthenextoneandahalfweeks.BushnellthenwentonabusinesstriptoChicagotodemonstratePongtoexecutivesatBallyandMidwayManufacturing;[21]heintendedtousePongtofulfillhiscontractwithBally,ratherthanthedrivinggame.[5][6]Afewdayslater,theprototypebeganexhibitingtechnicalissuesandGaddiscontactedAlcorntofixit.Uponinspectingthemachine,Alcorndiscoveredthattheproblemwasthatthecoinmechanismwasoverflowingwithquarters.[21] Afterhearingaboutthegame'ssuccess,BushnelldecidedtherewouldbemoreprofitforAtaritomanufacturethegameratherthanlicenseit,buttheinterestofBallyandMidwayhadalreadybeenpiqued.[6][21]Bushnelldecidedtoinformeachofthetwogroupsthattheotherwasuninterested—BushnelltoldtheBallyexecutivesthattheMidwayexecutivesdidnotwantitandviceversa—topreservetherelationshipsforfuturedealings.UponhearingBushnell'scomment,thetwogroupsdeclinedhisoffer.[21]BushnellhaddifficultyfindingfinancialbackingforPong;banksvieweditasavariantofpinball,whichatthetimethegeneralpublicassociatedwiththeMafia.AtarieventuallyobtainedalineofcreditfromWellsFargothatitusedtoexpanditsfacilitiestohouseanassemblyline.[22]ThecompanyannouncedPongon29November1972.[23][24]Managementsoughtassemblyworkersatthelocalunemploymentoffice,butwasunabletokeepupwithdemand.Thefirstarcadecabinetsproducedwereassembledveryslowly,abouttenmachinesaday,manyofwhichfailedqualitytesting.Atarieventuallystreamlinedtheprocessandbeganproducingthegameingreaterquantities.[22]By1973,theybeganshippingPongtoothercountrieswiththeaidofforeignpartners.[25] InJapan,PongwasofficiallyreleasedinNovember1973byAtariJapan,whichwouldlaterbecomepartofNamco.[1]However,PonghadbeenbeatentothemarketbytwoJapanesePongclonesreleasedinJuly1973:Sega'sPongTronandTaito'sElepong.[26] Homeversion[edit] Atari'sHomePongconsole,releasedthroughSearsin1975 AfterthesuccessofPong,Bushnellpushedhisemployeestocreatenewproducts.[6][27]Anewelectronictechnology,thelarge-scaleintegration(LSI)chip,hadrecentlybecomeavailable,whichBushnellbelievedwould"allowpioneeringinnew"gameconcepts.AtaribeganworkingonthereductionofPongfromalargearcadeprintedcircuitboard(PCB)downtoasmallLSIchipforuseinahomesystem.TheinitialdevelopmentcostforagameonasingleLSIchipwasexpensive,costingaround$50,000(equivalentto$320,000in2020),butoncethechipwasdeveloped,itbecamecheapertomass-producethegameaswellasmoredifficulttoreverse-engineer.[28] In1974,AtariengineerHaroldLeeproposedahomeversionofPongthatwouldconnecttoatelevision:HomePong.ThesystembegandevelopmentunderthecodenameDarlene,namedafteranemployeeatAtari.AlcornworkedwithLeetodevelopthedesignsandprototypeandbasedthemonthesamedigitaltechnologyusedintheirarcadegames.Thetwoworkedinshiftstosavetimeandmoney;Leeworkedonthedesign'slogicduringtheday,whileAlcorndebuggedthedesignsintheevenings.Afterthedesignswereapproved,fellowAtariengineerBobBrownassistedAlcornandLeeinbuildingaprototype.Theprototypeconsistedofadeviceattachedtoawoodenpedestalcontainingoverahundredwires,whichwaseventuallybereplacedwithasinglechipdesignedbyAlcornandLee;thechiphadyettobetestedandbuiltbeforetheprototypewasconstructed.Thechipwasfinishedinthelatterhalfof1974,andwas,atthetime,thehighest-performingchipusedinaconsumerproduct.[27] BushnellandGeneLipkin,Atari'svice-presidentofsales,approachedtoyandelectronicretailerstosellHomePong,butwererejected.Retailersfelttheproductwastooexpensiveandwouldnotinterestconsumers.[29]AtaricontactedtheSearsSportingGoodsdepartmentafternoticingaMagnavoxOdysseyadvertisementinthesportinggoodssectionofitscatalog.Ataristaffdiscussedthegamewitharepresentative,TomQuinn,whoexpressedenthusiasmandofferedthecompanyanexclusivedeal.Believingtheycouldfindmorefavorabletermselsewhere,Atari'sexecutivesdeclinedandcontinuedtopursuetoyretailers.InJanuary1975,AtaristaffsetupaHomePongboothattheAmericanToyFair(atradefair)inNewYorkCity,butwasunsuccessfulinsolicitingordersduetohighpriceoftheunit.[30] Whileattheshow,theymetQuinnagain,and,afewdayslater,setupameetingwithhimtoobtainasalesorder.InordertogainapprovalfromtheSportingGoodsdepartment,QuinnsuggestedAtaridemonstratethegametoexecutivesinChicago.AlcornandLipkintraveledtotheSearsTowerand,despiteatechnicalcomplicationinconnectionwithanantennaontopofthebuildingwhichbroadcastonthesamechannelasthegame,obtainedapproval.BushnelltoldQuinnhecouldproduce75,000 unitsintimefortheChristmasseason;however,Quinnrequesteddoubletheamount.ThoughBushnellknewAtarilackedthecapacitytomanufacture150,000 units,heagreed.[27]AtariacquiredanewfactorythroughfundingobtainedbyventurecapitalistDonValentine.SupervisedbyJimmTubb,thefactoryfulfilledtheSearsorder.[31]ThefirstunitsmanufacturedwerebrandedwithSears'"Tele-Games"name.Atarilaterreleasedaversionunderitsownbrandin1976.[32] LawsuitfromMagnavox[edit] TheMagnavoxOdyssey,inventedbyRalphH.Baer,inspiredPong'sdevelopment. InApril1974MagnavoxfiledsuitagainstAtari,AlliedLeisure,BallyMidwayandChicagoDynamics.[33]MagnavoxarguedthatAtarihadinfringedonSandersAssociates'patentsrelatingtotheconceptofelectronicping-pongbasedondetailedrecordsRalphBaerkeptoftheOdyssey'sdesignprocessdatingbackto1966.OtherdocumentsincludeddepositionsfromwitnessesandasignedguestbookthatdemonstratedBushnellhadplayedtheOdyssey'stabletennisgamepriortoreleasingPong.[34][35]InresponsetoclaimsthathesawtheOdyssey,Bushnelllaterstatedthat,"ThefactisthatIabsolutelydidseetheOdysseygameandIdidn'tthinkitwasveryclever."[36] Afterconsideringhisoptions,BushnelldecidedtosettlewithMagnavoxoutofcourtinJune1976.Bushnell'slawyerfelttheycouldwin;however,heestimatedlegalcostsofUS$1.5 million,whichwouldhaveexceededAtari'sfunds.MagnavoxofferedAtarianagreementtobecomealicenseeforUS$1.5millionpayableineightinstallments.Inaddition,MagnavoxobtainedtherighttofullinformationonAtariproductspubliclyannouncedorreleasedoverthenextyear.[34][35]Magnavoxcontinuedtopursuelegalactionagainsttheothercompanies,andproceedingsbeganshortlyafterAtari'ssettlement.ThefirstcasetookplaceatthedistrictcourtinChicago,withJudgeJohnGradypresiding.Magnavoxwonthesuitagainsttheremainingdefendants.[34][35][37]AtarimayhavedelayedtheannouncementoftheAtari2600byafewmonthstoavoiddisclosinginformationaboutthesystemunderthesettlementagreement.[35][38] Impactandlegacy[edit] Seealso:Historyofthevideogameindustry DedicatedPongconsolesmadetheirwaytovariouscountries,likethisRussianconsolenamedТурнир(readas"Turnir",meaning"Tournament"). ThePongarcadegamesmanufacturedbyAtariwereagreatsuccess.TheprototypewaswellreceivedbyAndyCapp'sTavernpatrons;peoplecametothebarsolelytoplaythegame.[6][21]Followingitsrelease,Pongconsistentlyearnedfourtimesmorerevenuethanothercoin-operatedmachines.[39]BushnellestimatedthatthegameearnedUS$35–40perday(i.e. 140–160playsdailyperconsoleat$0.25perplay),whichhedescribedasnothinghe'deverseenbeforeinthecoin-operatedentertainmentindustryatthetime.[13]Thegame'searningpowerresultedinanincreaseinthenumberofordersAtarireceived.ThisprovidedAtariwithasteadysourceofincome;thecompanysoldthemachinesatthreetimesthecostofproduction.By1973,thecompanyhadfilled2,500 orders,and,attheendof1974,soldmorethan8,000 units.[39]Thearcadecabinetshavesincebecomecollector'sitemswiththecocktail-tableversionbeingtherarest.[40]Soonafterthegame'ssuccessfultestingatAndyCapp'sTavern,othercompaniesbeganvisitingthebartoinspectit.Similargamesappearedonthemarketthreemonthslater,producedbycompanieslikeRamtekandNuttingAssociates.[41]Ataricoulddolittleagainstthecompetitorsastheyhadnotinitiallyfiledforpatentsonthesolidstatetechnologyusedinthegame.Whenthecompanydidfileforpatents,complicationsdelayedtheprocess.Asaresult,themarketconsistedprimarilyof"Pongclones";authorStevenKentestimatedthatAtarihadproducedlessthanathirdofthemachines.[42]Bushnellreferredtothecompetitorsas"Jackals"becausehefelttheyhadanunfairadvantage.Hissolutiontocompetingagainstthemwastoproducemoreinnovativegamesandconcepts.[41][42] HomePongwasaninstantsuccessfollowingitslimited1975releasethroughSears;around150,000 unitsweresoldthatholidayseason.[43][44]ThegamebecameSears'mostsuccessfulproductatthetime,whichearnedAtariaSearsQualityExcellenceAward.[44]Atari'sownversionsoldanadditional50,000units.[45]Similartothearcadeversion,severalcompaniesreleasedclonestocapitalizeonthehomeconsole'ssuccess,manyofwhichcontinuedtoproducenewconsolesandvideogames.Magnavoxre-releasedtheirOdysseysystemwithsimplifiedhardwareandnewfeaturesand,later,releasedupdatedversions.ColecoenteredthevideogamemarketwiththeirTelstarconsole;itfeaturesthreePongvariantsandwasalsosucceededbynewermodels.[43]NintendoreleasedtheColorTVGame6in1977,whichplayssixvariationsofelectronictennis.Thenextyear,itwasfollowedbyanupdatedversion,theColorTVGame15,whichfeaturesfifteenvariations.ThesystemswereNintendo'sentryintothehomevideogamemarketandthefirsttoproducethemselves—theyhadpreviouslylicensedtheMagnavoxOdyssey.[46]ThededicatedPongconsolesandthenumerouscloneshavesincebecomevaryinglevelsofrare;Atari'sPongconsolesarecommon,whileAPFElectronics'TVFunconsolesaremoderatelyrare.[47]Pricesamongcollectors,however,varywithrarity;theSearsTele-GamesversionsareoftencheaperthanthosewiththeAtaribrand.[43] SeveralpublicationsconsiderPongthegamethatlaunchedthevideogameindustryasalucrativeenterprise.[12][32][48]VideogameauthorDavidEllisseesthegameasthecornerstoneofthevideogameindustry'ssuccess,andcalledthearcadegame"oneofthemosthistoricallysignificant"titles.[6][40]Kentattributesthe"arcadephenomenon"toPongandAtari'sgamesthatfollowedit,andconsidersthereleaseofthehomeversionthesuccessfulbeginningofhomevideogameconsoles.[41][44]BillLoguidiceandMattBartonofGamasutrareferredtothegame'sreleaseasthestartofanewentertainmentmedium,andcommentedthatitssimple,intuitivegameplaymadeitasuccess.[32]In1996NextGenerationnameditoneofthe"Top100GamesofAllTime",recountingthat"NextGenerationstaffignor[ed]hundredsofthousandsofdollarsof32-bitsoftwaretoplayPongforhourswhentheGenesisversionwasreleased."[49]In1999,NextGenerationlistedPongasnumber34ontheir"Top50GamesofAllTime",commentingthat,"Despite,orperhapsbecauseof,itssimplicity,Pongistheultimatetwo-playerchallenge–atestofreactiontimesandverysimplestrategystrippeddowntoitsbarestessentials."[50]EntertainmentWeeklynamedPongoneofthetoptengamesfortheAtari2600in2013.[51]ManyofthecompaniesthatproducedtheirownversionsofPongeventuallybecamewellknownwithintheindustry.NintendoenteredthevideogamemarketwithclonesofHomePong.Therevenuegeneratedfromthem—eachsystemsoldoveramillionunits—helpedthecompanysurviveadifficultfinancialtime,andspurredthemtopursuevideogamesfurther.[46]AfterseeingthesuccessofPong,Konamidecidedtobreakintothearcadegamemarketandreleaseditsfirsttitle,Maze.Itsmoderatesuccessdrovethecompanytodevelopmoretitles.[52] BushnellfeltthatPongwasespeciallysignificantinitsroleasasociallubricant,sinceitwasmultiplayer-onlyanddidnotrequireeachplayertousemorethanonehand:"Itwasverycommontohaveagirlwithaquarterinhandpullaguyoffabarstoolandsay,'I'dliketoplayPongandthere'snobodytoplay.'Itwasawayyoucouldplaygames,youweresittingshouldertoshoulder,youcouldtalk,youcouldlaugh,youcouldchallengeeachother...Asyoubecamebetterfriends,youcouldputdownyourbeerandhug.Youcouldputyourarmaroundtheperson.Youcouldplayleft-handedifyousodesired.Infact,therearealotofpeoplewhohavecomeuptomeovertheyearsandsaid,'ImetmywifeplayingPong,'andthat'skindofanicethingtohaveachieved."[53] Sequelsandremakes[edit] Tele-GamesPongIV,Sears'versionofPongsequel(PongDoubles),wasoneofthemanyconsolesthatfloodedthemarketby1977. Bushnellfeltthebestwaytocompeteagainstimitatorswastocreatebetterproducts,leadingAtaritoproducesequelsintheyearsfollowingtheoriginal'srelease:PongDoubles,SuperPong,UltraPong,Quadrapong,andPin-Pong.[4]Thesequelsfeaturesimilargraphics,butincludenewgameplayelements;forexample,PongDoublesallowsfourplayerstocompeteinpairs,whileQuadrapong—alsoreleasedbyKeeGamesasElimination—hasthemcompeteagainsteachotherinafour-wayfield.[54][55]Bushnellalsoconceptualizedafree-to-playversionofPongtoentertainchildreninaDoctor'soffice.HeinitiallytitleditSnoopyPongandfashionedthecabinetafterSnoopy'sdoghousewiththecharacterontop,butretitledittoPuppyPongandalteredSnoopytoagenericdogtoavoidlegalaction.BushnelllaterusedthegameinhischainofChuckE.Cheese'srestaurants.[4][56][57][58][59]In1976,AtarireleasedBreakout,asingle-playervariationofPongwheretheobjectofthegameistoremovebricksfromawallbyhittingthemwithaball.[60]LikePong,Breakoutwasfollowedbynumerousclonesthatcopiedthegameplay,suchasArkanoid,Alleyway,andBreak'EmAll.[61] Atariremadethegameonnumerousplatforms.In1977,PongandseveralvariantsofthegamewerefeaturedinVideoOlympics,oneoftheoriginalreleasetitlesfortheAtari2600.PonghasalsobeenincludedinseveralAtaricompilationsonplatformsincludingtheSegaGenesis,PlayStationPortable,NintendoDS,andpersonalcomputer.[62][63][64][65][66]ThroughanagreementwithAtari,BallyGamingandSystemsdevelopedaslotmachineversionofthegame.[67]TheAtaripublishedTDOverdriveincludesPongasanextragamewhichisplayedduringtheloadingscreen.[68][69]A3DplatformgamewithpuzzleandshooterelementswasreportedlyindevelopmentbyAtariCorporationfortheAtariJaguarinSeptember1995underthetitlePong2000,aspartoftheirseriesofarcadegameupdatesforthesystemandwassettohaveanoriginalstorylineforit,[70][71][72]butitwasneverreleased.In1999,thegamewasremadeforhomecomputersandthePlayStationwith3Dgraphicsandpower-ups.[73][74]In2012,Ataricelebratedthe40thanniversaryofPongbyreleasingPongWorld.[75]In2020,theyreleasedPongQuestforSteam,laterreleasingonPlayStation4,XboxOne,andNintendoSwitch.[76]AremakeofthegamehasbeenannouncedforreleaseexclusivelyfortheIntellivisionAmico.[77] Inpopularculture[edit] ThegameisfeaturedinepisodesoftelevisionseriesincludingThat'70sShow,[78]KingoftheHill[79]andSaturdayNightLive.[80]In2006,anAmericanExpresscommercialfeaturedAndyRoddickinatennismatchagainstthewhite,in-gamepaddle.[81]OthervideogameshavealsoreferencedandparodiedPong;forexampleNeuromancerfortheCommodore64andBanjo-Kazooie:Nuts&BoltsfortheXbox360.[82][83]TheconcerteventVideoGamesLivehasperformedaudiofromPongaspartofaspecialretro"ClassicArcadeMedley".[84]FrankBlack'ssong"WhateverHappenedtoPong?"onthealbumTeenageroftheYearreferencesthegame'selements.[85] DutchdesignstudioBuroVormkrijgerscreatedaPong-themedclockasafunprojectwithintheiroffices.Afterthestudiodecidedtomanufactureitforretail,AtaritooklegalactioninFebruary2006.ThetwocompanieseventuallyreachedanagreementinwhichBuroVormkrijgerscouldproducealimitednumberunderlicense.[86]In1999,FrenchartistPierreHuyghecreatedaninstallationtitled"AtariLight",inwhichtwopeopleusehandheldgamingdevicestoplayPongonanilluminatedceiling.TheworkwasshownattheVeniceBiennalein2001,andtheMuseodeArteContemporáneodeCastillayLeónin2007.[87]ThegamewasincludedintheLondonBarbicanArtGallery's2002GameOnexhibitionmeanttoshowcasethevariousaspectsofvideogamehistory,development,andculture.[88] Videogamesportal References[edit] ^abcAkagi,Masumi(13October2006).アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005)[ArcadeTVGameList:Domestic•OverseasEdition(1971-2005)](inJapanese).Japan:AmusementNewsAgency.p. 51.ISBN 978-4990251215. ^"AfterPong".ACE.No. 6(March1988).4February1988.pp. 29–32(31). ^"Pong".KillerListofVideogames.Retrieved22October2008. ^abcSellers,John(August2001)."Pong".ArcadeFever:TheFan'sGuidetoTheGoldenAgeofVideoGames.RunningPress.pp. 16–17.ISBN 0-7624-0937-1. ^abcdefKent,Steven(2001)."AndThenThereWasPong".UltimateHistoryofVideoGames.ThreeRiversPress.pp. 40–43.ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. ^abcdefEllis,David(2004)."ABriefHistoryofVideoGames".OfficialPriceGuidetoClassicVideoGames.RandomHouse.pp. 3–4.ISBN 0-375-72038-3. ^abKent,Steven(2001)."AndThenThereWasPong".UltimateHistoryofVideoGames.ThreeRiversPress.pp. 38–39.ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. ^Kent,Steven(2001)."FatheroftheIndustry".UltimateHistoryofVideoGames.ThreeRiversPress.pp. 34–35.ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. ^abcdefgShea,Cam(10March2008)."AlAlcornInterview".IGN.Archivedfromtheoriginalon27July2017.Retrieved13October2008. ^Bushnell,Nolan;Weaver,Christopher(17November2017)."NolanBushnell:TranscriptofaninterviewconductedbyChristopherWeaver"(PDF).LemelsonCenterfortheStudyofInventionandInnovation.SmithsonianInstitution.p. 33.Retrieved20May2021. ^Pescovitz,David(June12,1999)."TheadventuresofKingPong".Salon.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonMarch7,2008. ^abRapp,David(29November2006)."TheMotherofAllVideoGames".AmericanHeritage.Archivedfromtheoriginalon17May2008.Retrieved25October2008. ^abcHelgeson,Matt(March2011)."TheFatheroftheGameIndustryReturnstoAtari".GameInformer.No. 215.GameStop.p. 39. ^"Videogamehistory".R.H.BaerConsultants.1998.Archivedfromtheoriginalon23December2011.Retrieved22October2008. ^Baer,Ralph(April2005).VideoGames:InTheBeginning.NewJersey,USA:RolentaPress.p. 81.ISBN 0-9643848-1-7. ^Morris,Dave(2004)."FunkyTown".TheArtofGameWorlds.HarperCollins.p. 166.ISBN 0-06-072430-7. ^"Pong40thanniversary–RoosterT.Feathers–Features&Columns".www.metroactive.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9July2017.Retrieved9May2017. 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Furtherreading[edit] Cohen,Scott(1984).Zap!TheRiseandFallofAtari.McGraw-Hill.ISBN 978-0-07-011543-9. Herman,Leonard(1997).Phoenix:TheFall&RiseofVideogames.RolentaPress.ISBN 978-0-9643848-2-8. Kline,Stephen;Dyer-Witheford,Nick;DePeuter,Greig(2003).DigitalPlay:TheinteractionofTechnology,CultureandMarketing.McGill-Queen'sPress.ISBN 978-0-7735-2591-7. Lowood,H.(2009)."VideogamesinComputerSpace:TheComplexHistoryofPong".IEEEAnnalsoftheHistoryofComputing.31(3).pp. 5–19.doi:10.1109/MAHC.2009.53. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoPong. Pong-story.com,comprehensivesiteaboutPonganditsorigins. TheAtariMuseumAnin-depthlookatAtarianditshistory THEPongFlyer PongvariantsatMobyGames vte1970sAtariarcadegamesSyzygyEngineering(1971) ComputerSpace 1972 Pong 1973 Gotcha SpaceRace 1974 GranTrak10 Qwak! Rebound Tank 1975 Anti-Aircraft Crash'NScore DoctorPong Hi-way Indy800 JetFighter Pursuit SharkJaws Steeplechase 1976 Breakout F-1 Indy4 LeMans NightDriver Outlaw QuizShow Sprint2 StuntCycle 1977 CanyonBomber Destroyer Dominos Starship1 SuperBug TripleHunt 1978 AtariFootball Avalanche FireTruck SkyDiver TournamentTable 1979 Asteroids Basketball LunarLander ListofAtari,Inc.games(1972–1984) vteAtarihardwareDedicatedvideogameconsoles Pong StuntCycle VideoPinball Flashbackseries Videogameconsoles VCS/2600 2800 5200 7800 XEGS Lynx Jaguar CD VCS Personalcomputers 400/800/XL/XE ST MEGASTE TT030 AtariTransputerWorkstation Falcon Portablecomputers STacy STBOOK Portfolio/PCFolio Cancelledprototypes GameBrain TankII Cosmos 2700 Panther Sierra Other AtariVideoMusic CX40joystick XG-1lightgun vteVideogameconsoles (firstgeneration)Types Homevideogameconsole list Handheldgameconsole list Microconsole list Dedicatedconsole list Retrogaming list Generations First(1972–1980) Second(1976–1992) Third(1983–2003) Fourth(1987–2004) Fifth(1993–2006) Sixth(1998–2013) Seventh(2005–2017) Eighth(2012–present) Ninth(2020–present) FirstgenerationHome MagnavoxOdyssey Dedicated APFTVFunseries ColecoTelstarseries Arcade Marksman ColorTV-Game GameroomTele-Pong MagnavoxOdysseyseries PC-50xFamily Pong TVScoreboard TVTennisElectrotennis Unisonicseries VideoPinball Secondgeneration→ Emulator Game Services History List Manufacturer AuthoritycontrolGeneral IntegratedAuthorityFile(Germany) Nationallibraries France(data) Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pong&oldid=1060218922" Categories:1970stoys1972invideogaming1972videogamesArcadevideogamesAtariarcadegamesAtarigamesCancelledAtariJaguargamesDiscretevideoarcadegamesFirst-generationvideogameconsolesHead-to-headarcadevideogamesHomevideogameconsolesMobilegamesPaddle-and-ballvideogamesProductsintroducedin1972TabletennisvideogamesVideogamesdevelopedintheUnitedStatesHiddencategories:CS1Japanese-languagesources(ja)ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUsedmydatesfromMay2018ShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataArticlesusingInfoboxvideogameusinglocallydefinedparametersArticlesusingWikidatainfoboxeswithlocallydefinedimagesCommonscategorylinkisonWikidataArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithBNFidentifiersGoodarticles Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk Variants expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages العربيةAsturianuAzərbaycancaБеларуская(тарашкевіца)BoarischCatalàČeštinaCymraegDanskDeutschEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisFrysk한국어HrvatskiBahasaIndonesiaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתქართულიMagyarМакедонскиمصرىBahasaMelayuNederlands日本語NorskbokmålOccitanPiemontèisPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSeelterskSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаTiếngViệt吴语粵語中文 Editlinks